Gnathostomula paradoxa (Schmidt-Rhaesa, 2016)
|
publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s13127-017-0324-8 |
|
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB38C33A-0D2D-A83A-FF25-FB74FD2E5506 |
|
treatment provided by |
Felipe |
|
scientific name |
Gnathostomula paradoxa |
| status |
|
Gnathostomula paradoxa View in CoL
Serotonin-like immunoreactive (SLIR), tyrosinated tubulin-like immunoreactive (TyrTLIR), FMRF-amide-like immunoreactive (FLIR), and synapsin 1-like immunoreactive (Syn1LIR) nervous structures as well as DAPI-stained cell nuclei are visualized with CLSM.
The brain occupies most of the rostrum and consists of a central neuropil (np, Figs. 1b View Fig ; 2b, c View Fig ; 3b, f) surrounded by numerous cell bodies, including 10 SLIR (2 × ldp, 2 × llp, 2 × mp, and 4 × slp, Figs. 1c View Fig , 3c) and nine FLIR perikarya (bp, Fig. 4h View Fig ) as well as sensory structures (asc, lsc, s1–4, sn, so, Figs. 1d View Fig , 2 View Fig , 3d–h, 4a). The neuropil contains four SLIR commissures: two dorso-anterior (dac1 and dac2, Figs. 1c View Fig , 3c), one ventro-anterior (vac, Figs. 1d View Fig , 3d), and one ventro-posterior (vpc, Figs. 1d View Fig , 3d). The two latter form a characteristic ring-shaped structure and a SLIR median connective (mc, Figs. 1d View Fig , 3d) connecting the dorsal part of the neuropil with the nerve cords. Two TyrTLIR commissures were detected in the brain, one equivalent to the SLIR ventro-posterior commissure (vpc, Figs. 2d View Fig , 3h) and one thick anterior commissure (ac, Figs. 2d View Fig , 3h) containing both dorso-anterior and ventro-anterior SLIR commissures.
Six longitudinal nerve cords are found: the main ventro-lateral (originating from the ventro-posterior brain commissure; vlc, Figs. 1b, d View Fig ; 2b, d View Fig ; 3b–h; 4j), lateral (lc, Figs. 1b, d View Fig ; 2b, d View Fig ; 3b, d–h; 4j), and dorso-lateral pairs (originating from the anterior commissure; dc, Figs. 1a, c View Fig ; 2a, c View Fig ; 3a–e; 4j). These three pairs extend from the brain to the posterior commissure (pc, Figs. 1b View Fig ; 2b View Fig ; 3b, f; 4b), with the dorso-lateral pair continuing as dorsal tail nerves (dtn, Figs. 1a View Fig , 2a View Fig ); all of them are SLIR, TyrTLIR, and Syn1LIR. Accessory lateral (aln, Figs. 2b, d View Fig ; 3f, h; 4d, e) and dorso-lateral (adn, Figs. 2a, c View Fig ; 3e, g) TyrTLIR neurite bundles split from the respective longitudinal cords, giving rise to the peripheral nervous system. Short TyrTLIR and FLIR irregular median processes (mpr, Figs. 2b, d View Fig ; 4d–g, i View Fig ) extend from the accessory lateral neurite bundles towards the ventral midline. Two transverse commissures, one postpharyngeal (TyrTLIR, ppc, Figs. 2b, d View Fig ; 4d View Fig ) and one posterior (SLIR, TyrTLIR, and Syn1LIR, pc, Figs. 1b View Fig ; 2b View Fig ; 3b, f; 4b), interconnect the nerve cords; the latter associated with two small TyrTLIR posterior clusters of perikarya (pcc, Figs. 2b View Fig ), which also include SLIR posterior perikarya (pp, Fig. 1b View Fig , 3a, 4b). A midventral TyrTLIR nerve plexus (mnp, Figs. 2b, d View Fig ; 4f View Fig ), formed by some of the processes of the accessory lateral neurite bundles and ventro-lateral cords, extends longitudinally from the postpharyngeal commissure to the male opening, also innervating a few ciliary gut receptors (cgr, Figs. 2b View Fig ; 5a, b). A pair of peripheral SLIR perikarya (ap, Figs. 1d View Fig , 3d) projects their neurites into the ventro-lateral nerve cords anterior to the pharynx. A single middorsal SLIR and TyrTLIR perikaryon (mdc, Figs. 1a View Fig , 2a View Fig , 4c View Fig ), which probably plays a role in copulation, is located dorsal to the penis.
The stomatogastric nervous system was visualized with SLI reactivity, TyrTLI reactivity, and Syn1LI reactivity and consists of a buccal ganglion (bg, Figs. 1a, c View Fig ; 2a, c View Fig ; 3c, g; 4j; 5j), and a pair of buccal nerves (bn, Figs. 1c View Fig ; 2a, c View Fig ; 3g; 4j,) connecting directly to the ventro-posterior part of the neuropil. The ganglion consists of approximately 40 cells and connects to the paired ciliary pharyngeal receptors (cpr, Figs. 2c View Fig , 5j), situated in the dorso-posterior part of the pharynx. Additional TyrTLI reactivity was detected in the scattered ciliated glandular cells in the lateral and dorsal walls of the buccal cavity (pcl, Figs. 2c View Fig ; 5j, k).
The rostral sensory structures consist of four pairs of TyrTLIR compound cirri (s1–s4, Fig. 2 View Fig , 3e–h, 4a) and up to three pairs of TyrTLIR spiral organs, positioned laterally on the dorso-anterior margin (so, Figs. 2c View Fig , 3h, 4a). Moreover, four SLIR cells (two anterior and two lateral) send projections to the tip of the rostrum (asc and lsc, Figs. 1d View Fig , 3d) .
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.