Solanum angustifidum Bitter, 1913

Knapp, Sandra, 2013, A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae), PhytoKeys 22, pp. 1-432 : 57-62

5. Solanum angustifidum Bitter , Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 544. 1913 Figure 16

Type.

Argentina. Córdoba: San Vicente, T. Stuckert 4021 (lectotype, designated by Morton 1976, pg. 62: CORD [CORD00004111]; isolectotypes: G [G00070138], GOET [GOET-5966]).

Description.

Erect or lax, scandent shrubs, 1-2 m. Stems erect, glabrous; new growth glabrous. Bark of older stems reddish brown to grey. Sympodial units plurifoliate, not geminate. Leaves deeply pinnatifid (pinnate) with 1-4 pairs of leaflets, 2-6.5 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, elliptic in outline, membranous, both surfaces glabrous; primary veins 4-6 pairs; base attenuate onto the petiole; margins deeply pinnatifid, the leaflets (0.5-)2-2.5 long, 0.3-0.4 cm wide at their widest point; apex rounded; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm long, glabrous, sometimes twining. Inflorescences terminal or occasionally lateral, 2-6 cm long, several times branched, with 20-50 flowers, glabrous but with a few simple uniseriate trichomes at the point of pedicel insertion; peduncle 1 -3 cm; pedicels 0.7-1(-1.7) cm long, slender, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at base and apex, glabrous, spreading at anthesis, articulated at the base in a short sleeve, leaving a tiny peg on the inflorescence axis; pedicel scars irregularly spaces 1-4 mm apart. Buds ellipsoid, the corolla exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers all perfect, 5-merous. Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long, cup-shaped, the lobes 0.5-1 mm long, deltate, glabrous or minutely papillate at the tips. Corolla 1.6-2 cm in diameter, lilac, purple or occasionally white, stellate to deeply stellate, lobed 2/3 to 3/4 of the way to the base, the lobes 6-9 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, spreading at anthesis, densely papillate on the margins and midvein abaxially, glabrous adaxially. Filament tube minute, the free portion of the filaments variable, with one filament longer than the rest 2-2.5 mm long, the other four 1-1.5 mm long, all glabrous; anthers 5-6 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores opening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 9-11 mm long, glabrous; stigma capitate, minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 0.7-1 cm in diameter, black or violet-black when ripe, the pericarp thin and shiny, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 1-1.5 cm long, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter at the base, woody, pendent; fruiting calyx tightly investing the lower portion of the berry and slightly accrescent. Seeds 10-20 per berry, ca. 3 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, flattened reniform, pale brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells square or circular. Chromosome number: not known.

Distribution

( Figure 17 ). Central and northern Argentina, with a few collections from Bolivia; 45-2000 m. Often cultivated (see Figure 1 ) and found escaped; Bolivian specimens are thought to be escapes from cultivation ( Morton 1976).

Ecology.

Widely distributed in many vegetation types, from chaco habitats to high elevation dry forests.

Common names.

Argentina. jazmín, jazmín de Córdoba, jazmín de cielo ( Morton 1976); Córdoba: yerba vaca (Stuckert 2416); Jujuy: jazmín ( Cabrera 1983).

Conservation status.

Least Concern (LC); EOO>50,000 km2 (LC) and AOO>5,000 km2 (LC). See Moat (2007) for explanation of measurements.

Discussion.

Solanum angustifidum is distinctive amongst members of the Dulcamaroid clade in having consistently pinnatifid leaves that are divided nearly to the midrib into usually three pairs of linear lobes; in general in the group pinnatifid and simple leaves both occur on individual plants. Although normally a shrubby plant, the petioles of leaves on terminal branches occasionally are elongate and twine around other vegetation. This led Morton (1976) to suggest that this characteristic made Solanum angustifidum a linking species between the sections Dulcamara and Jasminosolanum (both now recognised as part of the larger more inclusive Dulcamaroid clade, Weese and Bohs 2007).

This species is not easily confused with any other in the region; Solanum salicifolium has simple or only shallowly pinnatifid leaves and simple inflorescences of usually white flowers, and Solanum endoadenium has densely glandular pubescent leaves and orange (rather than black) fruits. Solanum viscosissimum of southeastern Brazil has deeply pinnatifid leaves, but is strictly vining and also always has simple leaves on the same stems. Solanum seaforthianum is the only other member of the Dulcamaroid clade to have leaves that are almost always pinnate and anthers on unequal filaments, but that species has much broader leaf divisions, rather than the narrow lobes of Solanum angustifidum , and is always a vine.

Cabrera (1983) states that Solanum angustifidum is commonly cultivated in Argentina for its abundant flowers (see Figure 1 ), and material from Bolivia appears to have been in association with habitations ( Morton 1976; M. Nee, pers. comm.), suggesting that Solanum angustifidum is not native there, but is cultivated for its showy purple flowers.

Specimens examined.

Argentina. Buenos Aires: Jardín Botánico, 25 Nov 1922, Anon. s.n. (SI); Distrito Federal, Buenos Aires, en el jardin de la estancia Prack, Hunziker 2267 (CORD); Pergamino, Parodi 8832 (GH). Catamarca: Santa María, La Soledad, 12 Feb 2012, Barboza et al. 3489 (BM, CORD). Chaco: Resistencia, Margarita Belén, 15 Oct 1946, Aguilar 920 (G); Barranqueras, 35 m, 12 Nov 1913, Curran 31 (US); Tapenagá, Enrique Urien, campo Bonazzola, lote 9, Nov 1940, Rodrigo 2405 (GH); San Fernando, 15 km W de Ruta 12 por Ruta 89, 29 Dec 1976, Schinini 13864 (G, MO); Colonia Benítez, Apr 1932, Schulz 2066 (MO); Colonia Benítez, 23 Sep 1941, Schulz 3906 (MO); bords du Río Las Garzas, 100 m, 17 Nov 1902, Wagner s.n. (P); Corrientes: Paso López, ruta 12, 1.2 km NW de Paso Lopez, 22 Nov 1969, Carnevali 1746 (MO); Sauce, Río Guayquiraró, 18 km S de Sauce, 9 Oct 1977, Cristóbal et al. 1618 (MO); Emechado, El Pallo, 2 leguas al Este, 29 Aug 1945, Ibarrola 3188 (G); Esquina, Ruta 27, 27 km S de Esquina, 1 Dec 1974, Krapovickas et al. 27062 (G, MO); Esquina, Arroyo Saturno, 14 Mar 1975, Krapovickas et al. 27684 (G, MO); Empedrado, on the road from San Luis de Palmar to Mburucuyá, just north of the ford across the Río Empedrado, 20 Sep 1952, Pedersen 1834 (G, K, MO, US); Empedrado, Estancia La Yala, 20 May 1956, Pedersen 3916 (G, LE, US); Curuzú Cuatiá, Ruta 12 km 716, 20 Dec 1957, Pedersen 4785 (G, US); Saladas, Santo Domingo, 21 Jan 1950, Schwarz 9313 (CORD); Saladas, Estancia Pancho, 14 Feb 1950, Schwarz 9702 (CORD); Curuzú Cuatiá, Paso López, 17 km E, ruta 12, 29 Oct 1974, Tressens et al. 560 (MO); Córdoba: Capital, Córdoba, camino que une la Evenida Colon al 6000 con la ruta provincial 28 (ex. nac. 20), por detras de la Escuela de Aviación, 2 Dec 1973, Ariza Espinar 2857 (CORD); Punilla, Valle Hermoso, Valle de Punilla, Vaquerias, en camino de tierra que va de Casa Grande a Valle Hermoso, despues del segundo paso a nivel (a la derecha), 14 Dec 1972, Barrera et al. 8244 (CORD); Sierra Chica, Cerro Negro cerca de Cerro Azul, 9 Mar 1955, Castellanos 3353 (CORD); Ischilín, Deán Funes, 5 Nov 1945, Cuezzo 873 (B, CORD); Punilla, Salsipuedes, 6 Apr 1947, Dawson 1744 (K); Colón, entre Salsipuedes y Bello Horizonte, en el camino a La Falda, 29 Oct 1974, Hunziker 22611 (CORD); La Falda, Jan 1936, Job 548 (S, US); Alta Gracia, 600 m, 30 Mar 1930, King 631 (BM); Capital, Córdoba, 1 Jan 1885, Kurtz 964 (CORD); San Alberto, Villa Cura Brochero, Sierra Grande, falda O, 2 Feb 1948, Meyer 13518 (CORD); Colón, Jesús María, 530 m, 23 Dec 1947, Meyer 13602 (CORD); Colón, Salsipuedes, 26 Mar 1944, O’Donell & Rodríguez 690 (A); San Alberto, Nono, 22 Mar 1944, O’Donell & Rodríguez 721 (A, CORD); Colón, Ascochinga, 14 Mar 1944, O’Donell & Rodríguez 884 (F); Hendiolaza, 16 Mar 1944, Ruiz de Huidrobo 69 (GH); Río Segundo, Pilar, 2 May 1999, Subils 4662 (CORD); Entre Ríos: Capital, Río Paraná, 1891, Anetto s.n. (CORD); ruta Villaguaey a C. del Uruguay, bajos del Río Gualaguaey, 10 Nov 1973, Burkart et al. 30139 (MO, SI); La Paz, Paso Yunque, Río Guayquiraró, 7 Nov 1973, Burkart et al. 30151 (SI); Río Gualeguay, ruta Villaguay a C. del Uruguay, 10 Nov 1973, Burkart 30319 (GH, K); Las Barrancas, Doering s.n. (CORD); Puerto Nuevo, barranca del Paraná, 1 Dec 1912, Hicken s.n. (SI); Feliciano, San José de Feliciano, El Caraya, Feb 1948, Martínez Crovetto 4850 (K); Villaguay, Estancia Santa Martha, 1937, Museh s.n. (SI); Federación, Estancia Buena Esperanza, 15 Nov 1964, Pedersen 7150 (A, K); N of La Paz, Estancia Santa Cruz Cué, 7 Nov 1965, Walter & Walter 331 (B); Formosa: Jujuy, Pilagá, 5 Oct 1945, Pierotti 4201 (B); Pilagá, Pilagá, 3 Oct 1945, Pierotti 4271 (BM); La Rioja: Sanagasta, Sanagasta, 1500 m, 18 Feb 1944, Hunziker 4752 (CORD); Famatina, Famatina, Ruto 40, 9 Jan 1947, Hunziker 1825 (CORD); Famatima, Aguaditas, 7 Apr 1949, Toscani 51 (K); Salta: La Caldera, ruta 9, 18 km camino a Jujuy, 15 Nov 1947, Dawson 2032 (K); La Caldera, Dique Campo Alegre, ruta 9, km 1232, proximo a ruinas abandonadas de antiguo camping, 10 Jan 2005, Novara 12197 (CORD); San Juan: Iglesia, Arrequintín, 15 Mar 1989, Pedersen 15243 (G); San Luis: San Martín, San Martín, 1000 m, 13 Feb 1944, Varela 519 (CORD, G); Santa Fe: San Martín, Piamonte, alrededores, 24 Nov 1974, Astegiano 35 (CORD); General Obligado, Berna, ruta 11, km 759, 25 Jan 1992, Bernadello & Galetto 790 (CORD); San Cristóbal, Arroyo Las Conchas, Ruta 13, 26 Nov 1983, D’Angelo & Penseiro 611 (CORD); Cuty Lai, 6 Apr 1917, Hosseus 75 (CORD); Vera, entre Margarita y Vera, 8 Nov 1954, Hunziker 10357 (CORD); Capital, Santa Fe, en el Río Paraná, 7 Apr 1901, Kurtz 11857.5 (CORD); Sorrento, 7 Apr 1901, Kurtz 11857 bis (CORD); Villa Guillermina, Nov 1939, Meyer 3067 (US); General Obligado, camino entre Villa Guillermina y El Rabón, 18 Feb 1988, Penseiro & Tivano 3262 (CORD); San Justo, Fives Lille, 4 Jan 1937, Ragonese 2680 (US); Gral. Obligado, Mocoví, 1904, Venturi 51 (CORD, K); Tucumán: Capital, Tucumán, 450 m, 17 Oct 1897, Lillo 2030 (A); Camino Madillal, road Tucumán to Racas, 760 m, 27 Dec 1935, Mexia 4333 (MO).

Bolivia. Potosí: Suipacha, 2800 m, Aug 1946, Cárdenas 3731 (US). Tarija: Tarija, Jul 1932, Cárdenas 188 (GH); Mendez, Tomatitas, ca. 5 km N of Tarija, 2050 m, 21 Jan 2000, Wood et al. 15824 (K).

Figures

Figure 1. Habit of members of the Dulcamaroid clade. A Twining petioles that aid in climbing (Solanum laxum, cultivated in London UK) B Solanum angustifidum (Barboza et al. 3489) as a lax shrub on a fence in Argentina C Erect shrub of Solanum nitidum (Nee et al. 51755, Cochabamba, Bolivia).

Figure 16. Solanum angustifidum Bitter. (A drawn from Tressens et al. 560 B-E drawn from Pedersen 7150 F drawn from Cristobal et al. 1618). Illustration by Bobbi Angell.

Figure 17. Distribution of Solanum angustifidum Bitter.