Geonoma, Willdenow, 1805

Henderson, Andrew, 2011, A revision of Geonoma (Arecaceae), Phytotaxa 17, pp. 1-271 : 30-36

Key to the species of Geonoma

1 Hispaniola, Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago....................................................................................................... 2

- Central and South America .......................................................................................................................................... 3

2 Distal lips of flower pits absent; flower pits densely hairy internally .................................................... G. pinnatifrons

- Distal lips of flower pits well-developed; flower pits not densely hairy internally ......................................... G. undata

3 Central America ( Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama) ...................................... 4

- South America ............................................................................................................................................................ 24

4 Distal lips of flower pits absent; flower pits densely hairy internally distally ............................................................. 5

- Distal lips of flower pits well-developed; flower pits not densely hairy internally..................................................... 6

5 Flower pits densely hairy internally distally only (rarely some hairs on lateral margins of the pit); pinnae 18(4–47) per side of rachis; rachillae 71(22–120) .................................................................................................... G. interrupta

- Flower pits densely hairy internally proximally and distally; pinnae 8(2–39) per side of rachis; rachillae 18(4–45)... ............................................................................................................................................................... G. pinnatifrons

6 Flower pits tricussately arranged throughout the rachillae, the groups of pits closely spaced ..................... G. deversa

- Flower pits spirally, alternately, or rarely decussately arranged ................................................................................... 7

7 Flower pits decussately arranged; peduncular bracts vestigial; stamens 3; eastern Panama....................... G. triandra

- Flower pits spirally or alternately arranged; peduncular bracts well-developed, rarely absent; stamens 6 or more; Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama................................................................... 8

8 Prophyll surfaces ridged with close, equal, parallel, non-dividing ridges, scarcely tomentose between the ridges; locular epidermis with operculum ..................................................................................................................................... 9

- Prophyll surfaces not ridged, or if ridged then densely tomentose with widely to closely spaced ridges, these sometimes dividing; locular epidermis without operculum ................................................................................................ 11

9 Rachillae 1.4(0.8–1.9) mm in diameter; staminodial tubes of non-fertilized pistillate flowers not projecting, deciduous after anthesis; Panama................................................................................................................... G. concinnoidea

- Rachillae 5.1(4.1–8.3) mm in diameter; staminodial tubes of non-fertilized pistillate flowers projecting and persistent after anthesis ........................................................................................................................................................ 10

10 Proximal lips of flower pits with a central notch before anthesis, often the two sides of the notch overlapping, the lips more or less heart-shaped; Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, western and central Panama................ G. congesta

- Proximal lips of flower pits without a central notch before anthesis (but often tearing in the center after anthesis), not heart-shaped; eastern Panama....................................................................................................... G. calyptrogynoidea

11 Rachillae filiform with extended narrowed sections between the flower pits; rachillae 110(85–138) ...................... 12

- Rachillae not filiform and not or scarcely narrowed between the flower pits; rachillae 13(1–38) ............................ 13

12 Internodes covered with dense, brown scales; pinnae 3 per side of rachis; Costa Rica on the Osa Peninsula and adjacent areas...................................................................................................................................................... G. scoparia

- Internodes yellowish and smooth; pinnae 33(26–49) per side of rachis; western Panama........................ G. mooreana

13 Staminodial tubes lobed at the apex, the lobes spreading at anthesis, acuminate; stamens more than 6; Panama........ ................................................................................................................................................................... G. deneversii

- Staminodial tubes lobed at the apex, the lobes not spreading at anthesis, not acuminate, or staminodial tubes crenulate or shallowly lobed at the apex; stamens 6; Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama............................................................................................................................................................................. 14

14 Prophylls short, asymmetrically apiculate, the margins curved around the stem, the surfaces flat with dense, felty, brown tomentum, prophyll equal to and early deciduous with the peduncular bract ................................................ 15

- Prophylls not short and asymmetrically apiculate ...................................................................................................... 16

15 Rachillae surfaces with faint to pronounced, short, transverse ridges; rachillae 22.9(10.0–42.0) cm long ................... ............................................................................................................................................................. G. longivaginata

- Rachillae surfaces without short, transverse ridges; rachillae 8.1(3.8–15.0) cm long ............................. G. ferruginea

16 Proximal lips of flower pits apiculate and lobed before anthesis, tearing in the center after anthesis; fruit bases with a prominent, asymmetric stipe .................................................................................................................................... 17

- Proximal lips of flower pits with a central notch before anthesis, often the two sides of the notch overlapping, the lips more or less heart-shaped; fruit bases without a prominent stipe ....................................................................... 20

17 Peduncular bracts absent; inflorescences unbranched; Costa Rica and western Panama...................... G. talamancana

- Peduncular bracts well-developed; inflorescences branched or unbranched; Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama.................................................................................................................................. 18

18 Inflorescences branched; prophyll surfaces ridged, the ridges unequally wide, often dividing from and rejoining other ridges, the prophyll margins with irregular, spine-like projections (rarely these absent), the prophylls usually splitting irregularly between the ridges ........................................................................................................... G. undata

- Inflorescences branched or unbranched; prophyll surfaces without unequally wide ridges ...................................... 1 9

19 Prophylls and peduncular bracts ribbed with elongate, unbranched fibers, both bracts tubular, narrow, elongate, closely sheathing the peduncle, more or less persistent; inflorescences unbranched; western Panama … G. lehmannii

- Prophylls and peduncular bracts not ribbed with elongate, unbranched fibers, flattened, deciduous or persistent; inflorescences branched, rarely unbranched; Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama................................ G. orbignyana

20 Staminodial tubes crenulate or shallowly lobed at the apex .......................................................................... G. cuneata

- Staminodial tubes lobed at the apex, the lobes not spreading at anthesis, not acuminate .......................................... 21

21 Peduncular bracts vestigial ........................................................................................................................................ 22

- Peduncular bracts well-developed .............................................................................................................................. 23

22 Peduncles 5.4(3.8–7.0) cm long; rachillae 2(1–3); Costa Rica and Panama.......................................... G. monospatha

- Peduncles 24.3(15.0–37.5) cm long; rachillae 1; Costa Rica........................................................................ G. brenesii

23 Petioles absent; Costa Rica and Panama.................................................................................................... G. epetiolata

- Petioles 7.0(1.0–12.0) cm long; Panama...................................................................................................... G. hugonis

24 Western Andean slopes and Pacific lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador, including Cauca and Magdalena valleys in Colombia.................................................................................................................................................................... 25

- Andes of Colombia (including the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta), Venezuela (including the Coastal Cordillera and the Península de Paria), Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, Amazon region of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and the Guianas, including the Guayana Highland, Cerrado of central Brazil and adjacent Paraguay and Bolivia, and the Atlantic Coastal Forest of Brazil.............................................................................................. 44

25 Distal lips of flower pits absent; flower pits densely hairy internally distally ........................................................... 26

- Distal lips of flower pits well-developed; flower pits not densely hairy internally.................................................... 27

26 Flower pits densely hairy internally distally only (rarely some hairs on lateral margins of the pit); pinnae 18(4–47) per side of rachis; rachillae 71(22–120) ..................................................................................................... G.interrupta

- Flower pits densely hairy internally proximally and distally; pinnae 8(2–39) per side of rachis; rachillae 18(4–45)... ............................................................................................................................................................... G. pinnatifrons

27 Flower pits tricussately arranged throughout the rachillae, the groups of pits closely spaced ...................... G. deversa

- Flower pits spirally, alternately, or rarely decussately arranged ................................................................................. 28

28 Flower pits decussately arranged; peduncular bracts vestigial; stamens 3 ................................................... G. triandra

- Flower pits spirally or alternately arranged; peduncular bracts well-developed, rarely vestigial; stamens 6 ............ 29

29 Prophyll surfaces ridged with close, equal, parallel, non-dividing ridges, scarcely tomentose between the ridges; locular epidermis with operculum ................................................................................................................................... 30

- Prophyll surfaces not ridged, or if ridged then densely tomentose with widely to closely spaced ridges, these sometimes dividing; locular epidermis without operculum ................................................................................................ 31

30 Fruit surfaces without fibers emerging; staminodial tubes of non-fertilized pistillate flowers not projecting, deciduous after anthesis; rachillae 1.7(1.2–2.7) mm in diameter; Colombia (Valle) on the Western Cordillera ...................... .................................................................................................................................................................... G. concinna

- Fruit surfaces with fibers emerging; staminodial tubes of non-fertilized pistillate flowers projecting and persistent after anthesis; rachillae 6.1(4.5–8.3) mm in diameter; Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador, and the Magdalena and Cauca valleys in Colombia....................................................................................................... G.calyptrogynoidea

31 Rachillae filiform with extended narrowed sections between the flower pits; western Ecuador.............................. 32

- Rachillae not filiform and not or scarcely narrowed between the flower pits; western Andean slopes and Pacific lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador, including Cauca and Magdalena valleys in Colombia........................................... 33

32 Fruits 5.3(4.6–6.0) cm long, 4.8(4.1–5.5) mm in diameter; veins not raised or slightly raised and triangular in crosssection adaxially; Montañas de Ila at 597(520–700) m ............................................................................ G. tenuissima

- Fruits 8.1 mm long, 7.2 mm in diameter veins raised and rectangular in cross-section adaxially; Reserva Biológica Los Cedros at 1465(1460–1470) m elevation ................................................................................................. G. venosa

33 Staminodial tubes lobed at the apex, the lobes spreading at anthesis, acuminate ...................................................... 34

- Staminodial tubes staminodial tubes crenulate or shallowly lobed at the apex, rarely lobed at the apex, the lobes not spreading at anthesis, not acuminate .......................................................................................................................... 36

34 Rachillae 21(12–36); operculum absent ........................................................................................................ G. maxima

- Rachillae 1(1–4); operculum present ......................................................................................................................... 35

35 Fruit surfaces splitting deeply and longitudinally at maturity to reveal mesocarp with dense layer of radial fibers; distal lip of flower pit well developed; inflorescence branched or unbranched; rachis 111.7(80.0–137.0) cm long ..... ................................................................................................................................................................... G. chococola

- Fruit surfaces not splitting at maturity; distal lip of flower pit a scarcely raised rim; inflorescences unbranched; rachis 36.6(21.5–63.0) cm long ................................................................................................................. G. paradoxa

36 Prophylls short, asymmetrically apiculate, the margins curved around the stem, the surfaces flat with dense, felty, brown tomentum, prophyll equal to and early deciduous with the peduncular bract; Pacific coast of northwestern Colombia.......................................................................................................................................................... G. divisa

- Prophylls not short and asymmetrically apiculate; Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador, and the Magdalena and Cauca valleys in Colombia......................................................................................................................................... 37

37 Proximal lips of flower pits apiculate and lobed before anthesis, tearing in the center after anthesis; fruit bases with a prominent, asymmetric stipe; higher elevations at> 1150 m on western Andean slopes ....................................... 38

- Proximal lips of flower pits with a central notch before anthesis, often the two sides of the notch overlapping, the lips more or less heart-shaped; fruit bases without a prominent stipe; lower elevations at <1375 m on the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador, and the Magdalena and Cauca valleys in Colombia............................................... 40

38 Inflorescences branched; prophyll surfaces ridged, the ridges unequally wide, often dividing from and rejoining other ridges, the prophyll margins with irregular, spine-like projections (rarely these absent), the prophylls usually splitting irregularly between the ridges ........................................................................................................... G. undata

- Inflorescences unbranched; prophyll surfaces without unequally wide ridges ......................................................... 39

39 Prophylls and peduncular bracts ribbed with elongate, unbranched fibers, both bracts tubular, narrow, elongate, closely sheathing the peduncle, more or less persistent; inflorescences unbranched ................................ G. lehmannii

- Prophylls and peduncular bracts not ribbed with elongate, unbranched fibers, flattened, deciduous or persistent; inflorescences branched, rarely unbranched ............................................................................................ G. orbignyana

40 Inflorescences unbranched.......................................................................................................................................... 41

- Inflorescences branched ............................................................................................................................................. 42

41. Peduncles 51.3(13.7–117) cm long; Western Andean slopes and Pacific lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador, including Cauca and Magdalena valleys in Colombia............................................................................................ G. cuneata

- Peduncles 5.0(0.5–17) cm long; Pacific coast of Colombia (Chocó) .............................................................. G. stricta

42 Veins raised and rectangular in cross-section adaxially; rachillae 4(2–5); Ecuador on western Andean slopes at 746(200–1800) m elevation ............................................................................................................................ G. lanata

- Veins not raised or slightly raised and triangular in cross-section adaxially; rachillae 15(12–18); Pacific coast of Colombia at 100–150 m elevation .............................................................................................................................. 43

43 Peduncle 5.9 cm long; rachillae 18; Valle .................................................................................................. G. dindoensis

- Peduncle 18.7 cm long; rachillae 12; Chocó ................................................................................................. G. gentryi

44 Andes of Colombia (including the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta) and Venezuela (including the Coastal Cordillera and the Península de Paria) ......................................................................................................................................... 45

- Andes of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, Amazon region of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and the Guianas, including the Guayana Highland, Cerrado of central Brazil and adjacent Paraguay and Bolivia, and the Atlantic Coastal Forest of Brazil................................................................................................................................. 63

45 Distal lips of flower pits absent; flower pits densely hairy internally distally .......................................................... 46

- Distal lips of flower pits well-developed; flower pits not densely hairy internally.................................................... 50

46 Flower pits densely hairy internally distally only (rarely some hairs on lateral margins of the pit) ......................... 47

- Flower pits densely hairy internally proximally and distally ..................................................................................... 48

47 Rachis 129.6(55.5–200) cm long; pinnae 18(4–47) per side of rachis; rachillae 71(22–120); Andes of Colombia and Venezuela.................................................................................................................................................. G. interrupta

- Rachis 35.4(24.0–45.0) cm long; pinnae 2(1–4) per side of rachis; rachillae 3(2–5); Coastal Cordillera in Venezuela............................................................................................................................................................... G. simplicifrons

48 Rachillae surfaces without short, transverse ridges; Western, Central, and Eastern Cordilleras in Colombia............... ................................................................................................................................................................. G. frontinensis

- Rachillae surfaces with faint to pronounced, short, transverse ridges; Andes of Colombia (including the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta) and Venezuela (including the Coastal Cordillera and the Península de Paria).................... 49

49 Rachis 89.1(36.0–163.0) cm long; pinnae 8(2–39) per side of rachis; prophyll surfaces ridged, the ridges unequally wide, often dividing from and rejoining other ridges, the prophyll margins with irregular, spine-like projections (rarely these absent), the prophylls usually splitting irregularly between the ridges; Andes of Colombia (including the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta) and Venezuela (including the Coastal Cordillera and the Península de Paria) ...... ................................................................................................................................................................ G. pinnatifrons

- Rachis 45.4(22.0–85.0) cm long; pinnae 3(1–6) per side of rachis; prophyll surfaces without unequally wide ridges; eastern Andean slopes in Colombia............................................................................................................. G. euspatha

50 Flower pits tricussately arranged throughout the rachillae, the groups of pits closely spaced ...................... G. deversa

- Flower pits spirally, alternately, or rarely decussately arranged ................................................................................ 51

51 Prophyll surfaces ridged with close, equal, parallel, non-dividing ridges, scarcely tomentose between the ridges; locular epidermis with operculum; Colombia (Antioquia) in the Central Cordillera ...................................... G. concinna

- Prophyll surfaces not ridged, or if ridged then densely tomentose with widely to closely spaced ridges, these sometimes dividing; locular epidermis without operculum; Andes of Colombia (including the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta) and Venezuela (including the Coastal Cordillera and the Península de Paria) ............................................... 52

52 Rachillae filiform with extended narrowed sections between the flower pits........................................................... 53

- Rachillae not filiform and not or scarcely narrowed between the flower pits............................................................ 55

53 Fruit surfaces not bumpy and not apiculate; Central Cordillera in Colombia (Antioquia) ........................... G. bernalii

- Fruit surfaces bumpy from the numerous, subepidermal, tangential, short fibers present, these coming to a point at fruit apices; Coastal Cordillera of Venezuela............................................................................................................. 54

54 Operculum absent; Yaracuy ........................................................................................................................... G. braunii

- Operculum present; Miranda ................................................................................................................... G. operculata

55 Staminodial tubes lobed at the apex, the lobes spreading at anthesis, acuminate; Central and Eastern Cordillera in Colombia (Antioquia) ..................................................................................................................... G. chlamydostachys

- Staminodial tubes staminodial tubes crenulate or shallowly lobed at the apex, rarely lobed at the apex, the lobes not spreading at anthesis, not acuminate; Andes of Colombia (including the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta) and Venezuela (including the Coastal Cordillera and the Península de Paria).............................................................................. 56

56 Proximal lips of flower pits apiculate and lobed before anthesis, tearing in the center after anthesis; fruit bases with a prominent, asymmetric stipe .................................................................................................................................... 57

- Proximal lips of flower pits with a central notch before anthesis, often the two sides of the notch overlapping, the lips more or less heart-shaped; fruit bases without a prominent stipe; elevation and area ........................................ 59

57 Prophyll surfaces ridged, the ridges unequally wide, often dividing from and rejoining other ridges, the prophyll margins with irregular, spine-like projections (rarely these absent), the prophylls usually splitting irregularly between the ridges; inflorescences branched .................................................................................................. G. undata

- Prophyll surfaces without unequally wide ridges; inflorescences unbranched or branched ..................................... 58

58 Prophylls and peduncular bracts ribbed with elongate, unbranched fibers, both bracts tubular, narrow, elongate, closely sheathing the peduncle, more or less persistent; inflorescences unbranched ................................. G. lehmannii

- Prophylls and peduncular bracts not ribbed with elongate, unbranched fibers, flattened, deciduous or persistent; inflorescences branched, rarely unbranched ........................................................................................... G. orbignyana

59 Inflorescences unbranched......................................................................................................................................... 60

- Inflorescences branched ............................................................................................................................................. 62

60 Staminodial tubes lobed at the apex, the lobes not spreading at anthesis, not acuminate; fruit surfaces bumpy from the numerous, subepidermal, tangential, short fibers present, these coming to a point at fruit apices Eastern Cordillera in Colombia................................................................................................................................. G. santanderensis

- Staminodial tubes crenulate or shallowly lobed at the apex; fruit surfaces ridged from the numerous, subepidermal, meridional, elongate fibers present, these coming to a point at fruit apices; Central Cordillera in Colombia and foothills of Andes and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta ..................................................................................................... 61

61. Peduncles 51.3(13.7–117) cm long; foothills of Andes and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta ......................... G. cuneata

- Peduncles 5.0(0.5–17) cm long; Central Cordillera in Colombia (Antioquia) ............................................... G. stricta

62 Proximal and distal lips not joined to form a raised cupule; Coastal Cordillera in Venezuela (Aragua, Carabobo)...... .................................................................................................................................................................. G. spinescens

- Proximal and distal lips not joined to form a raised cupule; Central Cordillera in Colombia................... G. galeanoae

63 Andes of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia and Amazon region of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and the Guianas, including the Guayana Highland .................................................................................................... 64

- Cerrado of central Brazil and adjacent Paraguay and Bolivia, and the Atlantic Coastal Forest of Brazil................. 94

64 Distal lips of flower pits absent; flower pits densely hairy internally distally ........................................................... 65

- Distal lips of flower pits present; flower pits not densely hairy internally................................................................. 67

65 Flower pits densely hairy internally distally only (rarely some hairs on lateral margins of the pit); rachis 129.6(55.5– 200) cm long; pinnae 18(4–47) per side of rachis; rachillae 71(22–120) ................................................. G. interrupta

- Flower pits densely hairy internally proximally and distally; rachis 67.9(22.0–163.0) cm long; pinnae 7(1–39) per side of rachis; rachillae 14(2–45)................................................................................................................................ 66

66 Rachis 89.1(36.0–163.0) cm long; pinnae 9(2–39) per side of rachis; prophyll surfaces ridged, the ridges unequally wide, often dividing from and rejoining other ridges, the prophyll margins with irregular, spine-like projections (rarely these absent), the prophylls usually splitting irregularly between the ridges; eastern Andean slopes in Ecuador.......................................................................................................................................................... G. pinnatifrons

- Rachis 45.4(22.0–85.0) cm long; pinnae 3(1–6) per side of rachis; prophyll surfaces without unequally wide ridges; eastern Andean slopes in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, the Guayana Highland region and outlying montane areas in Venezuela, Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, and just reaching the Amazon region of Brazil (Pará, Rôndonia) .................................................................................................................................................... G. euspatha

67 Flower pits tricussately arranged throughout the rachillae, the groups of pits closely spaced.................................. 68

- Flower pits spirally or alternately arranged, rarely decussately arranged, or rarely tricussately arranged and then loosely spaced ............................................................................................................................................................ 69

68 Peduncular bracts well-developed; stamens 6; Andes of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia and Amazon region of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and the Guianas, including the Guayana Highland ............. G. deversa

- Peduncular bracts vestigial; stamens 3; eastern Andean slopes in Ecuador............................................. G. hollinensis

69 Prophyll surfaces ridged with close, equal, parallel, non-dividing ridges, scarcely tomentose between the ridges; locular epidermis with operculum; central and northeastern Amazon region of Brazil, the Guianas, and Venezuela....... ................................................................................................................................................................... G. baculifera

- Prophyll surfaces not ridged, or if ridged then densely tomentose with widely to closely spaced ridges, these sometimes dividing; locular epidermis without operculum; Andes of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia and Amazon region of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and the Guianas, including the Guayana Highland ............. 70

70 Rachillae filiform with extended narrowed sections between the flower pits; eastern Andean slopes in Ecuador........ ........................................................................................................................................................................ G. fosteri

- Rachillae not filiform and not or scarcely narrowed between the flower pits; Andes of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia and Amazon region of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and the Guianas, including the Guayana Highland ..................................................................................................................................................................... 71

71 Staminodial tubes lobed at the apex, the lobes spreading at anthesis, acuminate … 72 Staminodial tubes staminodial tubes crenulate or shallowly lobed at the apex, rarely lobed at the apex, the lobes not spreading at anthesis, not acuminate ............................................................................................................................................................................ 80

72 Peduncles 8.2(3.2–19.5) cm long; rachillae 19(4–50); operculum absent .................................................... G. maxima

- Peduncles 55.3(19.2–143.0) cm long; rachillae 1(1–9); operculum present .............................................................. 73

73 Stamens more than 6; western Amazon region of Colombia and Ecuador............................................... G. multisecta

- Stamens 6; Andes of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia and Amazon region of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and the Guianas, including the Guayana Highland. .......................................................................... 74

74 Bases of blades recurved against the rachis .............................................................................................................. 75

- Bases of leaf blades running diagonally into the rachis.............................................................................................. 77

75 Rachilla 1, 32.7(26.0–45.0) cm long; eastern Amazon region in Guyana, French Guiana, and Brazil.... G. oldemanii

- Rachillae 5(3–9), 17.6(7.5–33.5) cm long; eastern and western Amazon region....................................................... 76

76 Fruit surfaces not splitting; western Amazon region in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru............................. G. triglochin

- Fruit surfaces splitting deeply and longitudinally at maturity to reveal mesocarp with dense layer of radial fibers; eastern Amazon region in Guyana, French Guiana, and Brazil...................................................... G. umbraculiformis

77 Fruit surfaces splitting deeply and longitudinally at maturity to reveal mesocarp with dense layer of radial fibers; Peru (Amazonas) ................................................................................................................................... G. schizocarpa

- Fruits surfaces not splitting......................................................................................................................................... 78

78 Thecae diverging at anthesis, inserted directly onto the apiculate filament apices; anthers not short and curled at anthesis, usually elongate, spiraled and twisted or sometimes remaining straight ........................................ G. camana

- Thecae diverging or not diverging at anthesis, inserted onto poorly to well-developed, non-split, jointed connectives, connectives when well-developed alternately long and short; anthers short at anthesis, remaining straight and parallel ............................................................................................................................................................................... 79

79 Fruit surfaces bumpy from the numerous, subepidermal, tangential, short fibers present, these coming to a point at fruit apices; western Amazon region in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil................. G. macrostachys

- Fruit surfaces not bumpy and not apiculate; eastern and central Amazon region of the Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia, and Brazil.......................................................................................................................................... G. poiteauana

80 Proximal lips of flower pits apiculate and lobed before anthesis, tearing in the center after anthesis; fruit bases with a prominent, asymmetric stipe ................................................................................................................................... 81

- Proximal lips of flower pits with a central notch before anthesis, often the two sides of the notch overlapping, the lips more or less heart-shaped; fruit bases without a prominent stipe; elevation and area ........................................ 84

81 Prophyll surfaces ridged, the ridges unequally wide, often dividing from and rejoining other ridges, the prophyll margins with irregular, spine-like projections (rarely these absent), the prophylls usually splitting irregularly between the ridges; inflorescences branched .................................................................................................. G. undata

- Prophyll surfaces without unequally wide ridges; inflorescences unbranched or branched .................................... 8 2

82 Distal lips of flower pits absent; eastern Andean slopes in Ecuador and Peru............................................... G. trigona

- Distal lips present (rarely absent); Andes of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia................................................................... 83

83 Prophylls and peduncular bracts ribbed with elongate, unbranched fibers, both bracts tubular, narrow, elongate, closely sheathing the peduncle, more or less persistent; inflorescences unbranched ................................ G. lehmannii

- Prophylls and peduncular bracts not ribbed with elongate, unbranched fibers, flattened, deciduous or persistent; inflorescences branched, rarely unbranched ........................................................................................... G. orbignyana

84 Rachillae surfaces with spiky, fibrous projections or ridges ...................................................................................... 85

- Rachillae surfaces without spiky, fibrous projections or ridges ................................................................................. 86

85 Peduncular bracts vestigial, the prophyll three times or more long, sometimes the peduncular bract apparently welldeveloped but then soon disintegrating; internodes yellowish and smooth, or, if short and congested, not scaly ......... ........................................................................................................................................................................ G. stricta

- Peduncular bracts well-developed; internodes covered with reddish or brownish scales, especially in their distal part .................................................................................................................................................................................... 86

86 Fruit surfaces not bumpy and not apiculate; Guyana, and the central Amazon region in Brazil............ G. aspidiifolia

- Fruit surfaces bumpy from the numerous, subepidermal, tangential, short fibers present, these coming to a point at fruit apices; central-western Amazon region of Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil.................................. G. oligoclona

87 Distal lips of flower pits a scarcely raised rim; prophyll 20.1(5.7–40) cm long; rachillae 3(1–10)........................... 88

- Distal lips of flower pits well-developed; prophyll 7.2(2.3–11.2) cm long; rachillae 10(2–33) ................................91

88 Rachillae surfaces with faint to pronounced, short, transverse ridges; western Amazon and sub-Andean regions of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru......................................................................................................... G. longipedunculata

- Rachillae surfaces without short, transverse ridges; widespread ............................................................................... 89

89 Prophylls and peduncular bracts not ribbed with elongate, unbranched fibers, flattened (if tubular, narrow, and elongate then not ribbed), deciduous or persistent ........................................................................................ G. poeppigiana

- Prophylls and peduncular bracts ribbed with elongate, unbranched fibers, both bracts tubular, narrow, elongate, closely sheathing the peduncle, more or less persistent ............................................................................................. 90

90 Proximal lips of flower pits with a central notch before anthesis, often the two sides of the notch overlapping, the lips more or less heart-shaped; fruit surfaces not bumpy and not apiculate western Amazon and sub-Andean regions of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil, with an outlier in Venezuela...................................................... G. brongniartii

- Proximal lips of flower pits without a central notch before anthesis (but often tearing in the center after anthesis), not heart-shaped; fruit surfaces bumpy from the numerous, subepidermal, tangential, short fibers present, these coming to a point at fruit apices Peru (San Martín) ........................................................................................ G. sanmartinensis

91 Internodes covered with dense, brown scales; eastern Andean slopes in Peru.......................................... G. peruviana

- Internodes yellowish and smooth; widespread ........................................................................................................... 92

92 Rachis 43.8(35.0–57.5) cm long; pinnae 4(2–7); rachillae 24(13–33); fruit surfaces bumpy from the numerous, subepidermal, tangential, short fibers present, these coming to a point at fruit apices ............................... G. occidentalis

- Rachis 26.5(11.5–43.0) cm long; pinnae 1(1–3) per side of rachis; rachillae 5(2–12); fruit surfaces not bumpy and not apiculate .............................................................................................................................................................. 93

93 Prophylls short, asymmetrically apiculate, the margins curved around the stem, the surfaces flat with dense, felty, brown tomentum, prophyll equal to and early deciduous with the peduncular bract; western Amazon region of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.............................................................................................. G. laxiflora

- Prophylls not short and asymmetrically apiculate; Amazon region of Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia................................................................................ G. leptospadix

94 Leaf blades regularly pinnate, the pinnae with 1 main vein and two lateral veins ................................... G. schottiana

- Leaf blades undivided or irregularly pinnate, if regularly pinnate the pinnae with 1 main vein only (rarely with several lateral veins)......................................................................................................................................................... 95

95 Prophylls and peduncular bracts ribbed with elongate, unbranched fibers, both bracts tubular, narrow, elongate, closely sheathing the peduncle, more or less persistent; Atlantic Coastal Forest of Brazil from southern Bahia and Minas Gerais to Santa Catarina ..................................................................................................................... G. elegans

- Prophylls and peduncular bracts not ribbed with elongate, unbranched fibers, flattened (if tubular, narrow, and elongate then not ribbed), deciduous or persistent; Cerrado of central Brazil and adjacent Paraguay and Bolivia, and the Atlantic Coastal Forest of Brazil................................................................................................................................. 96

96 Veins raised and rectangular in cross-section adaxially; prophyll surfaces ridged, the ridges unequally wide, often dividing from and rejoining other ridges, the prophyll margins with irregular, spine-like projections (rarely these absent), the prophylls usually splitting irregularly between the ridges; Cerrado of central Brazil and adjacent Paraguay and Bolivia, and the Atlantic Coastal Forest of Brazil...................................................................... G. pohliana

- Veins not raised or slightly raised and triangular in cross-section adaxially; prophyll surfaces without unequally wide ridges; Atlantic Coastal Forest of Brazil from Pernambuco to Bahia .............................................. G. pauciflora