Lecanora pseudopinguis W.A. Weber (1981: 102) MycoBank

Bungartz, Frank, Elix, John A. & Printzen, Christian, 2020, Lecanoroid lichens in the Galapagos Islands: the genera Lecanora, Protoparmeliopsis, and Vainionora (Lecanoraceae, Lecanoromycetes), Phytotaxa 431 (1), pp. 1-85 : 32

Lecanora pseudopinguis W.A. Weber (1981: 102) MycoBank no. 124480

Type:— ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Santa Cruz, vicinity of Academy Bay , ca. 0.8 km E of Darwin Station, coastal zone, shore boulders just above high tide mark, on rock, 10-Apr-1976, Weber, W.A. s.n. & Lanier, J. (L-63675, COLO 297761– holotype; isotypes distributed as Weber, Lich. Exs. no. 500) .

( Fig. 8D–G )

Thallus saxicolous, thin to thick, rimose to rimose-areolate, areoles granular to densely verrucose or bullate; surface pale to deep yellowish green, yellowish beige or ochraceous (especially with prolonged storage in the herbarium), roughened, matt, epruinose or with a fine, pale yellowish pruina ( KC /C+ orange), lacking soredia; prothallus mostly indistinct, but occasionally forming a blackish outline where different thalli meet. Apothecia numerous, dispersed, circular to barely undulate in outline, large, 0.5–1.5(–2.0) mm in diam., soon sessile and ±constricted below, distinctly lecanorine with prominent, persistent, entire to barely undulating, smooth, epruinose to barely yellowish pruinose margin, concolorous with the thallus; disc plane to ±convex, concolorous with the thallus, becoming beige to dull brown with age, with a fine, pale yellowish pruina ( KC /C+ orange); hymenium hyaline, not inspersed or with few oil droplets; epihymenium with a diffuse, dull brown pigment (elachista -brown: dissolving in K, HCl± dull greenish, N−) and few to abundant minute crystals, mostly dissolving in K (residue of fine, rounded, reddish granules persistent, 0.5–1 µm); proper exciple thin, indistinct, with few small crystals; thalline exciple thick, distinctly corticate, with many small crystals that obscure a few larger ones, these often visible only when the small crystals are dissolved in K, but the large ones persist; subhymenium and hypothecium hyaline, inspersed with small to medium-sized oil droplets; ascospores 8/ascus, simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, (6.9–)8.3–9.8(–10.3) × (3.9–)4.1–5.0(–5.9) µm (n = 30). Pycnidia immersed, conidia filiform, 13.7–22.5 × 1.0–1.2 µm (n = 5).

Chemistry: P−, C+ orange, KC+ orange, K−, UV± dull to deep orange; with arthothelin [major], thiophanic acid [minor], 3- O -methylthiophanic acid [minor], isoarthothelin [minor]; [specimens examined with TLC: Bungartz, F. 4622 ( CDS 28709 ), 5053 ( CDS 29266 ), 5392 ( CDS 29608 ), 9876 A ( CDS 47214 ), Weber, W.A. s.n. & Lanier, J. (L-63675, COLO 297761– holotype)] .

Ecology and distribution: Endemic to the Galapagos; one of the most common saxicolous species, also rarely growing on hardened wood, throughout all vegetation zones (coastal to high altitude dry), but most frequent in the coastal and dry zone, typically growing in exposed, sunny situations, occasionally also in sheltered habitats.

Notes: This Galapagos endemic is probably the most common saxicolous lichen throughout the entire archipelago. In the dry zone and along the coast its conspicuous yellow crusts typically cover huge areas. These tinted rocks can even be seen from afar, when approaching an island by boat.

A specimen from Galapagos identical to L. pseudopinguis in the Tuckerman Herbarium ( FH; sheet 2094) has been annotated in Tuckerman’s handwriting as “ L. flavicunda ”. The combination “ Lecanora flavicunda ” was, however, never published and Tuckerman’s annotation could also refer to Lecidea flavicunda Ach. [= Porpidia flavicunda (Ach.) Gowan ], a very different taxon. In any case, the typewritten label of the specimen reads “ L. subflava ”. A packet with the type of Lecanora subflava Tuck. in FH (Fascicle no. 31, sheet no. 1944) contains two specimens, one (no. 167) from Cuba, which Tuckerman (1866) referred to as the type; it has a yellow beige thallus with orange beige apothecial discs; the thallus reacting K+ orange, C+ orange, UV+ orange, and P−. From this specimen I.M. Brodo prepared a permanent slide stained with lactophenol cotton blue (June 1973). These sections stained with lactophenol cotton blue appear to have polarilocular spores, but fresh sections do not confirm this observation. The spores are non-septate, simple, typical Lecanora spores. The material is similar, but clearly not identical with the saxicolous L. pseudopinguis . Lecanora subflava is corticolous, it has much smaller apothecia (max. 1 mm in diam.), a thalline exciple that contains only large and no small crystals, and it has ascospores ca. 9.5 × 6.5 µm.

Specimens examined. ECUADOR. GALÁPAGOS: Española, along S-coast of the island, near Punta Suárez, 1˚22’32.10’’ S, 89˚44’16.89’’W, 26 m alt., coastal zone, lava cliff almost bare of vegetation, on rock, 10-Nov-2010, Yánez-Ayabaca,A.1580 A ( CDS 45463); SE of Punta Suárez, ca. 500 m inland from coast, 1˚22’56.60’’ S,89˚43’8.40’’W, 133 m alt., dry zone, lava cliff with Cordia lutea , Ipomoea habeliana and few trees of Bursera graveolens , on rock, 10-Nov-2010, Bungartz, F. 8933 ( CDS 45751); Punta Suárez, along the S-coast of the island, 1˚22’24.19’’ S, 89˚44’23.30’’W, 12 m alt., coastal zone, Lycium shrubland with Atriplex peruviana and lava boulders, on rock, 10- Nov-2010, Bungartz, F. 8847 ( CDS 45665); trail from Bahía Manzanillo on the N-coast of the island to the highest point, 1˚21’24.89’’ S, 89˚41’57’’W, 24 m alt., dry zone, boulder field of weathered AA-lava with scarce vegetation of Ipomoea habeliana , one Bursera tree and few Cordia lutea shrubs, front of lava boulder, on rock, 11-Nov-2010, Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 1654 ( CDS 45537); Bungartz, F. 8980 A ( CDS 45798); 1˚21’40.60’’ S, 89˚41’56.60’’W, 48 m alt., dry zone, open scrub of Cordia lutea and Prosopis juliflora with grasses and few trees of Bursera graveolens over weathered lava boulders, on rock, 11-Nov-2010, Bungartz, F. 9101 ( CDS 45919); 1˚22’18.69’’ S, 89˚42’7.40’’W, 130 m alt., dry zone, basalt outcrop among Cordia lutea shrubland, on rock, 11-Nov-2010, Bungartz, F. 9108 ( CDS 45926), 9119 ( CDS 45937); Punta Cevallos at E-coast of island, 1˚23’38.10’’ S, 89˚37’8.5’’W, 26 m alt., coastal zone, basalt cliff almost bare of vegetation, some Ipomoea habeliana , on rock, 09-Nov-2010, Bungartz, F. 8798 ( CDS 45616), 8806 ( CDS 45624); N of Punta Cevallos, inland from coast, 1˚23’3.70’’ S, 89˚37’44.77’’W, 20 m alt., dry zone, Cordia lutea shrubland with Prosopis juliflora and Vallesia glabra , on rock, 09-Nov-2010, Bungartz, F. 8839 ( CDS 45657). Gardner (near Española), SW-part of the island, 1˚20’46.39’’ S, 89˚38’54’’W, 7 m alt., coastal zone, boulder field of weathered AA-lava with few shrubs of Bursera graveolens , Prosopis juliflora , Croton scouleri , and Ipomoea habeliana , on rock, 12-Nov-2010, Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 1709 ( CDS 45592); Bungartz, F. 9177 ( CDS 45995); N-part of the island, on top of the ridge, 1˚20’32.39’’ S, 89˚38’42’’W, 47 m alt., dry zone, lava cliff with few trees of Bursera graveolens , Croton scouleri shrubs, and the vine Ipomoea habeliana , on rock, 12-Nov-2010, Bungartz, F. 9238 ( CDS 46056). Floreana, trail from Black Beach to highlands, 25-Apr-1976, Weber, W.A. s.n. (L-62894, COLO 294627); lava flow near the shore just N of Black Beach, dry zone, 24-Apr-1976, Weber, W.A. s.n. (L-62967, COLO 294555); Caleta Las Cuevas on NE coast, on top of the hill, 1˚15’54’’ S, 90˚22’30’’W, 125 m alt., dry zone, on rock, 18-Feb-2005, Tehler, A. 8690 ( CDS 40650); between La Gigante and Playa de los Perros, a little inland from coast, E-side of island, 1˚17’20.89’’ S, 90˚21’40.39’’W, 27 m alt., coastal zone, coastal lava flow bare of vegetation, on rock, 17-Jan-2011, Bungartz, F. 9827 ( CDS 47165); trail going to Post Office Bay off the dirt road between highlands and Puerto Velasco Ibarra, 1˚15’42.27’’ S, 90˚26’31’’W, 197 m alt., dry zone, open forest of Bursera graveolens and some Prosopis juliflora on W-exposed slope, dry herbaceous vegetation and small boulder field, on rock, 14-Jan-2011, Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 1919 ( CDS 48273); cliff at NE-side of trail (Mirador), 1˚17’4.298’’ S, 90˚26’36.60’’W, 365 m alt., transition zone, ca. 10 m high lava cliff within dense scrub of Clerodendrum molle , Croton scouleri and Macraea laricifolia , one single Acacia rorudiana on top of cliff, on rock, 25-Jan-2011, Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 2136 ( CDS 48511); ca. 500 m S of La Lobería, ca. 200 m inland from coast, 1˚17’12.69’’ S, 90˚29’36’’W, 20 m alt., dry zone, very open Bursera forest with Waltheria ovata , few Scalesia affinis and some grasses on lava flow, on wood scar on N-exposed trunk of Bursera graveolens , 16-Jan-2011, Bungartz, F. 9750 ( CDS 47067); lava flow ca. 200 m N of village Puerto Velasco Ibarra, at the W-coast of the island, ca. 100 m inland, 1˚16’10.1’’ S, 90˚29’17.80’’W, 11 m alt., coastal zone, lava flow of weathered AA-lava with scarce vegetation, mostly Mentzelia aspera , shrubs of Lecocarpus pinnatifidus , some Waltheria ovata and occasional Jasminocereus thouarsii , on rock, 18-Jan-2011, Bungartz, F. 9868 ( CDS 47206), 9876 A ( CDS 47214); along trail going to Post Office Bay off the dirt road between highlands and Puerto Velasco Ibarra, at Laguna Seca, 1˚15’30.80’’ S, 90˚26’26.60’’W, 206 m alt., dry zone, very open Bursera graveolens forest over SE-exposed lava flow with Prosopis juliflora , on rock, 14-Jan-2011, Bungartz, F. 9548 ( CDS 46831). Campéon (near Floreana), S-side, bare lava talus, on rock, 23-Apr- 1976, Weber, W.A. s.n. (L-62776, COLO 294744); Pinta, along the trail up to the summit from the S-coast, 0˚33’46’’N, 90˚44’46’’W, 174m alt., transition zone, old SW-exposed lava flow in open woodland with Bursera graveolens , Croton scouleri , Opuntia galapageia , few Pisonia floribunda , and with Scalesia baueri in the understory, on rock, 28-Feb- 2007, Bungartz, F. 5988 ( CDS 33666); 0˚34’3’’N, 90˚44’56’’W, 233 m alt., transition zone, open woodland with Bursera graveolens , Zanthoxylum fagara , Pisonia floribunda , Croton scouleri , and few Opuntia galapageia among old lava flows; in between Alternanthera filifolia and grasses, on rock, 28-Feb-2007, Bungartz, F. 5978 ( CDS 33656). Pinzón, along the trail going up from Playa Escondida, 0˚36’10’’ S, 90˚40’1’’W, 254 m alt., dry zone, dry zone vegetation with Prosopis juliflora , Alternanthera filifolia , Maytenus octogona , and Croton scouleri , basalt, on rock, 16-Feb-2006, Aptroot, A. 64121 ( CDS 30683), 64125 ( CDS 30687); N- to W-facing cliff above a crater, 0˚36’29’’ S, 90˚40’14’’W, 318 m alt., transition zone, dry transition zone with Cordia lutea , Croton scouleri , and at the bottom of the cliff also Scalesia baurii ssp. baurii , on rock, 16-Feb-2006, Bungartz, F. 3653 ( CDS 27471); Aptroot, A. 64032 ( CDS 30593); E-facing side of a valley on the W-slope of the highest mountain, 0˚36’49’’ S, 90˚40’14’’W, 294 m alt., transition zone, dry transition zone with E-facing basalt cliff and Scalesia baurii ssp. baurii ; Polypodium tridens growing on the basalt cliff, top and on rock, 16-Feb-2006, Bungartz, F. 3609 ( CDS 27427); East coast, 0˚36’11.6’’ S, 90˚38’52.5’’W, 33 m alt., dry zone, on rock, 19-Oct-2012, Arturo, X. s.n. ( CDS 56239). Rábida, E-side of the island, dry zone, Bursera forest and lava talus slope, 01-May-1976, Weber, W.A. s.n. (L-62856, COLO 294665); Dawson, E.Y. s.n. (L-41043, COLO 192036). San Cristóbal, near Tortugueria Cerro Colorado, 0˚54’56’’ S, 89˚26’18’’W, 130 m alt., transition zone, lava, on rock, 02-Jun-2005, Aptroot, A. 63423 ( CDS 30178); from Punta Tortuga ca. 3 km inland close to Cerro Tortuga, 0˚44’39’’ S, 89˚23’32’’W, 79 m alt., dry zone, young basalt lava flow of bare AA-lava, on rock, 25- Apr-2007, Bungartz, F. 6499 ( CDS 34716), 6501 ( CDS 34718), 6504 ( CDS 34721); inland from Punta Pit at the NEcoast of the island, 0˚43’6’’ S, 89˚14’36’’W, 20 m alt., dry zone, NNW-exposed slope of old lava flow with scarce vegetation, on rock, 20-Apr-2007, Bungartz, F. 6078 ( CDS 33757), 6097 ( CDS 33776); rim of crater to the NW of Media Luna, inland from the NW-coast, 0˚43’51’’ S, 89˚18’55’’W, 149 m alt., transition zone, lower transition zone; basalt cliffs of inner and outer crater rim with scarce vegetation, on rock, 22-Apr-2007, Bungartz, F. 6291 ( CDS 34503); Pan de Azúcar, inland from Bahía Sardinas at the NW-coast of the island, 0˚43’6’’ S, 89˚21’19’’W, 88 m alt., dry zone, NE-facing slope near the top of the first small hill with low shrubs of Alternanthera filifolia and few Bursera graveolens trees, on rock, 24-Apr-2007, Bungartz, F. 6427 ( CDS 34642); near Rosa Blanca, at the SE-coast of the island, 0˚49’27’’ S, 89˚21’6’’W, 2 m alt., coastal zone, lava plateau overlooking a lagoon, E- to SSE-facing with dwarf shrubs of Bursera graveolens and Croton scouleri on top, on rock, 23-Apr-2007, Bungartz, F. 6378 ( CDS 34593); Cerro Partido along trail from entrance to Cerro Pelado to El Ripioso, 0˚51’23’’ S, 89˚27’37’’W, 376 m alt., transition zone, rocky SW-exposed slope of hill with Jasminocereus thouarsii , Clerodendrum molle var. glabrescens , Psidium galapageium , Bromeliaceae and ferns growing in rock crevices, on rock, 28-Apr-2007, Bungartz, F. 6631 ( CDS 34851); Cerro Colorado, enclosure for Calandrinia galapagosa near the viewpoint on the top, 0˚54’58’’ S, 89˚26’5’’W, 130 m alt., transition zone, open scrubland with Croton scouleri , Macraea laricifolia , Calandrinia galapagosa , Lecocarpus darwinii and few trees of Piscidia carthagenensis among lava boulders on SE-exposed slope of cinder cone, on rock, 29-Apr-2007, Bungartz, F. 6690 ( CDS 34934), 6701 ( CDS 34945); 15-May-2006, Jaramillo, P. 2887 B ( CDS 38806); Cerro Colorado summit, around the viewpoint, 0˚54’54.89’’ S, 89˚26’1.5’’W, 159 m alt., dry zone, dry zone vegetation with Croton scouleri , Cordia lutea and Macraea laricifolia , basalt rocks, slope 15° SWW, on rock, 24-Aug-2008, Clerc, P. 08-265 ( CDS 40119); Cerro Mundo, rock cliffs on the S side close to the summit, 0˚53’32.20’’ S, 89˚34’40.5’’W, 253 m alt., transition zone, with Bursera graveolens , Croton scouleri , Piscidia carthagenensis , Zanthoxylum fagara and a few Scalesia pedunculata , slope 45° ESE, basaltic rocks on the cliff (microexposition SE), on rock, 25-Aug-2008, Truong, C. 1540 ( CDS 39851). Santa Cruz, on rock, Hill, T. s.n. ( FH-TUCK 259997); 150 m from Research Station, coastal zone, lava rocks above high tide, on rock, 10-Apr-1976, Weber, W.A. s.n. ( CDS 10817, QCA); vicinity of Academy Bay, ca. 0.8 km E of Darwin Station, coastal zone, shore boulders just above high tide mark, on rock, 15-Feb-1964, Weber, W.A. s.n. (L-40060, COLO 186994), s.n. (L-40821, COLO 192405), s.n. (L-40821, COLO 61712); s.n. ( FH 197245); Puerto Ayora, near begin of road to Baltra, 0˚44’34’’ S, 90˚18’45’’W, 25 m alt., dry zone, lava, on rock, 26-May-2005, Aptroot, A. 63101 ( CDS 29831); along shore E of Puerto Ayora near Charles Darwin Research Station ( CDRS), 0˚44’38’’ S, 90˚18’1’’W, 1 m alt., coastal zone, coastal lava, on rock, 29- May-2005, Aptroot, A. 63263 ( CDS 29998); along the S coast of Santa Cruz close to the Charles Darwin Research Station ( CDRS), Puerto Ayora, 0˚44’35’’ S, 90˚18’14’’W, 1 m alt., coastal zone, bare lava rocks, Cryptocarpus pyriformis occasionally in between, on rock, 10-Feb-2006, Bungartz, F. 3401 ( CDS 27107); 0˚44’44.5’’ S, 90˚17’42’’W, 13 m alt., coastal zone, bare lava rocks with Cryptocarpus pyriformis , Jasminocereus thouarsii , Opuntia echios , and Scutia spicata occasionally in between, on rock, 10-Feb-2006, Bungartz, F. 3444 ( CDS 27150); along the road from Bellavista to El Garrapatero, ca. 3 km from the coast, 0˚40’55’’ S, 90˚13’46’’W, 45 m alt., dry zone, deciduous dry lowland forest, Bursera graveolens , Acacia rorudiana , Opuntia echios , on rock, 14-Feb-2006, Bungartz, F. 3554 ( CDS 27353); above Mina Granillo Rojo , on the N-side of the island, 0˚37’7.5’’ S, 90˚21’55.5’’W, 607 m alt., transition zone, upper transition zone with Bursera graveolens , Psidium galapageium , Scalesia pedunculata and Opuntia echios , outcrop of basaltic rocks, W-exposed, basaltic rock, on rock, 07-Aug-2008, Clerc, P. 08-39 ( CDS 39893); Mina Granillo Rojo , on the N-side of the island, above the the mine, 0˚37’8.80’’ S, 90˚21’57.60’’W, 633 m alt., transition zone, lava outcrop in open forest of Scalesia pedunculata , Psidium galapageium and few Bursera graveolens , on rock, 21-Jan- 2010, Bungartz, F. 8761 ( CDS 44642); E-side of island, trail from parking lot to El Garrapatero beach, N-side of trail, 0˚41’26.69’’ S, 90˚13’19.10’’W, 6 m alt., dry zone, open deciduous forest of Bursera graveolens , Cordia lutea , Opuntia echios with Castela galapageia and Alternanthera echinocephala and others in the understory, slightly shaded, on rock, 16-Jun-2010, Spielmann, A.A. 8214 ( CDS 45339); Nugra, F. 884 ( CDS 44945); Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 1503 ( CDS 44935). Plaza Norte (near Santa Cruz), North Plaza Island, 0˚34’47’’ S, 90˚9’47’’W, 1 m alt., coastal zone, vertical, S-exposed cliffs and on top of island inpenetrable thicket of Grabowskia boerhaaviaefolia and Scutia spicata var. pauciflora with occasional Opuntia in between, on rock, 21-Feb-2006, Bungartz, F. 3833 ( CDS 27715); Plaza Sur (near Santa Cruz), 0˚34’59’’ S, 90˚9’54’’W, 1 m alt., coastal zone, eastern part with scattered, low vegetation of Sesuvium portulacastrum and Tiquilia galapagoa with occasional Opuntia , western part also with scattered scrubs of Grabowskia boerhaaviaefolia , Maytenus octogona , and Castela galapageia , lava, on rock, 21-Feb-2006, Aptroot, A. 64452 ( CDS 31020); 0˚34’59’’ S, 90˚9’54’’W, 1 m alt., coastal zone, eastern part with scattered, low vegetation of Sesuvium portulacastrum & Tiquilia galapagoa with occasional Opuntia , western part also with scattered scrubs of Grabowskia boerhaaviaefolia , Maytenus octogona , and Castela galapageia , lava, on rock, 21-Feb-2006, Aptroot, A. 64453 A ( CDS 31022); coastal zone, 13-Feb-1964, Weber, W.A. s.n. (L-40107, COLO 188088). Santa Fé, cerca la playita y el barranco en la costa norte de la isla, 0˚48’12.80’’ S, 90˚2’35.20’’W, 26 m alt., zona seca, bosque abierto con arbustos y árboles dominantes en la zona como: Bursera graveolens y Opuntia echios var. barringtonensis , Bursera graveolens , sobre corteza, 25-Oct-2007, Nugra, F. 484 A ( CDS 37045); on top of lava flow at the N-coast of the island, 0˚48’12.4’’ S, 90˚2’34.5’’W, 13 m alt., coastal zone, open scrubland of partly dead shrubs ( Croton scouleri , Cordia lutea ), few shrubby Bursera graveolens , and Opuntia echios var. barringtonensis among lava rocks, on rock, 25-Oct- 2007, Bungartz, F. 7219 ( CDS 37703), 7242 ( CDS 37726), 7249 ( CDS 37733); Jonitz, H. 26 ( CDS 44624); 0˚48’2.798’’ S, 90˚2’38.39’’W, 26 m alt., dry zone, open scrubland of Croton scouleri with some Bursera graveolens trees, and Opuntia echios var. barringtonensis on NE-exposed side of lava flow, on rock, 25-Oct-2007, Bungartz, F. 7278 ( CDS 37762); Jonitz, H. 25 A ( CDS 44623). Santiago, ca. 7 km inland from the E-coast, ± at the same latitude as Bahía Sullivan, 0˚17’1’’ S, 90˚38’24’’W, 183 m alt., dry zone, SE-exposed slope of lava flow, on rock, 17-Jul-2006, Bungartz, F. 5153 ( CDS 29366), 5154 ( CDS 29367); at the W-coast of the island in Bahía Ladilla, 0˚18’8’’ S, 90˚49’56’’W, 10 m alt., coastal zone, on rock, 22-Jul-2006, Bungartz, F. 5388 ( CDS 29604), 5392 ( CDS 29608); ca. 5 km inland from the E-coast, ± at the same latitude as Bahía Sullivan, 0˚16’37’’ S, 90˚37’24’’W, 163 m alt., dry zone, SE-exposed slope of lava boulders, on rock, 18-Jul-2006, Bungartz, F. 5194 ( CDS 29407); 0˚16’52’’ S, 90˚37’17’’W, 175 m alt., dry zone, rubble of older lava with very scarce vegetation of few Bursera graveolens trees, Macraea laricifolia , and Mentzelia aspera , on rock, 16-Jul-2006, Bungartz, F. 5053 ( CDS 29266); along the trail from Bucanero to Jaboncillos, ca. 3 km SE of Bucanero, 0˚10’52’’ S, 90˚48’33’’W, 362 m alt., transition zone, open woodland of large Bursera graveolens and smaller Psidium galapageium trees, grassland and basalt boulders in between, on rock, 22-Mar-2006, Bungartz, F. 4622 ( CDS 28709); Aptroot, A. 65408 ( CDS 31994); Cerro Gavilan, boulder field on the outer, S-exposed slope, 0˚12’25’’ S, 90˚47’4’’W, 830 m alt., humid zone, basalt boulder field with scattered vegetation ( Portulaca oleraceum , Ageratum conyzoides , Cyperus virens , Digitaria ciliaris ), on rock, 24-Mar-2006, Bungartz, F. 4821 ( CDS 28987); small hill ca. 1 km inland from the E-coast, at the same latitude as Bartolomé, 0˚17’40’’ S, 90˚35’10’’W, 77 m alt., dry zone, SW-exposed slope of small hill with occasional Bursera graveolens trees and few shrubs ( Castela galapageia and Scutia spicata var. pauciflora ), SE-exposed front of small basalt rock, near the ground, on rock, 20-Jul-2006, Bungartz, F. 5295 ( CDS 29511), 5278 ( CDS 29494); along the trail from the caseta in La Central to La Bomba (at the coast), cliff ca. 2.5 km NE of the caseta, 0˚13’41’’ S, 90˚44’10’’W, 533 m alt., transition zone, SW-exposed basalt cliff with some ferns ( Adiantum concinnum , Pityrogramma calomelanos var. calomelanos , and Blechnum polypodioides ) growing in crevices, on rock, 25-Mar-2006, Bungartz, F. 4864 ( CDS 29063); summit of Cerro Gavilan, inner N- and NE-exposed crater rim, 0˚12’20’’ S, 90˚47’3’’W, 840 m alt., humid zone, N- and NE-exposed, steep basalt cliffs of crater rim with ferns ( Pityrogramma calomelanos var. calomelanos , Polypodium tridens , Dryopteris palmata , Adiantum concinnum , Blechnum polypodioides ) growing in crevices, on rock, 23-Mar-2006, Bungartz, F. 4780 ( CDS 28912), 4799 ( CDS 28931); at rim of easternmost crater in the highlands, 0˚14’20’’ S, 90˚42’45’’W, humid zone, on rock, 10-May-1971, Pike, L.H. 2112 (L-55204, COLO 255632 paratype mentioned in protologue, unusual specimen, collected at higher altitude then usual, inside the crater); 2113 ( OSC 99735); near James Bay, 0˚14’0’’ S, 90˚49’30’’W, 45 m alt., dry zone, nearly barren, recent AA-lava flow, on rock, 27- Apr-1971, Pike, L.H. 2613A ( OSC 99734); Pike, L.H. 2601 ( OSC 99736). Wolf, Cavagnaro, D. s.n. (L-40911, COLO 190118). Isabela, Volcán Alcedo, in the crater on the cliff fault, 0˚27’9’’ S, 91˚7’33’’W, 800 m alt., transition zone, scree, basalt, on rock, 07-Mar-2006, Aptroot, A. 64811 ( CDS 31386); outer SE-exposed slope and crater rim, 0˚27’29’’ S, 91˚7’19’’W, 1089 m alt., humid zone, tortoise pasture with scattered trees ( Tournefortia rufo-sericea , Zanthoxylum fagara ), lava, on rock, 05-Mar-2006, Aptroot, A. 65103 ( CDS 31685); highest cinder cone along the trail going up the E-slope, 0˚23’37’’ S, 91˚1’31’’W, 250 m alt., dry zone, basalt outcrops, at the bottom scattered Bursera graveolens trees and shrubs of Castela galapageia , lava, on rock, 10-Mar-2006, Aptroot, A. 65009 A ( CDS 31589); along the trail going up the E-slope, basalt rubble field to the SE-side of the trail and the barranco, 0˚24’3’’ S, 91˚2’35’’W, 434 m alt., dry zone, basalt rubble field with scattered vegetation ( Bursera graveolens , Zanthoxylum fagara , Pisonia floribunda , Senna pistaciifolia ), lava, on rock, 09-Mar-2006, Aptroot, A. 64980 ( CDS 31560). Volcán Darwin, ca. 1.5 km from the southwestern crater rim, 0˚12’20.5’’ S, 91˚18’52.77’’W, 1280 m alt., high altitude dry zone, basalt outcrop for the most part bare of vegetation, on rock, 14-Nov-2007, Bungartz, F. 7596 ( CDS 38092); Caleta Negra at the W-coast of the island, 0˚14’43.10’’ S, 91˚23’10.4’’W, 1 m alt., coastal zone, W-exposed lava flow of weathered AA-lava, on rock, 17-Nov-2007, Bungartz, F. 7967 ( CDS 38477); southwestern foothills, above Tagus Cove, 0˚14’50’’ S, 91˚21’29.89’’W, 67 m alt., dry zone, open Bursera graveolens forest with Waltheria ovata and Macraea laricifolia , few Acacia rorudiana and Cordia lutea , along small lava flow, on rock, 11-Nov-2007, Bungartz, F.7330 ( CDS 37817); 0˚13’59’’ S, 91˚20’8’’W, 597 m alt., dry zone, open Bursera graveolens forest with Croton scouleri and Macraea laricifolia shrubs, few Chiococca alba and Scalesia microcephala , among lava boulders and outcrops, on rock, 16-Nov-2007, Bungartz, F. 7795 ( CDS 38304), 7800 ( CDS 38309); southwestern slope, above Tagus Cove, 0˚13’43.27’’ S, 91˚19’47.27’’W, 724 m alt., transition zone, SW-exposed lava flow of weathered AA-lava with scarce vegetation ( Macraea laricifolia , Dodonaea viscosa , Croton scouleri , Cordia revoluta and Jasminocereus thouarsii ), overhang, on rock, 12-Nov-2007, Ertz, D. 11785 ( CDS 37144), 11792 A ( CDS 38888); Bungartz, F. 7423 ( CDS 37910); 0˚13’25.60’’ S, 91˚19’13.80’’W, 900 m alt., transition zone, top of lava flow of weathered AA-lava with scarce vegetation ( Jasminocereus thouarsii , Dodonaea viscosa , Chiococca alba , Macraea laricifolia ), on rock, 15-Nov-2007, Bungartz, F. 7772 ( CDS 38280); Volcán Sierra Negra, along dirt road from Puerto Villamil to crater of Sierra Negra, 0˚55’12.4’’ S, 90˚59’38.20’’W, 3dry zone, SW-slope of old lava flow with scattered vegetation ( Bursera graveolens , Opuntia echios , and Waltheria ovata ), on rock, 10-Sep-2007, Bungartz, F. 6933 ( CDS 36433); Las Tintoreras, small island in front of Puerto Villamil at the S-coast of Isabela, 0˚58’13.6’’ S, 90˚57’39’’W, 13 m alt., coastal zone, young lava flow of AA-lava bare of vegetation, on rock, 10-Sep-2007, Bungartz, F. 7009 ( CDS 36516), 6888 ( CDS 36373); Volcán Chico on the norteastern slope of Sierra Negra, 0˚46’59.27’’ S, 91˚6’2’’W, 941 m alt., transition zone, young lava flow with very scattered vegetation ( Macraea laricifolia , Darwiniothamnus tenuifolia , Duranta dombeyana ), on rock, 14-Aug-2008, Bungartz, F. 8163 ( CDS 40809); close to Volcán Chico, along the trail, 0˚46’57.77’’ S, 91˚5’59.39’’W, 944 m alt., transition zone, dry and rocky area (young lava), with cacti and Macraea laricifolia , slope 40° NE, basalt lava, on rock, 14-Aug-2008, Herrera-Campos, M.A. GAL-407 A ( CDS 43297); Cerro Orchilla W of Puerto Villamil, close to the top, 0˚57’45.60’’ S, 91˚0’25.30’’W, 98 m alt., dry zone, dry zone vegetation with Bursera graveolens and Opuntia echios , slope 45°, basaltic rocks at the side of the trail, on rock, 17-Aug-2008, Herrera-Campos, M.A. 10773 ( CDS 40512), GAL-421 ( CDS 43312); 0˚57’47.27’’ S, 91˚0’27.19’’W, 56 m alt., dry zone, S exposed slope of hill, open Bursera graveolens forest with Croton scouleri and Opuntia echios , under wooden walkway going up the hill, on rock, 17-Aug-2008, Bungartz, F. 8456 ( CDS 41102); Volcán Wolf, cinder cone above Tagus Cove, crater at the end of trail, dry zone, on rock, 08-May-1976, Weber, W.A. s.n. (L-63289, COLO 297132); NW-coast between Punta Isabela and Volcán Ecuador, 07-May-1976, Weber, W.A. s.n. (L-63252, COLO 296795).

Figures

FIGURE 8. Species in the L. pinguis-group. A–C. Lecanora atro-ocellata. A–B. Morphological variation A. General thallus aspect, pale yellow, discrete areoles, apothecia adnate to sessile, with thick, crenate margin and blackened, faintly pruinose disc (Bungartz, F. 7427, CDS 37914). B. Close-up of the thallus (Ertz, D. 11821, CDS 37180–holotype). C. Apothecial section (in water, DIC): exciple with large crystals, epihymenium aeruginose, in parts ±granular (Ertz, D. 11821, CDS 37180–holotype). D–G. Lecanora pseudopinguis. D–F. Morphological variation. D. Thallus flattened, rimose-areolate (Bungartz, F. 5194, CDS 29407). E. Thallus slightly convoluted (Bungartz, F. 7278, CDS 37762). F. Thallus gnarled, rimose-areolate, with fimbriate marginal areoles (Bungartz, F. 7772, CDS 38280). G. Apothecial section: exciple with pale brown cortex, packets of green photobionts inside, dispersed throughout with minute crystals (Bungartz, F.7278, CDS 37762). Scales: A, B, D & F = 5 mm; C & G = 100 µm; F = 10 µm.