Gyrogra Lindsey & Miller (1965) G. subnotata ( Holland ) Gorgyra Gyrogra Gorgyra Connaraceae ( Cock & Congdon 2013 ) Platylesches Meza Platylesches Meza M. meza Poaceae Fabaceae Linaceae Dichapetalaceae ( Cock & Congdon 2013 ) Gyrogra Paracleros Berger Acleros P. biguttulus (Mabille) Acleros Paracleros biguttulus Justicia flava Herila herilus (Hopffer) H. herilus Teniorhinus Fabaceae Teniorhinus Brachystegia Fabaceae H. xanthopepla ( Holland ) Pardaleodes Mopala orma (Plötz) Osphantes ogowena (Mabille) Ceratricula semilutea (Mabille) Hesperiinae ( Larsen 2013 ) Fulda Evans Arnetta Watson Malaza Mabille Hesperiinae Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis Cock, Matthew J. W. Congdon, T. Colin E. Collins, Steve C. Zootaxa 2016 4066 3 201 247 93MWY [151,301,368,394] Insecta Hesperiidae Animalia Lepidoptera 36 237 Arthropoda subFamily Hesperiinae    Gyrogra Lindsey & Miller (1965)was established for the single species  G. subnotata( Holland), previously placed in  Gorgyra. Lindsey & Miller (1965)suggest that  Gyrograis not closely related to  Gorgyra, whose caterpillars feed mostly on Connaraceae ( Cock & Congdon 2013), but ‘probably nearer’  Platyleschesand  Meza.  Platyleschesspp. feed on Chrysobalanceae but do not seem to be close to any other Afrotropical genera ( Cock & Congdon 2013).  Mezais paraphyletic; the typespecies,  M. mezahas been reported to feed on Poaceae, while the remaining species belong in a separate genus and feed on Fabaceae, Linaceaeand Dichapetalaceae ( Cock & Congdon 2013). On balance,  Gyrograseems likely to be a dicotyledon-feeder.   ParaclerosBergerdiffers from  Aclerosin the form of the palpi, as Evans (1937)pointed out, and in details of the male and female genitalia ( Berger 1978). This is primarily a West and central African genus, but two of the six recognised species occur as far east as Kenya( Collins & Larsen 2000). In Kenya,  P. biguttulus(Mabille)is restricted to the western forests and the coast. It is not rare in parts of western Kenya, for example in Kakamega Forest where MJWC would consider it one of the regular skippers likely to be seen on most visits. The adults rest on low vegetation and come readily to flowers ( Figure 40). They are conspicuous as one of the last species on the wing, as dusk sets in, or as rain in the afternoon starts to intensify. Nothing is known of the life history of members of this genus, but the adult similarity to  Aclerossuggests it may have similar biology, i.e. a dicotyledon feeder ( Cock & Congdon 2013).   FIGURE 40.Adults of  Paracleros biguttulus. 1, male at rest, Kakamega Forest, 5 Apr 1990 (vouchered, 90.12.30); 2, female feeding at  Justicia flava, Kakamega Forest, 19 Jul 1990 (vouchered, 90.17.33).  Larsen & Collins (2012)recently established the genus Herilato accommodate  Herila herilus(Hopffer). The food plants and life history are unknown. Although  H. heriluswas previously placed in  Teniorhinus, which is reported to feed on Fabaceae( Pringle et al. 1994, Vuattoux 1999, Cock & Congdon 2013), Larsen & Collins (2012)found that Heriladoes not seem to be closely related to  Teniorhinusor indeed any other genus, so although they suggest it may feed on  Brachystegiaspp. ( Fabaceae), the question of likely food plants is open. Larsen & Collins (2015)also established a new genus, Hollandus, for  H. xanthopepla( Holland), which was previously placed in the Poaceae-feeding genus  Pardaleodes; they suggest that it may be a dicotyledon-feeder, based on the ‘habitat, relative rarity, patchy distribution, and habits’.   Mopala orma(Plötz), the only species of the genus, is found from Liberiaeast to Ugandain wet rainforest in good condition, but is always scarce ( Larsen 2005).  Osphantes ogowena(Mabille)is also the only species of its genus; it is a very rare species found in wetter forest in good condition from Guineato DR Congoand Zambia( Larsen 2005).  Ceratricula semilutea(Mabille)is unlike any other African Hesperiinae ( Larsen 2013). Similarly, the three species of Flandriaare unrelated to other genera, except perhaps Ceratricula( Larsen 2013).  FuldaEvans(8 spp.),  ArnettaWatson(= GalergaEvans) (3 spp.), and  MalazaMabille(3 spp.) are Madagascan endemic genera ( Lees et al. 2003). We have no information on the early stages and food plants of any of these genera. There are still several interesting opportunities to add to our knowledge of the Afrotropical Hesperiinae incertae sedisfood plants at the genus level.