Sinoalaria bicornis (Lin, Li & Jaeger , 2014)

Zhang, Jianshuang, Feng, Chengcheng, Yu, Hao & Lin, Yucheng, 2023, A review of the spider genus Sinoalaria (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae), with the descriptions of four new species and two new combinations, ZooKeys 1173, pp. 307-338 : 307

Sinoalaria bicornis (Lin, Li & Jaeger, 2014)

Figs 1 , 2 , 17

Alaria bicornis Lin, Li & Jäger, 2014: 90, figs 11A-D, 12A-F, 13A-E, 14A-C, 15A-F, 16A-C (♂♀).

Sinoalaria bicornis : Zhao and Li 2014: 41.

Material examined.

2♂ 6♀, Laos: Vien Tiane Province , Vang Vieng District : 13.2 km north of Vieng keo Village, Tham Hoy, 19°02.352'N, 102°25.422'E, 256 m, 3.XII.2012, Z. Yao and S. Li leg. ; 4♂ 12♀, 11.95 km north of Vieng keo Village, Pha Thao Cave, 19°01.752'N, 102°25.956'E, 290 m, 3.XII.2012, Z. Yao and S. Li leg. ; 3♂ 8♀, 10.37 km north of Vieng keo Village, Kieo Cave, 19°00.882'N, 102°25.902'E, 286 m, 2.XII.2012, Z. Yao and S. Li leg. ; 1♂ 7♀, 4.01 km north of Vieng keo Village, Lom Cave, 18°57.456'N, 102°26.244'E, 314 m, 2.XII.2012, Z. Yao and S. Li leg.

Diagnosis.

Males of S. bicornis resemble those of S. xiaotu sp. nov. in the general shape of the male palp. The palps of the two species share the similarly short median apophysis which is ≤ 1/2 of tegulum length, and the indistinct embolic base (Figs 1A, B , 15A-C ) (median apophysis relatively large,> 1/2 of tegulum, embolic base prominently visible in all other congeners, including S. chengguanensis and S. chi sp. nov., etc.; Figs 5 , 7 ), but differ in the following: (1) cymbium basally with a cluster of eight setae in S. bicornis (six setae in S. xiaotu sp. nov.) (cf. Fig. 1B and Fig. 15B ); (2) median apophysis relatively larger, ca 1/2 of tegulum length in S. bicornis (extremely small, ≤ 1/3 of tegulum length in S. xiaotu sp. nov.) (cf. Fig. 1A, C, D and Fig. 15A, C ); (3) conductor with a nearly triangular, relatively blunt apex in S. bicornis (with a needle-shaped, sharper apex in S. xiaotu sp. nov.) (cf. Fig. 1A, C, D and Fig. 15 A-C ). Females resemble those of S. cavernicola and S. chi sp. nov. in having a distinctly long, narrow, completely membranous, and rugose scape (scape either relatively short and wide, or heavily sclerotized, not rugose in other Sinoalaria species, such as S. shuidi sp. nov. and S. xiaotu sp. nov.; Figs 14C, D, E , 16E, F ), but can be distinguished from S. cavernicola and S. chi sp. nov. by the scape apically with two notch (only with a hood in S. cavernicola and S. chi sp. nov.) (cf. Fig. 2E, F and Figs 4E, F , 8E, F ), ventral and anterior folds of copulatory ducts slightly sclerotized (completely membranous in S. cavernicola and S. chi sp. nov.) (cf. Fig. 2G and Figs 4G , 8G ).

Description.

See Lin et al. (2014). Male palp as in Fig. 1 , epigyne as in Fig. 2E-G , and habitus as in Fig. 2A-D .

Distribution.

Laos (Fig. 17 ).

Figures

Figure 1. Male palp of Sinoalaria bicornis (Lin, Li & Jaeger, 2014) A prolateral view B retrolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view. Abbreviations: Co = conductor; Cy = cymbium; EB = embolic base; Em = embolus; MA = median apophysis; Pc = paracymbium; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; SCy = setae on cymbium; Te = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.20 mm.

Figure 2. Sinoalaria bicornis (Lin, Li & Jaeger, 2014), male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C ventral view D dorsal view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A-D); 0.20 mm (E-G).

Figure 4. Sinoalaria cavernicola (Lin, Li & Jaeger, 2014), male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A-D); 0.20 mm (E-G).

Figure 5. Male palp of Sinoalaria chengguanensis (Zhao & Li, 2012) A prolateral view B retrolateral view C embolic division, dorsal view D ventral view. Abbreviations: Co = conductor; Cy = cymbium; EB = embolic base; Em = embolus; MA = median apophysis; Pc = paracymbium; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; SCy = setae on cymbium; Te = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.20 mm.

Figure 7. Male palp of the holotype of Sinoalaria chi sp. nov. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C ventral view D dorsal view. Abbreviations: Co = conductor; Cy = cymbium; EB = embolic base; Em = embolus; MA = median apophysis; Pc = paracymbium; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; Te = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.20 mm.

Figure 8. Sinoalaria chi sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A-D); 0.20 mm (E-G).

Figure 14. Holotype female of Sinoalaria shuidi sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-E) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; N = notch; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A, B); 0.20 mm (C-E).

Figure 15. Male palp of the holotype of Sinoalaria xiaotu sp. nov. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C ventral view D dorsal view. Abbreviations: Co = conductor; Cy = cymbium; EB = embolic base; Em = embolus; MA = median apophysis; Pc = paracymbium; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; SCy = setae on cymbium; Te = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.20 mm.

Figure 16. Sinoalaria xiaotu sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A-D); 0.20 mm (E-G).

Figure 17. Distribution records of the species from genus Sinoalaria.