Pseudophacopteron zimmermanni (Aulmann)

Malenovský, Igor & Burckhardt, Daniel, 2009, A review of the Afrotropical jumping plant-lice of the Phacopteronidae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), Zootaxa 2086 (1), pp. 1-74 : 14-19

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.2086.1.1
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EC223817-FF83-FFE0-FF22-FF3EFE24FAF9
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Pseudophacopteron zimmermanni (Aulmann)
status

Treatment

Pseudophacopteron zimmermanni (Aulmann) View in CoL

(Figs. 1–2, 17–18, 23–24, 28–29, 67, 83–85, 172–173, 230, 247)

Phacosema zimmermanni Aulmann, 1912: 123 View in CoL , Figs. 1–6. Lectotype ♂, Tanzania: Amani , Khaya senegalensis, Marshall View in CoL

[ZMHB, examined, here designated]. Phacosema zimmermanni, Houard 1922: 426 , Figs. 920–922 (gall description and illustration). “ Phacosema “ zimmermani, Heslop-Harrison 1960: 161 (relationship to Pseudophacopteron View in CoL , inclusion into Phacopteronini). Misspelling. (Phacosema) zimmermanni, Becker-Migdisova 1973: 103 (systematic position within Psylloidea). Pseudophacopteron zimmermanni, Capener 1973: 43 View in CoL , Fig. 32 View FIGURES 29–38 (differential diagnosis to P. electum View in CoL ). Pseudophacopteron zimmermanni, Medler 1980: 82 View in CoL (list, Nigeria). Pseudophacopteron zimmermanni, Burckhardt & Mifsud 1998: 10 View in CoL (differential diagnosis to P. verrucifrons View in CoL ). Pseudophacopteron zimmermanni, Burckhardt & van Harten 2006: 192 View in CoL (differential diagnosis to P. verrucifrons View in CoL ). Pseudophacopteron zimmermanni, Schabel 2006: 102–103 View in CoL , Fig. 4–13 (biology, galls, Tanzania, Uganda). Pseudophacopteron zimmermanni, Malenovský et al. 2007: 1910–1911 View in CoL (differential diagnosis to P. fuscivenosum View in CoL ). Pseudophacopteron zimmermanni, Olmi & Correia 2008: 315–318 View in CoL (galls, Burkina Faso, Mozambique).

Description. Adult. Colour. Head including genae, frons and clypeus ochreous, vertex orange brown laterally and with dark brown markings on either side of median ridge. Pronotum ochreous, with dark markings laterally and medially, lateral tubercles light. Mesopraescutum with two orange or dark brown triangular macules along midline anteriorly, light ochreous in posterior half. Mesoscutum ochreous with four more or less distinct dark bands. Mesoscutellum, metascutum, metascutellum and metapostnotum ochreous to orange brown. Lateral sclerites of thorax dark brown to black. Antenna ochreous, segments 1–2 and tips of segments 3–4 infuscated brown, segments 5–8 narrowly dark brown apically, segments 9–10 entirely dark brown to black. Legs ochreous; metacoxa, metafemur and basal half of metatibia extensively dark brown; fore and mid femora with dark brown markings near apex and base; metatarsus infuscate to brown. Fore wing membrane clear, transparent, lacking dark patches. Veins off-white, except for C+Sc, apical half of R+M+Cu 1, basal two thirds of R, basal half of M, basal quarter of Cu 1a, apical half of Cu 1b and two spots on anal vein, which are all intensively dark brown ( Fig. 29 View FIGURES 29–38 ). Hind wing clear, transparent, C+Sc brown. Abdominal tergites dark brown to black, tubercular processes on dorsum orange brown. Sternites brown to black. Male terminalia light to dark brown, apical half of proctiger light ochreous. Female terminalia with proctiger orange brown to dark brown basally and apical extension black; subgenital plate ochreous apically.

Morphology. Head, in frontal view, about twice wider than high. Vertex with coarse microsculpture, matt; median ridge strongly raised, vertex distinctly convex and bulging on its sides in front (Figs. 1–2). Antenna relatively slender, segments cylindrical, weakly widening to apex; terminal setae subequal, the longer terminal seta approximately 1.5 times longer than segments 9 and 10 together ( Fig. 230 View FIGURES 230–246 ). Fore wing pyriform, apex truncate; surface spinulation distinct in cells cu 1, cu 2, m 1, m 2, r 1, and apical portion of r 2 ( Fig. 67 View FIGURES 67–76 ). Mesotibia with subapical comb on outer margin consisting of 9–11 densely arranged stout setae. Metatibia with 11–13 apical spurs and 10–13 similar spurs laterally ( Figs. 23–24 View FIGURES 23–28 ); metabasitarsus distinctly longer than broad ( Figs. 23, 28 View FIGURES 23–28 ). Male proctiger, in lateral view, relatively long and narrow (Fig. 83). Paramere relatively short, robust; in lateral view, with anterior margin nearly straight and posterior margin strongly convex, apical part narrowly rounded, apex forming a tooth; paramere inner side densely covered with stout setae (Fig. 84). Apical dilation of distal segment of aedeagus relatively large, with dorsal margin angular basally and apex regularly rounded; a fine groove present on surface of apical dilation near dorsal margin (Fig. 85). Female proctiger and subgenital plate with short apical extensions; circumanal pore ring with two rows of pores, pores of outer row contiguous; subgenital plate, in lateral view, with ventral margin strongly convex and apex forming a small tooth (Fig. 172); in ventral view, as in Fig. 173. Dorsal and ventral valvulae laterally with usually three distinct teeth (Fig. 172). Measurements and ratios in Tabs. 2–4.

Fifth instar larva ( Fig. 247 View FIGURES 247–250 ). Uniformly pale yellow. Body elongate, parallel-sided. Body with several simple setae on cephalothorax, humeral region of fore wing pad, hind wing pad, last free tergal sclerite and 10–15 long simple setae on each side of caudal plate margin. Many small pointed lanceolate setae present near caudal plate margin and in irregular rows over entire width of dorsum of caudal plate and preceding free tergal sclerite. Average length of simple setae on caudal plate margin 0.030 mm (standard deviation 0.007, number of measured setae N=79). Average length of lanceolate setae on dorsum of caudal plate 0.012 mm (standard deviation 0.002, N=207). Antenna long, slender, with six to eight distinct segments and two rhinaria on last one or two segments. Tarsal arolium as large as claws. Abdomen dorsally on each side with five free sclerites and fused caudal plate; apex of caudal plate narrowly rounded. Anus in ventral position. Outer circumanal ring wide, anterior and posterior margin close together, composed of a single row of pores, laterally narrowly sinuate. Measurements and ratios in Tab. 5.

Host plant. Khaya anthotheca , K. senegalensis (Meliaceae) .

Biology. Induces galls on leaves and basal succulent shoots, as described and illustrated by Aulmann (1911, 1912), Houard (1922), Schabel (2006) and Olmi & Correia (2008). The galls are variable, mostly of a globular shape, about 0.5 cm in diameter, apparent on the both leaf sides. The inside of a gall is divided into two hollow chambers: the superior is closed and the inferior has a small opening to the leaf underside. The larva probably starts to develop in the superior chamber; later both chambers fuse. The mature larva leaves the gall through the opening on the leaf underside and instantly moults to an adult ( Houard 1922; Schabel 2006). In Tanzania, adult emergence takes place in early April ( Schabel 2006). Severe distortions and stunting were observed on young leaves with a high density of galls ( Aulmann 1912), as well as a subsequent withering of entire twigs ( Aulmann 1911). P. zimmermanni feeds on seedlings, as well as mature trees of Khaya ( Schabel 2006) .

Distribution. Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda. Also reported from Togo by Aulmann (1911, 1912).

Material examined. Lectotype, ♂, TANZANIA: Amani , Khaya senegalensis (Marshall) , here designated. Dry-mounted [ ZMHB] . Paralectotypes: TANZANIA: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, same data as lectotype. Drymounted [ ZMHB] .

Other material: BURKINA FASO: many ♂, ♀ and larvae, Ouagadougou, trees in front of the airport gate, 27 September 2007 (M. Olmi). MADAGASCAR: 2 larvae, without exact information on locality and date, Khaya (F. Brunck) . MOZAMBIQUE: 23 ♂, 25 ♀, Niassa province, Cuama, Campus of Catholic University of Mozambique, 4 March 2008, from galls on leaves of Khaya anthotheca (M. Olmi) . NIGERIA: 1 ♀, Ibadan, 11 May 1956 (without collector). SENEGAL: 30 ♂, 16 ♀, 96 larvae, Ziguinchor region, Djibelor, 12°33‘N, 16°20‘W, Khaya senegalensis , 9 January 1981 (J. Etienne). UGANDA: 12 ♂, 11 ♀, District Masindi, Budongo Forest near Sonso, 1°45’N, 31°25’E, 1200 m, 19–30 June 1995, secondary forest, Trichilia rubescens (Meliaceae) , canopy fogging (T. Wagner); 2 ♂, 2 ♀, same data but 11–20 July 1995; 3 ♂, same data but 19–30 June 1995, primary forest, Rinorea beniensis (=ardisiifolia) ( Violaceae ); 5 ♀, same data as previous but 1–10 July 1995; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, same data as previous but 21–30 July 1995; 1 ♂, same data as previous but 15–25 January 1997; 10 ♂, 7 ♀, same data as previous but 1–10 July1995, secondary forest; 11 ♂, 14 ♀, same data as previous but 11–20 July 1995; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same data as previous but 21–30 July 1995; 54 ♂, 77 ♀, same data but at night; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, same data but swamp forest, 11–20 July 1995; ca. 200 ♂ and ♀, same data as previous but 21–30 July 1995; 1 ♂, same data but 19–30 June 1995, swamp forest, Teclea nobilis (Rutaceae) ; 1 ♂, 5 ♀, same data as previous but 1–10 July 1995; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same data as previous but 21–30 July 1995; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same data but primary forest, Cynometra alexandri (Fabaceae) ; 1 ♂, 3 ♀, same data as previous but secondary forest. Dry- and slide- mounted and preserved in ethanol [ BMNH, MAKB, MHNG, MMBC, NHMB].

Comments. Aulmann (1912) described Phacosema zimmermanni based on material collected on Khaya senegalensis in Tanzania: Amani and Togo. The taxonomic identity of specimens from Togo is doubtful, as they were not available for examination and may be lost; they are not in Aulmann’s collection in ZMHB (J. Deckert, pers. comm.). Two similar, closely related species, P. aulmanni sp. nov. and P. khayae sp. nov., are known to live on the same host plant in Nigeria and south-eastern Africa (see below). A lectotype from Tanzania: Amani is here designated for P. zimmermanni to stabilize the group nomenclature.

We found no morphological characters that would reliably differentiate fifth instar larvae of P. zimmermanni from P. fuscivenosum , which, however, lives on a different host plant ( Deinbollia sp. , cf. Malenovský et al. 2007).