Hyperomias subdensus Chen, 1980

Ren, Li, Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A. & Zhang, Runzhi, 2007, Review of the Chinese Hyperomias Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) with description of a new species, Zootaxa 1562, pp. 1-42 : 18-40

Hyperomias subdensus Chen, 1980

Figs 43, 44 , 68 , 85 , 112

Hyperomias subdensus Chen, 1980: 93

Diagnosis. Rostrum 1.10 X as long as wide as base. In the lateral view, ventral margins of rostrum strongly enlarged downwards, closely to ventral surface of head, formed an angle less than 45 degree. Prementum with 6 setae. Sides of pronotum rounded, broadest at middle; carina of hind margin distinct. Postocular lobes developed. Scutellum distinct, ligulate. Elytral base raised as prominent flange; odd intervals more raised than even ones, basal part of interval 7 raised as prominent callose, formed an blunt angle; setae on odd interval arranged in 2 to 3 rows, more than those on even ones. Inner margin of fore tibiae with blunt, large denticles. Male aedeagus slender and long; in dorsal view sides subparallel to ostium, apical plate asymmetric, elongate trapezoidal, with sides sinuately curved and apex subtransverse ( Fig. 43 ); in lateral view strongly curved, with apex recurved ( Fig. 44 ). Female spermatheca and 8th sternite: see Figs 68 , 85 .

Material Examined. Holotype, male, CHINA, Tibet, Nedong County, 9.VIII.1978, IOZ(E)905204; Allotype, female, with same data as holotype, IOZ(E)905205.

Remarks. This species is very similar to H. densus , but differs by the following characters: in the lateral view, ventral margins of rostrum strongly enlarged downwards, closely to ventral surface of head, formed an angle less than 45 degree; prementum with 6 setae; elytral base raised as prominent flange. It is also similar to H. lineolus , but callose of interval 7 basal part is more conspicuous than H. lineolus , ventral margins of rostrum more strongly enlarged downwards.

Hyperomias lineolus Chen, 1980 Figs 45, 46 , 69 , 86 , 113

Hyperomias lineolus Chen, 1980: 93

Diagnosis. Rostrum 1.03 X as long as wide as base. Prementum with 6 setae. Sides of pronotum rounded, broadest behind middle; median longitudinal sulcus of pronotum shallow, only middle part distinct; carina of hind margin distinct. Postocular lobes moderately developed. Scutellum distinct, ligulate. Elytral base raised as flange; odd intervals more raised than even ones, basal part of interval 7 raised as callose; setae on odd interval arranged in 2 to 3 rows, more than those on even ones. Inner margin of fore tibiae with sharp, large denticles. Male aedeagus slender and long; in dorsal view sides moderately converged to ostium, apical plate asymmetric, elongate trapezoidal, with sides curved and apex subtransverse ( Fig. 45 ); in lateral view strongly curved, with apex recurved ( Fig. 46 ). Female spermatheca and 8th sternite: see Figs 69 , 86 .

Material Examined. Holotype, male, CHINA, Tibet, Saga County, Gya’gya Town, 4500m, 7.VIII.1975, Fusheng HUANG leg., IOZ(E)905182; Allotype, female, with same data as holotype, IOZ(E)905183.

Remarks. This species is very similar to H. densus , but differs by the following characters: prementum with 6 setae; elytral base raised as flange; basal part of interval 7 raised as callose; setae on odd interval arranged in 2 to 3 rows.

Discussion

Features of Chinese Hyperomias species. Chinese Hyperomias species have several features: (1) the number of Chinese Hyperomias species accounts for more than 66% of species of this genus in the world; (2) all 26 species are endemic to China, many of which have very limited distribution areas, and (3) morphological variation among species is moderately conspicuous.

Species-groups. Chao and Chen (1980) divided Chinese Hyperomias species into four species-groups, marginatus , densus , immarginatus and guinanensis groups, depending on the morphology of the apical margin of the fore tibiae, the basal margin of pronotum, the apical plate of male aedeagus, the form of the rostrum and length or density of setae on elytra (Table 1). This division was only based on the Chinese species and the species-groups may not be monophyletic. Moreover, the distribution pattern of each species-group does not clearly support the result of such a division. Therefore, we don’t think it is appropriate for Hyperomias to be divided into several species-groups.

Dimorphism. Males and females of Hyperomias are very difficult to distinguish. Usually the body of the female is wider and larger than the male. The outer apical margin of the fore tibia is enlarged more conspicuously outward in females than in males ( Figs. 114, 115 ). The shape of sternite 5 in the female is triangular while in the male is trapezoidal ( Figs. 116, 117 ). In the female, sternite 5 is flat or somewhat depressed on both sides and slightly convex in the middle, but in the male, sternite 5 is usually convex and only moderately depressed at apex.

Geographical distribution. Chinese Hyperomias species are only distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ( Fig. 118 ). South Tibet, along the north latitude circle of 30, has 70% of Chinese Hyperomias species. The rest of the species are distributed in Qinghai, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces. Hyperomias is a typical genus adapted to high elevations. This may explain why the Qaidam Basin has no Hyperomias species although it is very close to the plateau.

Vertical distribution. Chinese Hyperomias species are distributed between the 2,100 and 5,600 m above the sea ( Table 2). The relationship between number of species and elevation almost shows a normal curve ( Fig. 119 ). It seems that the species richness of Hyperomias is much higher in the high elevation sites than in the lower ones. Although most species are living in the areas higher than 4,000 m, they don’t appear to have large populations. A total of 57% of the specimens is collected from regions between the elevations of 3,000 and 4,000 m.

This result is based only on specimens preserved in the Entomology Museum of the Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China. Due to the difficulty of collecting specimens in some places in Tibet, it may not reflect the real diversity of the genus. Our data only provide some information of this typical highland taxon. More surveys are needed in the future.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Max Barclay (The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, England) for providing type specimens, Dr. Kyungduk Han (Korean Entomological Institute, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul) for checking through the manuscript and kind suggestions, and Mr. Guoqing Mai and Mr. Yingchao Li (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) for taking photos of all Chinese species and making the distribution figure, respectively. The study reported here was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) grants (30470215, 30525039 and J0630964/J0109). The collecting data in this research were from the database of National Digital Museum of Animal Specimens, which was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2005DKA21402).

References

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TABLE 1. Species-groups of Chinese Hyperomias species.

Elevation (m) Species and its locality Specimens

2100–2499 H. guinanensis Qinghai: Guinan [ 35.59N, 100.75E], 2100–3200m 2

2500–2999 H. guinanensis Qinghai: Guinan [ 35.59N, 100.75E], 2100–3200m 2

3000–3499 H. guinanensis Qinghai: Guinan [ 35.59N, 100.75E], 2100–3300m 19 H. morulineolus Tibet: Nyingchi [ 29.58N, 94.48E], 3000m 2 H. fraxinus Tibet: Nyingchi [ 29.58N, 94.48E], 3070m 1 H. hengduanensis Sichuan: Garze [ 31.62N, 99.99E], 3300–3400m 20

3500–3999 H. validus Tibet: Markam [ 29.68N, 98.60E], 3500–3800m 8 H. hengduanensis Sichuan: Garze [ 31.62N, 99.99E], 3600–3650m; 47 Litang [ 29.69N, 100.39E], 3650–3700m;

Dege [ 31.93N, 99.20E], 3900m

H. obscurus Tibet: Nyalam [ 28.16N, 85.98E], 3700m 2

4000–4499 H. yushuensis Qinghai: Yushu [ 32.34N, 97.25E], 4100m 1 H. densus Tibet: Lhunzhub [ 29.89N, 91.26E], 4160–4200m 6 H. gracillis Tibet: Yadong [ 27.72N, 89.15E], 4200m 2 H. hengduanensis Sichuan: Xiangcheng [ 29.19N, 100.10E], 4250m 1 H. marginatus Tibet: Ngamring [ 29.30N, 87.23E], 4300m 5 H. lacteolus Tibet: Tingri [ 28.65N, 87.13E], 4300m 1 H. inordinatus Tibet: Nyalam [ 28.16N, 85.98E], 4300m 3 H. adustus Tibet: Damxung, Yangbajsin [ 30.08N, 90.55E], 4350m 2 H. rotundicollis Tibet: Nyalam [ 28.16N, 85.98E], 4400m 7

4500–4999 H. lineolus Tibet: Saga [ 29.33N, 85.23E], 4500m 2 H. foveatus Tibet: Zhongba [ 29.65N, 84.18E], 4500m 10 H. erectosetosus Yunnan: Deqen [ 28.44N, 98.69E], 4600m 4 H. convexus Qinghai: Hoh Xil, Sangqia [ 34.56N, 91.76E], 4700m 1 H. jiggyobensis Tibet: Lhaze, Jiggyob [ 28.99N, 87.47E], 4700m 1 H. gracillis Tibet: Yadong [ 27.72N, 89.15E], 4850m 2 H. marginatus Tibet: Rongpu Si [ 28.20N, 86.83E], 4850–4900m 4 H. flavus Tibet: Nyalam, Serlong [ 28.66N, 85.82E], 4900m 1 H. curvatus Qinghai: Hoh Xil, Gangqiqu [ 34.63N, 91.57E], 4800–5200m 1

5000–5499 H. squamoopacus Tibet: Nyalam, Xixabangma Feng [ 28.29N, 85.84E], 5000– 6 5200m

H. bruneolineatus Qinghai: Geladaindong [ 33.47N, 91.0E], 5080m 2 H. immarginatus Tibet: Rutog [ 33.72N, 80.38E], 5150m 2 H. curvatus Qinghai: Hoh Xil, Gangqiqu [ 34.63N, 91.57E], 4800–5200m 1

5500–5600 H. marginatus Tibet: Rongpu Si [ 28.20N, 86.83E], 5600m 1

Unknown H. menyuanensis Qinghai: Menyuan, [ 37.46N, 101.45E] 2 H. subdensus Tibet: Nedong, [ 29.34N, 91.78E] 2 89 FIGURES 87–90. Habitus phototgraphs. 87: H. foveatus ; 88: H. rotundicollis ; 89, 90: H. jiggyobensis .

94 FIGURES 91–94. Habitus phototgraphs. 91: H. flavus ; 92: H. marginatus ; 93: H. adustus ; 94: H. yushuensis .

FIGURES 95–98. Habitus phototgraphs. 95: H. hengduanensis ; 96: H. obscurus ; 97: H.immarginatus ; 98: H. inordinatus .

101 FIGURES 99–102. Habitus phototgraphs. 99: H. curvatus ; 100: H. gracillis ; 101: H. bruneolineatus ; 102: H. convexus .

FIGURES 103–106. Habitus phototgraphs. 103: H. squamoopacus ; 104: H. validus ; 105: H. guinanensis ; 106: H. menyuanensis .

FIGURES 107–110. Habitus phototgraphs. 107: H. morulineolus ; 108: H. densus ; 109: H. erectosetosus ; 110: H. fraxinus .

FIGURES 111–113. Habitus phototgraphs. 111: H. lacteolus ; 112: H. subdensus ; 113: H. lineolus .

Figures

FIGURE 118. Distributions of Chinese Hyperomias species. 1, H. hengduanensis; 2, H. morulineolus and H. fraxinus; 3, H. marginatus; 4, H. lacteolus; 5, H. flavus; 6, H. squamoopacus; 7, H. obscurus, H. inordinatus and H. rotundicollis.

FIGURES 119. Patterns of species richness of Chinese Hyperomias along elevation.

FIGURES 39 – 46. Dorsal and lateral view of aedeagus of Hyperomias spp. 39, 40: H. fraxinus; 41, 42: H. lacteolus; 43, 44: H. subdensus; 45, 46: H. lineolus. Scale-bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 53 – 69. Spermatheca of Hyperomias spp. 53: H. foveatus; 54: H. rotundicollis; 55: H. flavus; 56: H. marginatus; 57: H. adustus; 58: H. yushuensis; 59: H. hengduanensis; 60: H. immarginatus; 61: H. inordinatus; 62: H. bruneolineatus; 63: H. validus; 64: H. guinanensis; 65: H. morulineolus; 66: H. densus; 67: H. erectosetosus; 68: H. subdensus; 69: H. lineolus. Scale-bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 80 – 86. Sternite 8 of female of Hyperomias spp. 80: H. validus; 81: H. guinanensis; 82: H. morulineolus; 83: H. densus; 84: H. erectosetosus; 85: H. subdensus; 86: H. lineolus. Scale-bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 114, 115. Fore tibia of Hyperomias hengduanensis. 114: male; 115: female. Scale-bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 116, 117. Venter of Hyperomias hengduanensis. 116: female; 117: male. Scale-bar = 1 mm.