Sinochlora, Tinkham, 1945

Liu, Chun-Xiang & Kang, Le, 2007, Revision of the genus Sinochlora Tinkham (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae), Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24), pp. 1313-1341 : 1316-1328

Key to species of Sinochlora

1. Male with central portion of tenth abdominal tergum produced, elongate, covering the epiproct; the lateral processes of the tergum present as a small downward projecting lobe ( Figures 4B, H , 5B ).............. 2

– Male with central portion of tenth abdominal plate rather short or absent; the lateral processes of the plate large ( Figures 6B , 7B , 9B , 10B )...... 6

2. Central process of male tenth abdominal tergum much more elongate, and lateral processes almost indistinct ( Figure 4A, B, G, H ); male subgenital plate split from approximately apical half ( Figure 4E, M )............ 3

– Central process of male tenth abdominal tergum slightly shorter, and lateral processes distinct ( Figure 5A, B, E ); male subgenital plate variable..... 5

3. Central process of male tenth abdominal tergum possessing distal half strongly deflexed and with apical margin truncate or slightly clavate ( Figure 10F ). Male epiproct short, triangular, thickened, with a spine recurved upward at apex ( Figure 10G ). Female subgenital plate large, base wider than the apex, closely quadrangular with a deeper triangular notch on posterior margin. Guizhou Province, China ( Figure 10H ).... Sinochlora stylosa Shi and Chang, 2004

– Distal part of central process of male tenth abdominal tergum somewhat deflexed with apical margin emarginate to different extent ( Figure 4A, B, G, H ); male epiproct various with two spines at apex ( Figure 4E, M )........ 4

4. Male tenth abdominal tergum with apical halves not deflexed and with apical margin distinctly notched ( Figure 4A, B ). Male epiproct approximately triangular, longer than wider, with basal margin widest, then abruptly constricted; apical third very narrow, with both lateral margins subparallel and armed with a pair of very small spine-like processes which are projected dorsad only at apex, notch between triangular ( Figure 4C, D ). Female subgenital plate quadrangular with a large triangular notch in the apical third ( Figure 4F ). Widespread in the Oriental region of China............ Sinochlora sinensis Tinkham, 1945

– Central process of male tenth abdominal tergum possessing distal half strongly deflexed with apical margin slightly emarginated ( Figure 4 G–I). Male epiproct approximately trapeziform, slightly wider than long, with basal margin broadly concave, lateral margin gradually constricted towards the apex, and each posterior lateral corner extending into an upcurved sharp spine-like process ( Figure 4 K–L). Female unknown. Guangxi Povince, China... Sinochlora trapezialis sp. n.

5. Size small (length of male: tegmina 42.0 mm, posterior femora 27.0 mm). Male tenth abdominal tergum with small lateral lobes ( Figure 5A, B ). Male subgenital plate split from about apical third, with lateral margins slightly convex after the basal constriction ( Figure 5D ). Female unknown. Guangxi Province, China.............. Sinochlora nonspinosa sp. n.

– Size much larger (length of male: tegmina 56.0 mm, posterior femora 34.0 mm) ( Carl 1914). Male tenth abdominal tergum with lateral lobe rather big ( Figure 5E ). Male subgenital plate split from about basal third, with lateral margins strongly convex after the basal constriction ( Figure 5F ). North Vietnam......... Sinochlora υoluptaria ( Carl, 1914) comb. n.

6. Male tenth abdominal tergum with each lateral lobe rather long and strongly inclined downwards, the median process large, gradually constricted toward both swollen lateral apices ( Figure 11D ). Male epiproct smaller, and just bearing three small round lobes at apex, among which the middle one is distinctly smaller than both the lateral ones ( Figure 11F ). Female subgenital plate large, widely triangular, lateral margins approximately straight, and with a small broad shallow triangular notch at the apex ( Figure 5I ). Tibet, China........................ Sinochlora tibetensis sp. n.

– Male tenth abdominal tergum, epiproct and female subgenital plate various, not as above...................... 7

7. Male tenth abdominal tergum with distal quarter deflexed and split into two approximately triangular strongly diverging lateral lobes ( Figure 6A, B ). Male epiproct approximately trapezoid, much longer than wide, and with each posterior lateral corner extending into a long upcurved sharp spine ( Figure 6C, D ). Female subgenital plate large, broadly triangular, with strongly convex lateral margins and with an acute triangularly incised apex ( Figure 6H ). Hainan Island, China............... Sinochlora hainanensis Tinkham, 1945

– Lateral lobes of male tenth abdominal tergum not strongly diverging as above. Male epiproct and female subgenital plate not as above........ 8

8. Central process of male tenth abdominal tergum large and elevated with its posterior margin approximating the apices of the lateral arms ( Figure 7A, B ). Male epiproct smaller, slightly wider than long, and bearing a pair of relatively short spine-like lateral processes at apex, which are projected dorsad, notch between trapezoid ( Figure 7C, D ). Female subgenital plate short and very broadly triangular, with a broad shallow triangular notch at the apex ( Figure 7F ). China, Korea, Japan..... Sinochlora longifissa ( Matsumura and Shiraki, 1908)

– Male epiproct not as above. Female subgenital plate triangular, longer than wide 9

9. Male epiproct equilaterally triangular, dorsally concave towards the inside, with a pair of black sharp spines directing dorso-caudad, between which is triangular ( Figure 8 G–R). Widespread in Oriental region of China.................... Sinochlora szechaeanensis Tinkham, 1945

– Male epiproct equilaterally triangular, dorsally concave towards the inside, with three spines at apex................. 10

10. Male epiproct possessing three spines at apex, among which the middle one is as long as or longer than two lateral ones............ 11

– Male epiproct possessing three prongs at apex, among which the middle one is shorter than two lateral ones ( Figure 9 D–G). Female unknown. Hunan Province, China.............. Sinochlora mesominora sp. n.

11. Male epiproct possessing three spines at apex, among which the middle one is as long as two lateral ones ( Figure 11K, L )..... Sinochlora aequalis sp. n. – Male epiproct possessing three spines at apex, among which the middle one is as long as or longer than two lateral ones............ 12

12. Male epiproct bearing three spines consistently directing dorso-caudad at apex ( Figure 9 J–L). Guangxi Province, China Sinochlora trispinosa Shi and Chang, 2004

– Male epriproct possessing three spines at apex, among which the longest middle one is directing caudad at the base and curved craniad apically, both lateral ones symmetrically smaller, directing caudad and diverging forth ( Figure 10 C–E). Female unknown. Fujian Province, China.... Sinochlora retrolateralis sp. n.

Figures

Figure 4. (A–F) Sinochlora sinensis; (G–M) S. trapezialis sp. n. (A, G) Male abdominal apex, lateral view; (B, H) male tenth abdominal tergum, dorsal view; (C, J) male epiproct, dorsal view; (D, L) male epiproct, ventral view; (E, M) male subgenital plate, ventral view; (F) female subgenital plate, ventral view; (I) male tenth abdominal tergum, dorso-apical view; (K) male epiproct, dorso-apical view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 5. (A–D) Sinochlora nonspinosa sp. n.; (E–H) S. υoluptaria; (I, J) S. tibetensis sp. n. (A, E) Male abdominal apex, lateral view; (B) male tenth abdominal tergum, dorsal view; (C) male epiproct, dorso-apical view; (D, F) male subgenital plate, ventral view; (G, J) female ovipositor, lateral view; (H, I) female subgenital plate, ventral view. (E–H) After Carl (1914, p 549, Figures 3–6). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 6. Sinochlora hainanensis. (A) Male abdominal apex, lateral view; (B) male tenth abdominal tergum, dorsal view; (C) male epiproct, ventral view; (D) male epiproct, dorsal view; (E) male epiproct, dorso-apical view; (F) male subgenital plate, ventral view; (G) female ovipositor, lateral view; (H) female subgenital plate, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 7. Sinochlora longifissa. (A) Male abdominal apex, lateral view; (B) male tenth abdominal tergum, dorsal view; (C) male epiproct, dorsal view; (D) male epiproct, ventro-apical view; (E) male subgenital plate, ventral view; (F) female subgenital plate, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 8. Transition of characters in different population of Sinochlora szechaeanensis. (A, G–J) From Sichuan Prov.; (B, K) from Hunan Prov.; (C, L) from Hubei Prov.; (D, M) from Jiangxi Prov.; (E, N) from Henan Prov.; (F, O–R) from Zhejiang Prov. (A–F) Male tenth abdominal tergum, dorsal view; (G, K–N) male epiproct, lateral view; (H, Q) male epiproct, ventral view; (I, P) male epiproct, dorsal view; (J, R) male epiproct, dorso-apical view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 9. (A–G) Sinochlora mesominora sp. n.; (H–L) S. trispinosa. (A, H) Male abdominal apex, lateral view; (B, I) male tenth abdominal tergum, dorsal view; (C) male subgenital plate, ventral view; (D) male epiproct, dorsal view; (E, J) male epiproct, lateral view; (F, K) male epiproct, dorso-apical view; (G, L) male epiproct, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 10. (A–E) Sinochlora retrolateralis sp. n.; (F–G) S. stylosa. (A, F) Male abdominal apex, lateral view; (B) male tenth abdominal tergum, dorsal view; (C) male epiproct, lateral view; (D) male epiproct, dorsal view; (E) male epiproct, dorso-apical view; (G) female subgenital plate, ventral view. (F–G) After Shi and Chang (2004, p 337, Figures 2, 4, 5). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 11. (A, C–H) Sinochlora tibetensis sp. n.; (B, I–N) S. aequalis sp. n. (A, B) Stridulatory file on underside of left tegmen; (C, I) male abdominal apex, lateral view; (D, J) male tenth abdominal tergum, dorsal view; (E) male cerci, dorsal view; (F, K) male epiproct, dorso-apical view; (G, L) male epiproct, lateral view; (H) male subgenital plate, ventral view; (M) female ovipositor, lateral view; (N) female subgenital plate, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.