Austrognathia glandifera, Achatz, Johannes G. & Sterrer, Wolfgang, 2015

Achatz, Johannes G. & Sterrer, Wolfgang, 2015, New Austrognathiidae (Gnathostomulida: Conophoralia) from Hong Kong and Japan: microscopic anatomy, ultrastructure and evolutionary implications, Zootaxa 3955 (2), pp. 267-282 : 269-272

Austrognathia glandifera n. sp.

( Figs. 1–3 ; Table 2 )

Diagnosis. Small, fairly slender Austrognathia (mean length 730 µm, width 97.5 µm; index 7.47; see Table 2 ). Basal plate 6.60 µm long, 22.60 µm wide (index 0.29), with conspicuous median and lateral lobes. Jaws 21.2 µm in length; dorsal tooth row with 7 short, even teeth; ventral row with 4–8 longer, uneven-sized teeth. Conuli large and blunt (30.75 µm long by 22.42 µm wide; index 1.37), with capitulum enveloping two thirds of the conulus (capitulum length 20.17 µm; index 1.62).

Type material. Holotype: USNM 1270621, one adult from Hong Kong (sample #2) in squeeze preparation.

Type locality. Sample HK 2 from Hong Kong (see Table 1 ).

Other material examined. Four adults and two juveniles from sample #2, one adult from sample #9. Semithin and ultrathin sections of two mature specimens.

Etymology. Referring to the acorn-shape of mature conuli (from Latin glans = acorn).

Description. Organization ( Fig. 2 A). Adults measure 730 µm in length (600–800 µm), and 97.50 µm in width at U55 (body index 7.47), with a short rostrum (index 0.94). The epidermis of the tail region is studded with adhesive glands.

Sclerotized pharyngeal parts ( Figs. 1 A–D; 2C–F). The basal plate is 6–8 µm long and 20–24 µm wide (index 0.29). It has well-defined lobes, with the lateral pair pointing medio-rostrally. Caudally the basal plate is set with up to 15 teeth of which the largest 3 are each flanked by a pair of smaller teeth; even smaller ones separate the three groups. Jaws are 20–22 µm long, with a strong terminal tooth and two rows of teeth: a dorsal row of up to 7 even teeth, and a ventral row in which a larger tooth is followed by up to 8 uneven teeth.

Male system ( Figs. 2 A, B, G, H, I; 3B, C, F, G). The dorsal testis contains 5–8 mature conuli; one specimen had but a single conulus located in the penis. Mature conuli range from 27 µm to 35 µm in length (mean 30.75 µm), and 18 µm to 28 µm in width (mean conulus index 1.34). They are plump and blunt, with the semi-circular capitulum reaching 20.17 µm in length, which is two-thirds of the conulus length (capitulum index 1.62). The pointed end of the conulus is usually enveloped in a matrix (i.e., the sperm cytoplasm), and is often bilobed, an indication of the peculiar conulus composition along two longitudinal axes. The cingulum is inconspicuous but long, barely protruding caudally past the capitulum. A granular layer below the capitulum is conspicuous in the conuli ( Fig. 2 G, H, I). The male copulatory organ consists of a glandular part and an epidermal penis that measures 30 µm in length and 15 µm in width. The glandular part (pg) is ~70 µm long; the spermatic duct runs through it from the dorsal to the ventral side, where it proceeds into the ejaculatory duct of the penis (p). The cells constituting the glandular part are filled with vesicles, which are refractive in live observation ( Fig. 2 B) and electron-dense by transmission electron microscopy ( Fig. 3 F, G). A group of cells, which lie adjacent to the penis, contain spherical vesicles that measure up to 1 µm ( Fig. 3 B, F, G). The vesicles in the more anterior part (ag) are potato-shaped and are more electron-dense when smaller, and larger in size the further posteriorly and ventrally they are positioned (pg), starting with ~ 200 nm in diameter and reaching up to 1 µm ( Fig. 3 B, F, G). The cells of the penis contain numerous electron-dense vesicles (~ 150 nm) and rods, which measure up to 5 µm in length and 200 nm in width. The rods are especially numerous around the gonopore ( Fig. 3 C). Some obliquely striated longitudinal muscles run along the glandular and epidermal part of the penis ( Fig. 3 F).

Female system ( Fig. 3 A, D). The ovary including the mature egg extends from about U25 to U66; the single mature egg can be 340 µm long and 65 µm wide, and often wraps around the bursa, which lies immediately behind it, at U57 to U65.

The bursa is ~50 µm long and consists of a cellular wall (4–5 layers) and a syncytial, multinucleated interior. Even though a distinction into an anterior and posterior part is not conspicuous in its form it is by its content. The posterior part (bp) often contains large electron-dense material of undefined shape, whereas the anterior part (ba) contains filamentous material ( Fig. 3 A, D). Overall the content of the bursa is nearly devoid of cell organelles, e.g. mitochondria. The origin and function of the electron-dense material is not known. On the anterior end the cells of the bursal wall are highly intermingled, but in an unorganized fashion ( Fig. 3 E). On the dorsolateral side the bursa is enclosed by parenchymal cells and connects to the body wall at the posterior end through a vagina that lacks a lumen ( Fig. 3 A, D, E).

Remarks. Members of the genus Austrognathia are mainly distinguished by the dimensions and proportions of their sperm (conuli). The mean sperm index of the 10 described species ranges from 2.79 (in A. australiensis ) to 1.71 (in A. hymanae ); none has a sperm index as low as 1.37. Mature sperm in 5 species are considerably smaller (from 8.0 µm in A. nannulifera to 22.8 µm in A. hymanae ) than in A. glandifera , and considerably larger in another four (from 36.73 µm in A. singatokae to 52.50 µm in A. macroconifera ); only the conuli of A. christianae (31.00 µm) and A. riedli (34.29 µm), two closely related species, are of comparable length but both are significantly more slender (conulus index 1.72 viz. 1.73). The consistency in shape and dimensions of 12 conuli measured in five specimens also suggests this species to be new.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Austrognathia glandifera sp. nov.; reconstructions to show structures important for species determination. Sclerotized pharyngeal structures are shown as dorsal views and are shaded according to the phase effects of the phase-contrast microscope. These effects, such as the dark of the teeth and of the edges of the basal plate, are artefacts and don’t represent real structural differences as implied. Some viewing them with bright-field, oblique illumination, or DIC would not see them. A, B. Basal plates. C, D. Jaws. E. Different developmental stages of conuli. Scale bars: 10 µm.

FIGURE 2. Austrognathia glandifera sp. nov.; photomicrographs of adult specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Double arrowhead points to conuli embedded in bursal tissue. B. Posterior part with male copulatory organ. C. Pharynx with basal plate and jaws. D, E. Jaws. F. Basal plate. G. Conuli. Arrowhead points to granular layer. H. Lateral part of cingulum. Arrowhead points to granular layer. I. Conulus. Abbreviations: bp basal plate, c conulus, cop male copulatory organ, j jaw, o oocyte, pg glandular part of male copulatory organ, ph pharynx, p penis, t testis. Scale bars: A 100 µm; B 50 µm; C, G, I 10 µm; D, E, F 5 µm; H 2 µm.

FIGURE 3. Austrognathia glandifera sp. nov.; sagittal sections through copulatory organs. A – C. Photomicrographs of histological sections. D – G. Electronmicrographs of ultrathin sections. A. Bursa. B. Male copulatory organ. C. Penis. D. Sagittal section through bursa. E. Cross section through bursa. F. Detail of posterior portion of glandular part of male copulatory organ. G. Male copulatory organ. Abbreviations: ag anterior portion of glandular part of male copulatory organ, ba anterior part of bursa, bp posterior part of bursa, c conulus, g gut, gp gonopore, m muscle, n nucleus, o oocyte, pc parenchymal cell, p penis, pg posterior portion of glandular part of male copulatory organ, sd spermatic duct. Scale bars: A, B, C, D, G 10 µm; E 5 µm; F 2 µm.

Tables

TABLE 2. Morphometric data (in µm) for Austrognathia glandifera n. sp.

Hong Kong	Mean	StDev	Max	Min	n
Body length of adults	730.00	89.07	800	600	4
Body width of adults	97.50	5.00	100	90	4
Body index of adults	7.47	0.57	8.00	6.67	4
Rostrum index of adults	0.94	0.22	1.10	0.79	2
Jaw length	21.20	0.84	22	20	5
Basal plate length	6.60	0.89	8	6	5
Basal plate width	22.60	1.52	24	20	5
Basal plate index	0.29	0.03	0.33	0.26	5
Sperm length	30.75	2.34	35	27	12
Sperm width	22.42	2.71	28	18	12
Sperm index (sp l/w)	1.37	0.19	1.78	1.20	12
Capitulum length	20.17	2.48	27	18	12
Capit. index (sp l/cap l)	1.62	0.18	1.84	1.43	5