Cypselurus hexazona Parin & Bogorodsky 2011: 683–686 C. hexazona Cheilopogon spilopterus A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 1. Revision of the subgenus Zonocypselurus Parin and Bogorodsky, 2011 with descriptions of one new subgenus, four new species and two new subspecies and reinstatement of one species as valid Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. Parin, Nikolay V. Zootaxa 2019 2019-03-23 4589 1 1 71 Shakhovskoy & Parin, 2019 Shakhovskoy & Parin 2019 [151,603,1038,1064] Actinopterygii Exocoetidae Cheilopogon Animalia Beloniformes 25 26 Chordata subSpecies formosus subsp. nov. andamanicus  ( Figs. 2, 3, 9, 10; Tables 1–7)     Cypselurus hexazona(non Bleeker).  Parin & Bogorodsky 2011: 683–686[ 658–660 inEnglish translation] (in part; description, distribution). Representatives of this subspecies were previously identified as  C. hexazonaboth as juveniles and as adults (except for the specimens with spots on pectoral fins which were mainly identified as  Cheilopogon spilopterus).   Material examined.Forty three specimens 30–179 mmSL.  Full morphological study.  ZMMUP-24079, holotype(1, 61 mm SL), 3°27’N 100°12’E,  2.11.1962.  IORAS 03410(3, 101– 106.5 mmSL), Andaman Sea,  17.03.1964.  IORAS 03411(4, 53– 64.5 mmSL), 6°04’N 98°29’E.  ZMUCuncat. (13, 41– 156 mmSL), 6°06’N 96°00’E,  10.05.1951.  Partial morphological study.  IORAS 03411(2, 53– 58 mmSL), 6°04’N 98°29’E.  IORASuncat* (1, 31 mm SL), 5°00’N 90°52’E, 11-  12.02.1961.  URM 9252* ( 1, 149 mmSL), Phuket, Andaman Sea.  URM P9161* ( 1, 135 mmSL), same place.  URM P9164*, paratype( 1, 116 mmSL), same place.  URM P9253* ( 1, 159 mmSL), same place.  URM P9261* ( 1, 158.5 mmSL), same place.  URMP14733*, paratype( 1, 169 mmSL), same place. URMP-9251* ( 1, 155 mmSL), same place. URMP-9254* ( 1, 168 mmSL), same place. URMP-9255* ( 1, 167 mmSL), same place. URMP-9256* ( 1, 173 mmSL), same place. URMP-9258* ( 1, 157 mmSL), same place. URMP- 9260* ( 1, 161 mmSL), same place. URMP-9262* ( 1, 165 mmSL), same place. URMP-9263* ( 1, 176.5 mmSL), same place. URMP-9264* ( 1, 168 mmSL), same place. URMP-9265* ( 1, 162 mmSL), same place.  URMP- 9266*, paratype( 1, 179 mmSL), same place.  ZMUC P341377, paratype(1, 30 mm SL), 4°41’N 98°13’E,  9.11.1929.  CAS 132113( SU 32113)* ( 1, 112 mmSL), Singapore.   Holotype( Fig. 9a). ZMMUP-24079, R/ V"Vityaz" Cruise 35, Sta. 5302, Sample 461, 3°27’N 100°12’E, captured with dip net and night light near the surface on 2.11.1962at 19.00–19.10. The depth of capture place is  58 m.Juvenile, 61 mmSL. D12, A9, PI 13, Spred29, Str7½ (?), Sp.br23 (6 + 17), Vert40 (?). Measurements (in % SL): aA78.8, aD70.0, aV59.1, cV34.7, pV40.6, c24.9, po11.3, o9.5, ao4.7, io10.1, Hc16.5, H16.5, h6.5, Dc27.7, lP70.4, lP 139.6, lV39.0, lD19.3, lA11.6, HD-, HA10.0, p14.5. Body with five transverse bands: near the bases of pectoral and pelvic fins, between them, above the anus (very weak), and above the middle of anal-fin base. Head densely pigmented below eye and on gill cover. Pectoral fins dark brown with pale “mirror” reaching to upper edge of fin. Tip of pectoral fin reaches middle of caudal peduncle. Pelvic fins pale with dark brown spot on distal half between 2nd–5th rays, and with a few dots near bases of central rays. Tip of pelvic fin reaches origin of lower caudal-fin lobe. Dorsal fin (the ends of rays broken off) with dark spot centrally and dots at bases of anterior rays. Tip of last ray protrudes slightly beyond middle of caudal peduncle. Anal fin transparent, with an aggregation of dots between 3rd–8th rays near the lower margin of fin. First anal-fin ray beneath 5th–6th dorsal-fin ray. Caudal fin is pale with brown pigment only near its base and along rays of lower lobe, with an aggregation of melanophores (band) proximally. Lower jaw slightly longer than upper jaw; teeth relatively small, acute, conical (many teeth in the upper jaw recurved), arranged in two rows. Single tooth on anterior of palatines.    Paratypes. URMP- 9266, 179 mmSL, Phuket, Andaman Sea.  URMP 14733, 169 mm SL, Phuket, Andaman Sea.  URMP 9164, 116 mmSL, Phuket, Andaman Sea.  ZMUC P341377, 30mm SL, 4°41’N 98°13’E,  9.11.1929.   Description.Meristic and morphometric characters are given in Tables 1–7. D11–14, A9–11, PI 12–14 (usually I 13), Spred25–31 (usually 27–29), Str7–8 (usually 7–7½), Sp.br21–23 (5–6 + 15–17), Vert40–42. Palatine teeth, if present (absent in about 50% of specimens), few in number: usually only 1–2 teeth anteriorly on palatines (often only on one side); only a few specimens with 3–4 teeth. In contrast with Ch. f. pseudospilopterus, palatine teeth already present in juveniles starting with 41 mmSL. Snout oblong, upper jaw pointed at tip. Lower jaw longer than upper; teeth unicuspid. Teeth of adults numerous, large (usually clearly visible with the naked eye), conical, usually recurved, and arranged in 2 or 3 rows near the symphysis. In juveniles, teeth are not as numerous (arranged in 1 or 2 rows), relatively small, conical or needle-shaped. At a length of about 60 mmSL, the teeth begin to recurve. Body elongate, greatest body depth changing little with growth, 5.5–6.3 inSL. Body width 1.07–1.3, and depth of caudal peduncle 2.45–2.9 ingreatest body depth. Greatest head depth and head length practically do not change with growth, 5.55–6.2 and 3.8–4.1 inSL, respectively. Head length 0.96–1.18 indorso-caudal distance. Eyes large, eye diameter decreasing with growth: in juveniles 40–105 mmSL, 9.4–11.6 inSL, 2.4–2.95 in cand 1.0– 1.2 in io; in large fish 135–180 mmSL, 11.1–14.1 inSL, 2.9–3.5 in c, 1.0– 1.15 in io. Pectoral fins relatively long, their length decreasing slightly with growth: in juveniles ( 40–105 mmSL), 1.35– 1.6 inSL, in large fish ( 135–180 mmSL), 1.45–1.6 inSL. Tip of pectoral fin reaches posterior part of dorsal-fin base – middle of caudal peduncle (occasionally farther). First pectoral-fin ray is unbranched, its length almost not changing with growth, 2.35–2.75 inSL and 1.5–1.8 in lP. Pelvic-fin base slightly closer to posterior edge of head than to beginning of lower caudal-fin lobe ( cV/ pV= 0.79–0.95); pelvic fins shift slightly posteriorly as fish grows ( Fig. 2a). Length of pelvic fins decreases quite strongly from juveniles to adults, in juveniles ( 40–105 mmSL), 2.4–3.1 inSL and 1.6–2.15 in lP; in large fish ( 135–180 mmSL), 3.55–4.15 and 2.3–2.55, respectively. Tip of pelvic fin in small juveniles 40–55 mmSL reaches or extends slightly beyond origin of caudal fin lower lobe; in juveniles 55–75 mmSL it reaches from middle of caudal peduncle to origin of caudal fin lower lobe; in fish 75–110 mmSL it reaches from end of anal-fin base to middle of caudal peduncle; in fish 140 mmSL and over, from middle to end of anal-fin base (and only in one fish it reached no further than first third of anal fin). Anal fin origin is far behind dorsal-fin origin (1st anal-fin ray under the 4th–7th dorsal-fin ray, usually under 5th or 6th). Dorsal fin with 2–4 rays more than anal fin. Heights of dorsal and anal fins decrease markedly with growth of fish ( Figs. 2e, f). In juveniles ( 40–105 mmSL) HD6.0–6.7 and HA9.0– 13.1 inSL; in large fish ( 135– 180 mmSL) HD7.9–10.6, HA 13.1–15.1 inSL. The longest ray in dorsal and anal fins is the 2nd or, occasionally, the 3rd one. Tip of last dorsal-fin ray reaches middle of caudal peduncle or protrudes slightly beyond it. Middle and posterior dorsal-fin rays not elongate (in juveniles of about 40–50 mmSL penultimate rays somewhat elongate and protrude slightly beyond last ray tip).  Pigmentation.Pigmentation of Ch. f. andamanicussimilar to that of Ch. f. pseudospilopterus. However, there are some differences. Bands on body of Ch. f. andamanicusmore pronounced (compare Figs. 5and 10), and in juveniles up to 75 mmSL all 5–6 bands clearly visible (in Ch. f. pseudospilopterus 55–75 mmSL there are usually no more than 3–4 poorly discernible bands). Juveniles of Ch. f. andamanicus 80–100 mmSL were absent in our collections. However, in juveniles of about 100–115 mmSL the bands are no longer visible. Dark spots appear on pectoral fins much later, only in fish about 150 mmSL and more (in Ch. f. pseudospilopterusstarting at 55 mmSL). Spots always few in number (1–5 spots), and in most fish (62.5%) more than 150 mmSL are absent. In juveniles of Ch. f. andamanicuspelvic fins slightly more intensively pigmented near base, and distal spot clearly visible up to 135 mmSL (in Ch. f. pseudospilopterusup to 115 mmSL).   FIGURE 9.Flying fish  Cheilopogon formosus andamanicus. (A)—61 mm SL, ZMMU P-24079 (holotype), 3°27’N 100°12’E (drawing by G.N. Pokhilskaya); (B)—152 mm SL, ZMUC uncat., Galathea Sta. 326, 6°06’N 96°00’E; (C)—the same specimen, pectoral fin.   FIGURE 10.Juveniles of flying fish  Cheilopogon formosus andamanicus(ZMUC uncat., Galathea Sta. 326, 6°06’N 96°00’E). (A)—27 mm SL; (B)—30 mm SL; (C)—32 mm SL; (D)—37 mm SL; (E)—42 mm SL; (F)—48 mm SL; (G)—77.5 mm SL.  Coloration in life.In a juvenile 31 mmSL (IORAS uncat., 5°00’N, 90°52’E), bands on its body (except for the band near the caudal fin base), as well as a spot on pectoral fin base and a spot on dorsal fin were yellow at the time of capture.  Maximum size.The maximum length of Ch. f. andamanicusin our collections was 179 mmSL (URM P9266, Phuket(Andaman Sea)).   Etymology.The name " andamanicus" reflects distribution of this subspecies mainly in the Andaman Sea.  Common names.The name “Andaman toothy flying fish” (Russian: “aндaмaнcкий зyбacтый длиннoкpыл”) is proposed here.  Comparative remarks.  Cheilopogonf. pseudospilopterusand Ch. f. andamanicusslightly differ in pigmentation of body and pectoral fins, in number of pectoral-fin rays (usually 13 vs. usually 14), in values of ao(in juveniles), H(in large fish), hand in maximum size (see Figs. 2b, c; Tables 1, 6). We consider these differences sufficient to recognize them as distinct subspecies. The differences of these subspecies from  Cheilopogon f. formosusare described above.   Biology.The only mature female of this subspecies examined, 176.5 mmSL, was captured near Phuket(capture date is unknown). In addition, one female 156 mmSL (captured 10.05.1951at 6°06’N 96°00’E) was close to maturity. At the same station juveniles 40–50 mmSL were captured. An early juvenile 31 mmSL was captured 11- 12.02.1961at 5°00’N 90°52’E. This suggests that Ch. f. andamanicusspawns at least from January to May.   Distribution.This subspecies is distributed ( Fig. 3) in the southern part of the Andaman Sea from Phuket, southwards through the MalaccaStrait to Singapore(CAS 132113 (SU 32113), 112 mmSL). One juvenile, 31 mmSL, was captured west of the Nicobar Islands(IORAS uncat., 5°00’N 90°52’E, 11- 12.02.1961). It is very likely that the ranges of all three subspecies of  Ch. formosusare much wider than presented here ( Fig. 3) because we had few samples from coastal waters. 2609011097 [503,1339,1380,1405] 1962-02-11 ZMMU 3.45 1307 100.2 25 26 1 holotype 2609011089 1964-03-17 IORAS 25 26 IORAS 03410 1 holotype 2609011096 [824,1433,1416,1441] IORAS 6.0666666 1305 98.48333 25 26 IORAS 03411 1 holotype 2609011093 [151,889,1452,1477] 1951-10-05 ZMUC 6.1 1305 96.0 25 26 1 holotype 2609011179 [535,1125,1492,1517] IORAS 6.0666666 1305 98.48333 25 26 IORAS 03411 1 2609011186 1961-12-02 IORAS 5.0 1305 90.86667 25 26 1 2609011203 [583,1180,1528,1553] URM Phuket Andaman Sea 25 26 URM 9252 1 2609011191 URM 25 26 P9161 1 2609011090 [400,1003,1564,1589] URM 25 26 P9164 1 paratype 2609011188 URM 25 26 P9253 1 paratype 2609011091 [225,735,1600,1625] URM 25 26 P9261 1 paratype 2609011113 [746,1361,1600,1625] URM 25 26 1 paratype 2609011087 URM 25 26 1 paratype 2609011133 1929-09-11 ZMUC 4.6833334 1306 98.21667 25 26 P341377 1 paratype 2609011088 [276,887,1816,1841] CAS, SU Singapore Singapore 25 26 CAS 132113, SU 32113 1 paratype 2609011085 [199,903,511,536] URM Andaman Sea 26 27 1 Phuket paratype 2609011092 URM Andaman Sea 26 27 1 Phuket paratype 2609011099 [205,758,548,573] URM Andaman Sea 26 27 1 Phuket paratype 2609011095 [769,1414,548,572] 1929-09-11 ZMUC 4.6833334 1306 98.21667 26 27 P341377, 30 1 Phuket paratype