Ummidiinae Ortiz, 2007

Decae, Arthur E., Schwendinger, Peter J. & Hongpadharakiree, Komsan, 2021, Descriptions of four new trapdoor spider species in the subfamily Ummidiinae from Thailand (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Halonoproctidae), Zootaxa 4984 (1), pp. 300-323 : 301-303

Ummidiinae Ortiz, 2007

Pachilomerinae Simon 1889: 178–179 (sub Pachylomeri; type genus Pachylomerus Ausserer, 1871 ).

Notes. On grounds of preoccupation replaced with Pachilomerides Strand, 1934, now considered a junior synonym of Ummidia Thorell, 1875 ( Ortiz 2007) . For a detailed review of the nomenclatural history see Cameron (2005).

Diagnosis. Ummidiinae are readily distinguished from Halonoproctinae by the presence of clavate dorsal trichobothria on the tarsi of legs and palps ( Decae 2010: fig. 1), by the fused, folium-shaped central sternal sigilla, and by the absence of lateral sternal sigilla ( Figs 2 D−F).

Description. Ummidiinae are medium-sized trapdoor spiders. Total body lengths in a sample containing representatives from all three genera ( Ummidia , Conothele , Latouchia ) show lengths of females ranging from 7.3 to 26.9 (n = 45) and lengths of males ranging from 8.9 to 16.6 (n = 23). Prosoma: Carapace of females and juveniles longer than wide (average CW/CL = 0.87, SD = 0.05, n = 45), surface smooth, shining as if polished, bristles sparse or absent; cephalic part strongly elevated, with or without a depression behind eye group; all eyes on a distinct ocular tubercle near anterior margin of carapace; fovea deep, strongly procurved. Carapace of males rounded in dorsal view, slightly longer than wide (average CW/CL = 0.94, SD = 0.04, n = 23), surface dull, coriaceous; cephalic part slightly or strongly elevated, bristles, eye group and fovea as in females. Eye group wider than long (EL/PR ranging between 0.5 and 0.6 in 24 species representing all three genera); arrangement of eyes, relative eye sizes and distances between eyes variable between species and species groups. Chelicerae with apical rastellum on proximal article; cheliceral furrow with rows of teeth on both sides; fangs with smooth or serrated ventral keel. Palpal coxa with cuspules compactly grouped or scattered in proximal half; prolateral-distal lobe small, rounded or absent. Labium semi-dome-shaped, proximally wider than long, with or without cuspules. Sternum longer than wide, with diagnostic fused and folium-shaped central sigilla. Palps of females and juveniles leg-like, with dense bands of curvy spines along lateral sides of tarsi and tibiae, ventral and dorsal spines absent, few clavate trichobothria on dorsal side of tarsi, claws with a strong proximal tooth; palps of males with aspinose cymbium and with clavate dorsal trichobothria. Legs: Posterior legs stronger than anterior ones; dense bands of mainly curvy spines along lateral sides of tarsi, metatarsi and tibiae of anterior legs, males with straight spines arranged in compact groups on leg III and rarely on leg IV; scopulae ventrally on leg tarsi in males (absent in females), scopulae on anterior tarsi more strongly developed than on posterior tarsi, scopulae generally absent on leg IV; no apophyses, spurs or clasping hooks (as found in males of some Halonoproctinae , i.e. Hebestatis and Bothriocyrtum ) present; leg III very stout in females and juveniles, less so in males, variable in shape between genera and species groups; tibia III of Ummidia and Conothele more than half as long as femur III (average TibIII/FemIII = 0.6, n = 30), and with a glabrous, strongly sclerotized saddle-shaped depression situated between two unpigmented crescent-shaped zones (here further referred to as ‘saddle crescents’) dorsally on tibia III ( Figs 3A–B ), and with a conical prodorsal protuberance on trochanter III ( Figs 3 D−E); tibia III of Latouchia shorter than half the length of femur III (average TibIII/FemIII = 0.4, n = 17), saddle-shaped depression, saddle crescents and trochanter protuberance usually absent ( Figs 3C, F ), however, the Latouchia species described in here have a more or less distinctly pronounced proximal constriction of tibia III (here referred to as ‘demi-saddle’) suggesting an intermediate evolutionary stage between lineages with a fully developed saddle ( Ummidia and Conothele ) and those without saddle or constriction ( Fig. 3C cf. Figs 9 B−C, 11B−C) (in Latouchia sensu stricto, as represented by the type species of the genus, L. fossoria , tibia III is cylindrical, without a constriction; Decae & Caranhac 2020: fig. 3); leg IV being the longest leg, with or without dense concentration of short spines on dorsal side of patella in females. Tarsal claws: PTC with one or few large proximal teeth with or without small auxiliary teeth; 3 rd claw smooth. Spine patterns: sexually dimorphic, spines in males mostly spread out over articles of legs and palps, in females mostly tightly grouped; location, presence or absence of spines and spine-groups presumably of diagnostic value at genus or species level. Opisthosoma soft, ovoid, dorsal surface with or without small wart-shaped bristle sockets. Spinnerets very short, PMS with distinct apical spigot field, PLS composed of three articles with or without macro-spigots. Genital organs: spermathecae in Ummidia and Conothele typically tripartite, with membranous, tube-shaped proximal part, sclerotized median part, and membranous, globular distal part ( Figs 5 F−K, 7F−H); spermathecae in Latouchia are either monopartite or bipartite ( Ono 2010: fig. 21; Decae 2019: figs 18, 38, 39, 46, 47; Decae & Caranhac 2020: figs 11, 26), ranging from simple membranous columnar or knob-shaped structures to more complex racemose structures with clusters of vesicles ( Figs 9 E−J, 11E−L; palpal organs in Ummidia , Conothele and most Latouchia species proximally pyriform, with an elongated, usually sharply pointed embolus ( Figs 4 H−L, 6H−L, 8F−J, 10F−J); emboli in Ummidia and Conothele very slender and more or less flexible ( Figs 4 H−K, 6H−K), in Latouchia stronger and more sturdy ( Figs 8 F−I, 10F−I).

Sexual dimorphism. As in most fossorial mygalomorph spiders, sexual dimorphism in Ummidiinae is very pronounced. Females and juveniles are sturdy, short-legged spiders. Males, in contrast, are more long-legged. The differences reflect morphological adaptations to markedly different ways of life: females and juveniles of both sexes are sedentary burrow dwellers, whereas adult males abandon their burrows and roam in search for mates.

Taxonomy. In the current taxonomical system the Ummidiinae are recognized as a subfamily within the family Halonoproctidae ( Pocock 1903) . Recent phylogenetic analyses have indicated that the Halonoproctidae constitute a monophyletic family-level unit distinct from the family Ctenizidae in which it had formerly been included. The Halonoproctidae were redefined to include the subfamilies Halonoproctinae (genera Bothriocyrtum Simon, 1891b ; Hebestatis Simon, 1903 ; Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871 ) and Ummidiinae (genera Ummidia , Conothele , Latouchia ) ( Godwin et al. 2018).

Included genera. Ummidia Thorell, 1875 ; Conothele Thorell, 1878 ; Latouchia Pocock, 1901 ( Godwin et al. 2018).

Figures

FIGURES 2A–F. Genus level diagnostic characters of Halonoproctidae. A–C Halonoproctinae genera (A Bothriocyrtum, B Cyclocosmia, C Hebestatis; note the pair of separated central sigilla and the presence of lateral sigilla [red ovals]). D–F Ummidiinae genera (D Ummidia, E Conothele, F Latouchia; note the fused central sigillum [red triangle] and the absence of lateral sigilla). Scale lines: 1 mm.

FIGURES 3A−F. Leg III morphology in Ummidiinae females (A, D Ummidia sp.; B, E Conothele sp.; C, F Latouchia sp.).A–B Tibia (note similarity between both genera). C Tibia (note absence of sd and sc). D–E Trochanter III (note similarity between both genera). F Trochanter III (note absence of tp). Abbreviations: sc—saddle crescent, sd—saddle-shaped dorsal depression, tp—prodorsal protuberance.

FIGURES 4A−L. Conothele martensi spec. nov., holotype male. A Habitus, dorsal. B Carapace, lateral. C Left tarsus I, retrolateral. D–E Distal part of forelegs, ventral (D leg I, E leg II). F–G Left tibia and patella III (F retrolateral, G prolateral). H−K Right palpal organ, clock-wise rotated by 90° (H ventral, I prolateral, J dorsal, K retrolateral). L Harpoon-shaped embolus tip. ab—spine row absent, dh—spines in distal half of tibia only, ne—narrowing of embolus, rsc—reduced saddle-crescent, st—slightly swollen tarsus.

FIGURES 5A−M. Conothele martensi spec. nov., females (A−F paratype PS-001A; G paratype PS-001B; H paratype PS- 001D; I Chiang Dao, 400 m; J paratype PS-001C; K Doi Saket, 400 m; L Ban Pong, 300 m; M Doi Suthep, 580 m). A Habitus, dorsal. B Carapace, lateral. C–D Right tibia and patella III (C prolateral, D retrolateral; note tibia-saddle and reduced saddlecrescent). E Spinnerets, ventral. F–K Variation in the tripartite spermathecae of eight specimens (note twisted medial part and anteriad globular apical part). Abbreviatons: ms—macrospigots on proximal and median article of PLS, rsc—reduced saddlecrescent, sc—saddle-crescent, tw—twisted medial part of spermathecae.

FIGURES 8A−J. Latouchia incerta spec. nov., holotype male. A Habitus, dorsal. B Left palp, retrolateral. C Tarsus and distal part of metatarsus of left leg I, retrolateral. D–E Left tibia and patella III (D prolateral, E retrolateral). F−I Right palpal organ, clock-wise rotated by 90° (F ventral, G prolateral, H dorsal, I retrolateral). J Embolus tip, retrolateral. Abbreviatons: el—elongated articles of palp, k—keel of embolus tip.

FIGURES 9A−J. Latouchia incerta spec. nov., females (A−D, I paratype PS-013; E Surin, prison, 150 m; F paratype PS-010; G paratype PS-012; H paratype PS-011; J Surin, Ramkhamhaeng, 150 m). A Habitus, dorsal. B–C Right tibia and patella III (B prolateral, C retrolateral). D Spinnerets, ventral. E−J Variation in the monopartite spermathecae of six specimens (note short, compact racemose structures). Abbreviatons: ds—demi-saddle, ms—macro spigots on medial article of PLS, sf—distal spigot field on PMS.