Thinouia mucronata Radlk.

Medeiros, Herison, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro, de Carvalho Lopes, Jenifer & Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini, 2025, Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of Thinouia (Sapindaceae), a neotropical genus, PhytoKeys 252, pp. 207-273 : 207-273

3. Thinouia mucronata Radlk. , Sitzungsber. Math. - Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München 8: 282. 1878

Figs 8 , 13 B

Thinouia repanda Radlk. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3 (5): 308. 1895. Type: Paraguay. Yaguaron, February 1877, B. Balansa 2488 (lectotype, designated by Ferrucci 2021, pg. 401: P [ P 04795732] [image!], isolectotypes: K [ K 000634087] [image!], P [ P 04795732] [image!]), G [ G 00008258] [image!].

Type.

Brazil. São Paulo • Campinas , 1875, H. Mosén 3953 (lectotype, designated by Massing and Miotto 2020, p. 160: S [ S 17-1112 ] [image!], isolectotypes: P [ P 06695515 ] [image!], S [ S 17-1101 ] [image!], S [ S 17-1104 ] [image!].

Description.

Tendrilled liana; stem puberulous or glabrescent, lenticels ferruginous, rounded or elliptic; cross-section simple or with neo formations when mature. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules minute, ca. 0.5 mm long, pubescent, triangular; petiole 1–5.5 cm long, canaliculate or sometimes semiterete, glabrous or puberulous; terminal petiolules 0–0.3 cm long, lateral petiolules 0–0.2 cm long; leaflets glabrous, puberulous along veins or sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, the leaflet secondary venation semi-craspedodromous; secondary veins 3–5 pairs, with irregular spacing and domatia on the abaxial side of secondary vein axils; intersecondaries presents; tertiary veins irregular reticulate or alternate-percurrent; margins subentire to repand-serrate, glabrous or ciliate, revolute, the teeth 2–5 (8–12), sometimes reduced to inconspicuous glands; terminal leaflet 3–9.7 × 1.5–5 cm, ovate or oblong, the apex acute to obtuse, mucronate, the base decurrent; lateral leaflets 3–7.7 × 1–4.3 cm, ovate or oblong, asymmetrical, the apex acute or obtuse, mucronate, the base decurrent. Thyrses axillary or terminal, umbelliform, 2.5–7.8 long; peduncle 1.5–6.5 cm long; secondary peduncle 0–0.5 cm long; cincinni numerous; peduncle of cincinnus 2.5–4 mm long. Flower ca. 3–5 mm long; pedicel 2–2.5 mm long, glabrous or puberulous; sepals 0.5–0.8 mm long, connate at the base, deltoid, abaxially puberulous and adaxially villous; petals 1.5–1.7 mm long, spatulate, erose, clawed, abaxially glabrous and adaxially villous; appendages ca. 1 mm long, shorter than the petals, bifid, villous; nectary disc glabrous, annular. Staminate flower with stamens 8, 2.5–3.5 mm long, the filaments villous on lower half, the anthers 0.4–0.5 mm long, glabrous; pistillode <0.5 mm long, villous. Pistillate flower with staminodes ca. 1.5 mm long, with same indumentum as the stamens; pistil 0.5–1 mm long, villous. Fruits chartaceous, 2.2–3.8 × 1.5–2.6 cm; accrescent pedicel 5–6 (7) mm long; stipe (4) 5–8 mm long; seed locule subglobose; epicarp glabrous, sometimes puberulous on the locule, rarely tomentose on stipe and base of fruits; cavity of seed locule villous with simple and capitate trichomes with uniseriate stalk and unicellular or multicellular terminal cells. Seed 5–6 × 3–4 mm, ellipsoid.

Distribution and habitat.

Thinouia mucronata is known from tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests; tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest; tropical and subtropical grassland, savannas and shrublands; and desert and xeric shrublands in northern Argentina, southern Bolivia, SE Brazil, and Paraguay (Fig. 13 B ), in cerrado, chaco, gallery, ombrophilous dense, semi-deciduous and deciduous forests. Flowering from December to March and fruiting from December to August.

Notes.

This species is strongly supported as sister to T. paraguayensis (Fig. 4 ). They both have simple stems or with neo formations when mature, leaflets with mucronate apex, flowers 3–5 mm long, and chartaceous fruits, with seed locule subglobose. However, T. mucronata is distinguished by the semi-craspedodromous secondary venation and 3–5 pairs of secondary veins, where basal secondary veins form an acute angle with the midvein, (vs. craspedodromous and 4–5 (6) pairs of secondaries, basal secondary veins form an obtuse angle with the midvein).

Conservation status.

Thinouia mucronata possesses a broad EOO of 3,328,158.18 km 2 and an AOO of 320.00 km 2, with more than 10 known localities. The EOO values and the number of threat situations extrapolate the thresholds for the inclusion of the species in a threat category. Moreover, there are no data on population declines for the application of other criteria. Thus, it should be regarded as Least Concern (LC).

Selected specimens examined.

Argentina. Jujuy • Dep. El Carmen, Abra de Santa Laura , 14 Feb 1972, Cabrera et al. 22085 ( F) • Dep. General San Martín, Parque Nacional Calilegua , 18 Apr 1998, Vanni et al. 4179 ( CTES, F, US) • Dep. Ledesma, Parque Nacional Calilegua , 1107 m, 30 Aug 2012, Coulleri et al. 384 ( CTES, NY, RB, UFACPZ, US) . Misiones • Dep. Apóstoles, Ayo. Chimiray y ruta 40, 9 Feb 1993, Tressens et al. 4409 ( CTES, US) • Dep. Cainquás, Ruta 14, km 252 , 26 Jan 1950, Schwindt 3087 ( US) • Dep. Candelaria, Loreto , 2 Feb 1948, Montes 100 B ( US) • Dep. Guaraní, Predio Guaraní , 27 Apr 1999, Tressens et al. 6164 ( CTES, MBM) • Dep. Iguazú, Acesso al Parque Nacional Iguazú , 23 Feb 2001, Vanni et al. 4518 ( CTES, ESA, F, MEXU, US) • Dep. Montecarlo, Colonia Guatambú , 25 Feb 2001, Keller 622 ( CTES, MEXU) • Santa Ana , 11 Jan 1913, Rodríguez 715 ( F) . Salta • Dep. La Caldera, El Ucumar, ruta 9 , 12 Mar 1982, Schinini 22301 ( CTES, F, ICN) . Bolivia. Chuquisaca • Prov. Sud Cinti, Trayecto Las Abras-Cañón Verde , 903–1031 m, 6 Feb 2006, Lozano and Peñaranda 2128 ( HSB, MO, US) • Prov. Tomina, Las Casas , 1280 m, 18 Apr 2005, Gutiérrez et al. 1200 ( HSB, MO) . Santa Cruz • Prov. Andrés Ibáñez, 10 km E of Cotoca , 350 m, 27 Jul 1994, Nee 45374 ( NY, US) • Prov. Cordillera, 2.5 km W of railroad and 3.5 km w of the Santa Cruz-Abapó , 570 m, 24 May 2005, Nee 53120 ( NY, US) • Prov. Florida, 14.2 km NE of Achira Camping, 1800 m, 17 Jan 1998, Nee 48052 ( MEXU, NY, US) . Tarija • Prov. Arce, 29.2 km S of Emboroza-Sidras road on road to Bermejo , 21 Apr 1983, Solomon 9966 ( US) • Prov. O’Connor, Abra de la Cuesta de San Simón , 30 Apr 1983, Krapovickas et al. 39043 ( F) . Brazil. Bahia • Mun. Boa Nova, Fazenda Cotermaia , 8 Mar 2003, Fiaschi et al. 1395 ( CEPEC, NY, SPF) • Mun. Maracás, 13–22 km ao S de Maracás , 27 Apr 1978, Mori et al. 10061 ( CEPEC, MO, NY, RB) • Mun. Planaltino, ca. 6 km W de Nova Itarana , 790 m, 14 May 2001, França et al. 3507 ( CEPEC, HUEFS) . Mato Grosso do Sul • Mun. Amambai, Rio Iguatemi , 13 Feb 1983, Hatschbach 46203 ( INPA, MBM, MG, MO, NY) • Mun. Antônio João, Fazenda Cervo , 11 Jun 2006, Barbosa and Silva 1448 ( HUEFS, MBM, MG, RB) • Mun. Ponta Porã, Fazenda Itamarati , 9 Mar 2004, Hatschbach et al. 76943 ( MBM, RB) . Minas Gerais • Without locality, s. d., Claussen 521 ( P) . Paraná • Mun. Arapongas, Campinho , 29 Jan 1997, Kinupp 217 ( FUEL, MBM) • Mun. Bom Sucesso , 460 m, Proença 82 ( ICN) • Mun. Campo Mourão, RPPN Ana Tramujas , 667 m, 9 Jun 2009, Siqueira et al. 204 ( HCF, MBM) • Mun. Céu Azul, Parque Nacional do Iguaçu , 674 m, 18 Jun 2015, Caxambu et al. 6559 ( HCF) • Mun. Cianorte, Estrada Cambuci , 12 Feb 2013, Rosado 371 ( HCF, HUEM) • Mun. Diamante do Norte, Estação Ecológica do Caiuá , 24 Feb 2006, Zeiden 34 ( HUEM, RB) • Mun. Doutor Camargo, Rio Ivai , 16 May 1969, Hatschbach et al. 21527 ( MBM) • Mun. Entre Rios do Oeste, Linha Divisa , 229 m, 29 Jan 2015, Siqueira et al. 1385 ( MBM) • Mun. Fênix, RPPN Vila Rica , 16 May 2014, Caxambu et al. 5215 ( MBM) • Mun. Figueira, Fazenda São Pedro , 26 Apr 2001, Pavão s. n .. ( FUEL, RB 422905 ) • Mun. Foz do Iguaçu, Parque Nacional do Iguaçu , 203 m, 4 Jun 2015, Caxambu et al. 6486 ( HCF) • Mun. Goioerê, RPPN Moreira Sales , 27 Mar 2017, Siqueira et al 2162 ( HCF) • Mun. Guaira, Parque Nacional de Sete Quedas , 21 Mar 1982, Kirizawa et al. 756 ( SP) • Mun. Guarapuava, Estrada para Campo Mourão km 7 , 6 Feb 1969, Hatschbach 21007 ( MBM, NY) • Mun. Ibiporã, Fazenda Doralice , 24 Apr 2003, Urdampilleta 148 ( FUEL, HCF) • Mun. Jaboti, Água Branca , 18 Mar 1994, Hatschbach et al. 60563 ( MBM, MEXU, MO) • Mun. Londrina, Fazenda Ramses-Distrito de São Luiz , 12 Mar 2003, Urdampilleta et al. 118 ( FUEL, HCF) • Mun. Mamboré, Fazenda São Domingos , 16 May 1967, Lindeman and Haas 5325 ( MBM, RB) • Mun. Maringá , 517 m, 16 Jan 2013, Proença 89 ( ICN) • Mun. Medianeira, Estrada para Santa Helena km 10 , 8 Feb 1969, Hatschbach 21077 ( MBM, SP) • Mun. Moreira Sales, Fazenda Moreira , 24 Mar 2007, Marques s. n .. ( HCF 5351 , MBM) • Mun. Palotina, Parque Estadual de São Camilo , 20 Jan 2011, Kozera and Cardozo 3770 ( MBM) • Mun. Pitanga , 19 Feb 2005, Bianek 229 ( HCF, MBM) • Mun. Planalto, Estrada de terra próximo ao Rio Capanema , s. d., Rodriguea et al. 133 ( ESA) • Mun. Porto Rico, Mata ciliar do Rio Paraná , 15 Jan 1987, Soares-Silva et al. 26 ( FUEL, RBR) • Mun. Primeiro de Maio, Mata Santa Rosa-Distrito de Ibiaci , 11 May 1998, Francisco s. n .. ( FUEL, MBM 338060 , RBR) • Mun. Rolândia, Córrego dos Carangueijos , 24 Jan 1997, Kinnup s. n .. ( FUEL 27790 , R) • Mun. São Jorge do Oeste, Rio Iguaçu-Salto Osório , 10 Jun 1968, Hatschbach and Guimarães 19360 ( MBM, NY) • Mun. Sertaneja, Fazenda Tangará , 21 May 1999, Francisco s. n .. ( FUEL, MBM 338061 ) • Mun. Telêmaco Borba , Dec 2011, Bonaldi 506 ( MBM) • Mun. Tuneiras do Oeste, Fazenda Água do Índio , 22 Jan 2004, Bianek 172 ( HCF) • Mun. Turvo, Propriedade da família Rickli , 1104 m, 27 Feb 2009, Caxambu et al. 2524 ( HCF, MBM) • Mun. Ubiratã, Sítio Invicta , 409 m, 9 Jan 2009, Sekine et al. 97 ( HCF, MBM) • Mun. Umuarama, Serra Dourada , 19 Jan 1967, Hatschbach 15753 ( MBM) . Rio de Janeiro • Mun. Cabo Frio, Estação Radiogoniométrica de Campos Novos , 12 Jun 2009, Somner et al. 1354 ( RBR) • Mun. Miguel Pereira, Sítio Xapuri , 12 Jan 2006, Menescal 103 ( RB, UFAPZ) • Mun. Paraty, Estrada do Cabral , 19 Apr 1994, Marquete 1692 ( RB, UFACPZ) • Mun. São Pedro da Aldeia, Ilha dos Macacos , 14 Apr 2019, Bastos and Neves F 5 ( RB) . Rio Grande do Sul • Mun. Arroio do Tigre, Barragem de Itaúba , 19 Apr 1978, Lise 5860 ( F) • Mun. Caxias do Sul, Caravágio , 27 Jan 1999, Kegler et al. 153 ( US) • Mun. Giruá, Granja Sodol , 20 Dec 1966, Hagelund 4947 ( ICN) • Mun. Ibarama , 11 Feb 2013, Proença 123 ( ICN) • Mun. Iraí, Ladera con selva frente al Balneario Oswaldo Cruz , 29 Jan 1992, Krapovickas and Cristóbal 44016 ( CTES, MBM) • Mun. Jaboticaba, IFN-Conglomerado 752-2 - 10 - 37 , 24 May 2013, Maihack s. n .. ( RB 613850 ) • Mun. Jaguari, Rio Jaguari , 5 Jan 2011, Durigon and Ferreira 456 ( ICN) • Mun. Linha Nova, Roseiral , 1 Feb 2018, Massing 125 ( ICN) • Mun. Maquiné , 6 Jun 2013, Proença 115 ( ICN) • Mun. Pontão, Projeto de Assentamento Encruzilhada Natalino III e IV , 30 Aug 2008, Grings 346 ( ICN) • Mun. Nova Petrópolis , 3 Apr 2018, Massing 224 ( ICN) • Mun. Santa Maria , BR- 158, 20 Feb 2019, Figueira et al. 927 ( RB, SMDB) • Mun. Santa Rosa , 8 Jul 1965, Hagelund 3678 ( ICN) • Mun. São Jeronimo, Faz. Do Conde , 17 May 1982, Abruzzi 655 ( F) • Mun. Tenente Portela, Parque Estadual do Turvo , Mar 1982, Bueno et al. s. n .. ( ICN 2808 ) • Mun. Três de Maio , Feb 1967, Hagelund 5243 ( ICN) • Mun. Tupanciretã, Projeto de Assentamento Tarumã , 7 Feb 2008, Grings 1272 ( ICN) • Mun. Vale do Sol, Linha XV de Novembro , 27 Feb 1993, Jarenkow 2343 ( MBM, PEL) . Santa Catarina • Mun. Aberlado Luz, Comunidade da Grama , 110 m, 14 Apr 2009, Stival-Santos 588 ( HCF) • Mun. Belmonte , 17 Mar 2011, Durigon 607 ( ICN) • Mun. Florianópolis, Cachoeira do Bom Jesus , 6 May 1970, Klein 8690 ( MBM, PEL) • Mun. Itapiranga, Rio Piperiguaçú , 26 Dec 1973, Karhs and Schenkel s. n .. ( ICN 2810 ) • Mun. Seara, Nova Teutônia , 11 Jan 1944, Glaumaum 289 ( RB) . São Paulo • Mun. Campinas , 30 Jan 1995, Novaes 3202 ( SP) • Mun. Coronel Macedo, Bairro dos Costas , 24 Jan 1996, Souza et al. 10426 ( BHCB, ESA) • Mun. Guariba, Acesso da estrada SP 255 para Guariba , 11 Mar 1991, Cordeiro et al. 834 ( SP) • Mun. Piracicaba, Mata da Pedreira ESALQ / USP , 20 Apr 1985, Catharino 288 ( ESA, MBM, SP) • Mun. Monte Alegre, Amparo , 7 Apr 1943, Kuhlmann 610 ( S) • Mun. Socorro, Entre Saltinho - Monte Sião , 9 May 1995, Tamashiro et al. 1015 ( ESA, SP, SPF) • Mun. Teodoro Sampaio, Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo , 23 Jun 1994, Pastore et al. 514 ( SP, SPF) . Paraguay. Canendiyú • Mbaracayu Natural Reserve , 10 Jun 1998, Zardini and Chaparro 48588 ( MEXU, MO) . Concepción • Estancia Primavera , 28 Jun 2002, Zardini and Guerrero 59086 ( FACEN, MO, US) . Guairá • Colonia Independencia. Camino a San Gervacio , 25 Mar 1993, Schinini et al. 27933 ( CTES, MBM, US) . Itapúa • Ruta 1, 65 km de Encarnación , 17 Aug 1980, Ferrucci 161 ( CTES, F, NY, US) . Misiones • San Ignacio. Rutal, 5 km de San Ignacio , 30 Mar 1981, Ferrucci and Schinini 179 ( CTES, F, MBM) . Paraguari • Parque Nacional Ybycui , 13 Jan 1983, Hahn et al. 1072 ( MO, NY) ; Acahay Massif. Easternmost Peak , Zardini and Tilleria 29772 ( MO, PY, US) . San Pedro • Yaguareté forest , 20 Jun 1995, Zardini et al. 42893 ( MO, PY, US) • San Estanislao. Estancia La Manina , 13 Feb 1975, Pedersen 11042 ( MBM) .

Figures

Figure 4. Maximum clade credibility tree from a Bayesian analysis of the combined two-marker dataset for Thinouia and outgroups. Bayesian posterior probability values are indicated above the branches.

Figure 8. Thinouia mucronata Radlk. A distal portion of flowering branch B leaf showing leaflet venation C cincinnus D staminate flower E petal with bifid appendage, dorsal [abaxial] view F staminate flower with perianth removed showing nectary disc, stamens and pistillode G stamen H pistillate flower with long-stipitate, developed gynoecium I infructescence J mericarp K indumentum detail of seed locule cavity L, M capitate trichomes with uniseriate stalk and unicellular terminal cells N simple trichome from locule cavity O seed (A, C – G from Bianek 229 B from Caxambu 5215 H from Kozera 3718 I – O from Caxambu 6486). Illustration by Maria Alice de Rezende.

Figure 13. Distribution maps of species from Thinouia A Thinouia cazumbensis and T. compressa B T. mucronata C T. myriantha D T. obliqua.