Aulacocyclinae
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.200834 |
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DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5658205 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E922B809-FFF2-FF9E-66CB-CDABFF49FA73 |
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treatment provided by |
Plazi |
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scientific name |
Aulacocyclinae |
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Subfamily Aulacocyclinae View in CoL
The Aulacocyclinae View in CoL forms a natural group recognized by the early authors of Passalidae View in CoL taxonomy ( Kaup 1868; Kuwert 1891, 1896, 1897; Gravely 1914, 1918; Dibb 1933; Reyes-Castillo 1970). In this analysis, it was possible to find three pairs of heterobatmy (levels of evolutionary development for parts of the body) to support the hypothesis of monophyly:
[Character 3] Long diverticula either not protruding (0) or protruding from the same level around the proximal region of the ileum (1). Fast optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100) ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 D).
This character state was synapomorphic.
[Character 4] Ileum without conspicuous segmentation (0), or with conspicuous segmentation (1). Fast optimization (ci = 100; 100).
Although segmentation also occurred in Solenocyclinae ( Figs 2 View FIGURE 2 E, F), it was conspicuous only in Aulacocyclinae View in CoL (i.e., there were strong, ring-like constrictions) ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 D). Therefore, this state found in Aulacocyclinae View in CoL was considered synapomorphic.
[Character 6] Colon not striated (0); with longitudinal striate (1). Unambiguous optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).
This character state (1) was synapomorphic for this level of hierarchy.
Branch Solenocyclinae+
The branch Solenocyclinae+ is supported by one synapomorphy:
[Character 5] Ileum with a smooth external surface (0); with a series of protuberances covering the external surface (1). Unambiguous optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).
Character state 1 was synapomorphic to this level of hierarchy. Even though the quantity of protuberances varied among the genera that composed these two branches, the presence of protuberances was constant, indicating that this character became an evolutionary novelty in the Solenocyclinae+ ancestor ( Figs 2–9 View FIGURE 2 View FIGURE 3 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 View FIGURE 6 View FIGURE 7 View FIGURE 8 View FIGURE 9 ). In Solenocyclinae, the protuberances can be restricted to just half of the distal of the ileum ( Figs 2 View FIGURE 2 C–F, 3E) or, at most, covering three quarters of the surface ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 A), but never extending throughout the ileum as occurs in Proculinae+ ( Figs 4–8 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 View FIGURE 6 View FIGURE 7 View FIGURE 8 ).
[Character 7] Proximal area of the ileum with more than one long diverticulum (0); with just one long diverticulum (1). Fast optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).
In Aulaclocyclinae, the diverticula are long, forming a ring on the proximal apex ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 ). Here the diverticula were shorter and more protuberance-like, in contrast to Aulaclocyclinae, but there was always one longer diverticulum, the form and size of which differed from Solenocyclinae+ ( Figs 2–8 View FIGURE 2 View FIGURE 3 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 View FIGURE 6 View FIGURE 7 View FIGURE 8 ). Interestingly, the ileum in the outgroup was smooth, presenting no diverticula.
[Character 8] Diverticula restricted to the proximal extremity of the ileum (0); covering at least the third proximal of the ileum (1). Fast optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).
Character state 1 was synapomorphic for Solenocyclinae+.
[Character 9] Colon without wrinkles (0); with longitudinal wrinkles (1). Unambiguous optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).
In Aulacocyclinae View in CoL , the colon of the intestine has longitudinal striations ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 ), while in the other taxa it was smooth. Additionally, the presence of longitudinal wrinkles ( Figs 2–8 View FIGURE 2 View FIGURE 3 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 View FIGURE 6 View FIGURE 7 View FIGURE 8 ) was an synapomorphy for this level of hierarchy.
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