Zanthoxylum tethycum Doweld, 2018

Doweld, Alexander B., 2018, Palaeoflora Europaea: Notulae Systematicae ad Palaeofloram Europaeam spectantes I. New names of fossil magnoliophytes of the European Tertiary. I. Miscellaneous families, Phytotaxa 379 (1), pp. 78-94 : 87

Zanthoxylum tethycum Doweld , nom. nov.

≡ Zanthoxylum rugosum (Chandler) Palamarev (1973:87) , nom. illeg. [≡ Rutaspermum rugosum Chandler (1964: 94) ] non Zanthoxylum rugosum Saint-Hilaire & Tulasne (1842: 140) nec Zanthoxylum rugosum Negru (1972: 118) [≡ Zanthoxylum pararugosum Negru

(1982: 142) ≡ Zanthoxylum negrui Gregor (1984: 12) , nom. superfl.]. Type:—[fossil fruits] Boscombe Sands, Southbourne, U.K. (holotype, V.43379, Natural History Museum , London , United Kingdom). Occurrence :— Eocene (Lutetian) ; Europe. Eponymy:—From the name of the disappearing palaeocean Tethys (Eocene). IFPNI: 985DC21A-58C0-A645-6C28-6D30A37370C5.

Note:—The homonymy between fossil-species Zanthoxylum rugosum (Chandler) Palamarev (1973: 87) and Z. rugosum Negru (1972: 118) , based on fossil fruits, was resolved incorrectly by Negru, who substituted his earliest fossil-species name (and therefore, having priority over Z. rugosum (Chandler) Palamarev 1973 ), by a replacement name, Z. pararugosum Negru (1982: 142) . On account of priority, Z. rugosum (Chandler) Palamarev (not Negru 1972) should be replaced with a new name. This was overlooked also by Gregor (1984) who superfluously proposed a new replacement name again for Z. rugosum Negru as Z. negrui Gregor , nom. superfl., basing his arguments on the invalid grounds that the manuscript of Palamarev was submitted for publication earlier (19 May, 1971) than publication of Negru (22 September 1971). The Code ( Turland et al. 2018) specifies that names are only validly published when they are effectively published (Art. 32.1, see Art. 29–31), therefore the date of manuscript submission has no status at all. Gregor (1987: 18) in recognizing the priority of the overlooked previously and validly published replacement name Z. pararugosum Negru (1982: 142) for Z. rugosum Negru (1972) over his superfluous replacement name Z. negrui Gregor (1984) , did not realize the conditions of the Code on the effective publishing of taxonomic literature. Unfortunately, Negru, Palamarev and Gregor overlooked that fossil-species names Z. rugosum are later homonyms of the extant species name Zanthoxylum rugosum Saint-Hilaire & Tulasne (1842: 140) . This implies that (1) the replacement of the name Z. rugosum Negru (1972) with a new name was not superfluous, and therefore Z. pararugosum Negru (1982) should stand in palaeobotanical systematics; (2) Z. rugosum (Chandler) Palamarev (1973) should receive a new name, being a later homonym of extant Z. rugosum Saint-Hilaire & Tulasne (1842: 140) and fossil Z. rugosum Negru (1972) .