Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis Cock, Matthew J. W. Congdon, T. Colin E. Collins, Steve C. Zootaxa 2016 4066 3 201 247    Discussion, Zingiberalesfeeders Several Zingiberaceae- and Costaceae-feeders show a distinctive feature of the pupa, i.e. the C-shaped rim to the T1 spiracle. This has been found in species of  Semalea,  Xanthodisca,  Hypoleucisand  Caenidesreported here, and can also be seen in the palm-feeding  Caenides dacela(Cock et al. 2014). In  Semalea, and  Caenides, this rim is similar in colour to the rest of the pupa, but in  Xanthodiscaand  Hypoleucisit is differentiated by colour, so that the rim could be seen as forming a counterfeit eye ( Janzen et al. 2010). Apart from  Hypoleucis, the caterpillars of these genera also have slightly narrower heads than is the case with other genera. Of this group of genera, we have only documented the ova of  Semaleaspp. ( Figures 14and 19), so although these are markedly different from other Hesperiinaegenera for which we have documented the eggs, we cannot generalise to the other genera that feed on Zingiberaceaeand Costaceae. However, we suggest this pupal character may be indicative of a natural genera group within the Afrotropical Hesperiinaeincertae sedis. They are unlikely to be closely related to Asian Zingiberaceae- and Costaceae-feeders such as  Notocryptaspp.,  Udaspesspp. and  Ancistroidesspp. which have similar caterpillars, but have pupae of what we have referred to as the Baorini type( Cock & Congdon 2012).