Simon, 1893 : 455 A. centralis Platnick & Shadab 1984 : 7 Mello-Leitão, 1942 : 413 Argentina Mello-Leitão, 1943 : 262 Platnick & Shadab, 1984 : 4 Platnick & Shadab, 1984 : 5 A taxonomic revision of the ground spiders of the genus Apopyllus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) Azevedo, Guilherme H. F. Ott, Ricardo Griswold, Charles E. Santos, Adalberto J. Zootaxa 2016 4178 3 301 327 5VQKQ Simon, 1893 Simon 1893 [151,533,1399,1425] Arachnida Gnaphosidae Apopyllus Animalia Araneae 5 306 Arthropoda species suavis      Herpyllus suavis  Simon, 1893: 455, fig. 25. Female lectotypehere designated from ColoniaTovar,  Aragua, Venezuela( 10º24’19”N, 67º17’22”W), deposited in MNHN(examined). Paralectotypenot conspecific (see  A. centralisbelow).    Apopyllus suavis:  Platnick & Shadab 1984: 7, figs 17–18.     Zelotes pauper  Mello-Leitão, 1942: 413, fig. 39. Female holotypefrom General Capdevila, Chaco,  Argentina( 27º25’18”S, 61º28’37”W), deposited in MLP15500 (examined through photographs). New synonymy.     Zelotes iheringi  Mello-Leitão, 1943: 262. Female holotypefrom Paraíba, Brazil( 36º30’S, 75º15’W), deposited in  MNRJ58361(examined). New synonymy.    Apopyllus pauper:  Platnick & Shadab, 1984: 4, figs 5, 6.    Apopyllus iheringi:  Platnick & Shadab, 1984: 5, figs 11–14.   Diagnosis.Females can be distinguished by the secondary spermatheca with diameter at least two thirds as long as the primary spermatheca, by the TPD curved dorsally, by the curved PDT ( Figs 12B, 13B) and by the short belllike paramedian epigynal pockets ( Figs 10B, 11B). Males can be distinguished by the moderately pointed terminal part of RTA in dorsal and retrobasal view ( Figs 7B, 8B, 9D), by the gently curved dorsal keel of RTA in apical view ( Fig. 9C) and by the rhomboidal shape of RTA in retrobasal view ( Fig. 9D).   Synonymy.  Apopyllus suaviswas described based on two syntypesfrom Venezuela( Simon 1893). One of the syntypeshas morphology similar to the typesof  A. pauperand  A. iheringiand the variation observed in the material examined here suggests that  A. suavisshould be considered a senior synonym of the other two names. This syntypeis here designated as a lectotypeof  A. suavis. The paralectotype, on the other hand, is not conspecific with the lectotype, but is actually a member of  A. centralis  new sp., which is described below.   Apopyllus pauperwas described as having the “paramedian epigynal ducts expanded anteriorly into bulbous form” ( Platnick & Shadab 1984: p. 5, figs 5–6). This description matches the aspect of the holotypegenitalia when examined ventrally, without any preparation. However, the tracts do not look expanded anteriorly into bulbous form when the genitalia are examined under clove oil or methyl salicilate ( Fig. 15A–B), and the duct aspect does not seem to be different from that observed for  A. suavisneither for  Apopyllus iheringi typematerial. Other aspects of the morphology of the  A. pauper holotypealso seem to be within the variation observed in the  A. suavis. Thus, we do not see evidence that could indicate that  A. suavisand  A. pauperare different species.   Description.Female described by Platnick & Shadab (1984: 4)under  A. suavis, except for genitalia, that is like the diagnosis reported here. Male described by Platnick & Shadab (1984: 5)under  A. iheringi.  Variation.The anterior ridge of the epigynum varies from straight to concave in the posterior and/or anterior margin. The dorsal keel of RTA might be from moderate to strongly curved. RTA simple or with a small basal retrolateral tubercle as in  A. silvestrii. Some specimens might be dark brown to black with a white or silver gray dorsal longitudinal stripe in the opisthosoma and carapace, or with carapace entirely silver gray ( Fig. 16A–C). Male carapace length (N = 18) 1.28–3.4. Female carapace length (N = 16) 1.96–3.40.     Materialexamined.  ARGENTINA: Catamarca: Villavil, 8kmE. of Andalgalá, 27º36'16"S, 66º17'16"W, 3♀,  30.XII.1974, F.A. Enderscoll. ( USNM);   Córdoba: Los Molinos, 31º50'46"S, 64º22'59"W, 1♀ 1 juvenile,  7.XII.1997, A. Kurycoll. (  MNRJ6663);   La Pampa: Cuaracó, RN152, 56 km from  Casa de Piedra, 38º8'40"S, 66º29'33"W,   295m, 2Ƌ 2 juveniles,  11.X.2014, A.D. Brescovit et al.coll. (  IBSP167048, MACN-Ar 34838), Lihué Calel, Parque Nacional Lihué Calel,  Cerro de La Sociedad Científica  Argentina, 38º0'25"S, 65º35'47"W, 1♀, 11.X.2014, A.D. Brescovit et al.coll. (MACN-Ar 34513), Lihué Calel, PN Lihué Calel, cerro Fortaleza, 38º1'15"S, 65º35'32"W,   419m, 3Ƌ 3 juveniles,  11.X.2014, A.D. Brescovit et al.coll. (  IBSP167047, MACN-Ar 34843), Lihué Calel, 1Ƌ 1 juvenile(  IBSP167049);  La Rioja: Mazan, 29º25'15"S, 66º51'0"W,  1♀,  8.XII.1974, F.A. Enderscoll. ( USNM);  Río Negro: El Cuy, RP6, 88 km SW from General Roca, 39º42'28"S, 68º9'19"W,   617 m, 1Ƌ,  12.X.2014, A.D. Brescovit et al.coll. (MACN-Ar 34844), General Roca, Cinco Saltos, camino a Lago Pellegrini, 38º48'42"S, 68º3'7"W,   270m, 1Ƌ 1♀,  16.X.2014, A.D. Brescovit et al.coll. (  IBSP167054, MACN-Ar 34545), General Roca, Paso Córdoba, 39º7'37"S, 67º40'6"W,   266m, 1Ƌ,  15.X.2014, A.D. Brescovit et al.coll. (MACN-Ar 34839), Valcheta, 1♀(  IBSP167050), Valcheta, RN23, 36 km SE from Valcheta, 40º51'37"S, 65º48'44"W, 208m, 2Ƌ 3♀ 1 juvenile, 13.X.2014, A.D. Brescovit et al.coll. (MACN-Ar 34841).   BRAZIL: Bahia:  Feira de Santana, Chácara Promenade, 1♀,  4–6.I.2003, T. V. Aguzzolicoll. ( MCN35061);   Goiás: Catalão, Barragempara Aproveitamento Hidrelétrico Serra do Facão, 17º31'56.09"S, 47º33'36"W,  754m, 1♀,  VII.2010, R.B. Martines & R.M.C. Silveira coll. (UFMG 4565), 17º52'20.39"S, 47º37'34.89"W, 739m, 1♀, VII.2010, R.B. Martines & R.M.C. Silveira coll. (UFMG 4584), 17º36'26.07"S, 47º37'13.57"W,   811m, 2Ƌ,  VII.2010, R.B. Martines& R.M.C. Silveiracoll. (  UFMG4566);  Maranhão: Caxias, Reserva Ecológica Inhamum, 4º49'60"S, 43º20'69"W, 5♀, 2–5.X.2007, J.F.B. Lima-Lobato & F. Limeira de Oliveira coll. (IBSP 129017, 129022, 129023), 1Ƌ 4♀, 26–29.IX.2007,  J.F.B. Lima-Lobato& F. Limeira de Oliveiracoll. (  IBSP129015, 129024);  Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães, 2Ƌ,  20-29.VII.2000, C. Strussmann coll. (MCTP 11310), 2Ƌ, 23-30.VIII.2000,  C. Strussmanncoll. (  MCTP11327);   Mato Grossodo Sul: Três Lagoas, Horto Barra do Moeda, 20º57'0"S, 51º47'0"W, 1Ƌ 1♀,  8.VIII.2007, M. Uehara-Prado coll. (UFMG 5073);   Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, Estação Ecológicada UFMG, 19º52'38"S, 43º58'16"W,   845m, 1Ƌ, 2003 (  UFMG8328), Belo Horizonte, Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras, 19º56'38.98"S, 43º54'1.07"W,  1♀,  5–12.XII.2008, H.H. Santos et al.coll. (  UFMG7886), Cardeal Mota, Serra do Cipó, 19º20'15.84"S, 43º38'18.72"W, 805m, 2♀, 17.VII.2012, P.H. Martins et al.coll. (UFMG 12326, 12327), Catas Altas,  RPPN Santuário do Caraça,  Cachoeira da Bocaina, 20º7'25"S, 43º27'56"W, 1♀,  12.IX.2015,  G.H.F. Azevedocoll. (  UFMG18861), Gouveia, Fazenda Fagundes, Capão, 18º25’35.6”S, 43º454.56”W,  1071m, 1♀,  25.XII.2015,  P.H. Martinscoll. (  UFMG19959), Leme do Prado,  Reserva Estadual de Acauã, 17º7'94.2"S, 42º43'98.1"W,  887m, 2Ƌ 2♀,  18–28.II.2013, P.H. Martins coll. (UFMG 12837), 17º9'3.6"S, 42º46'24.1"W, 856m, 4♀, 18–28.II.2013,  P.H. Martinscoll. (  UFMG12982), Manga,  Parque Estadual da Mata Seca, 14º50'54"S, 43º59'17"W, 1♀, IX.2010, 14º50'58"S, 44º0'28"W, 2Ƌ, IX.2011, 14º50'54"S, 43º59'17"W, 2Ƌ, IX.2011, R.N.S.L. Garro et al.coll. (UFMG 14775–14777), Santo Antônio do Itambé, Parque Estadual do Pico de Itambé, 18º27'58"S, 43º18'27"W,   757m, 1♀,  16–17.II.2013, P.H. Martinscoll. (  UFMG12981), São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo,  Estação de Preservaçãoe  Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Peti, 19º58'23"S, 43º29'57"W,   820m, 1♀,  8–9.XII.2012, G.H.F. Azevedo et al.coll. (  UFMG12653);  Pernambuco: Serra Talhada, Fazenda Saco, Mata da Pimenteira, 7º53'S, 38º18'W, 1♀, 17.X.2010, M. Carvalho coll. (UFMG 4492);   Piauí: Piracuruca, Parque Nacional Sete Cidades, 4º05'56.2''S, 41º43'12.9''W, 1Ƌ, no data, no col. (  MPEG7904);   Rio Grande do Sul: Santana do Livramento, Faz. Bela Vista do Ibirapuitã, 1Ƌ,  14.XI.2012, Equipe PELD/ MCNcoll. ( MCN52297); Santana do Livramento, APA do Ibirapuitã, Faz. D.Laura, Rincão Bonito, 1♀, 12.XI.2012; R. Ott coll. (MCN 52309), APA do Ibirapuitã Faz. Bela Vista, 1f, 14.XI.2012; Eq.  PELD/ MCNcoll ( MCN52310).  Roraima: Amajari, Vila Tepequém, prox.  Da PousadaPSJ, 3º47'10.4"N, 61º43'15.3"W,   640m, 1Ƌ,  17.VII.2014, L.S. Carvalho et al.coll. (  UFMG17107);  Tocantins:  Santa Fédo Araguaia, 6º43'41.6"S, 48º48'8"W, 1Ƌ,  19.IV.2009, U. Oliveira& M.D. Miranda coll. (UFMG 5736).   PERU: Apurimac: Chincheros, 13º31'3"S, 73º42'24"W, 2Ƌ 3♀ 1 juvenile,  12.XII.1980, C. Goldcoll. (CASENT 9057334).   Distribution.Northern  Argentinato southern Peruand to northern and northeastern Brazil( Fig. 14B). 1324200552 [151,1222,1500,1523] Female 5 306 1 Colonia lectotype 1324200547 MNHN Venezuela 10.405277 Aragua 21 -67.289444 5 306 1 Aragua paralectotype 1324200548 MLP Argentina -27.421665 Female 20 -61.476944 General Capdevila 5 306 1 Chaco holotype 1324200550 MNRJ Brazil -36.5 Female 1187 -75.25 5 306 MNRJ 58361 1 Paraiba holotype 1324200557 1974-12-30 USNM F. A. Enders Argentina Material -27.604445 Andalgala 20 -66.28778 Villavil 7 308 3 3 Catamarca 1324200537 1997-12-07 MNRJ A. Kury Argentina -31.846111 Los Molinos 20 -64.38306 7 308 MNRJ 6663 2 1 1 Cordoba 1324200551 Cuaraco, RN & Casa de Piedra Argentina -38.144447 Casa de Piedra 19 -66.49249 7 308 1 La Pampa 1324200541 2014-10-11 IBSP A. D. Brescovit & Cerro de La Sociedad Cientifica Argentina Lihue Calel 295 -38.006943 Cerro de La Sociedad Cientifica 19 -65.59639 Parque Nacional Lihue Calel 7 308 IBSP 167048 2 2 1324200556 2014-10-11 IBSP A. D. Brescovit & Lihue Calel Argentina 419 -29.420834 Mazan 20 -66.85 7 308 IBSP167047, IBSP167049 4 4 La Rioja 1324200545 1974-12-08 USNM F. A. Enders & El Cuy, RP & General Roca Argentina -39.70778 Rio Negro 19 -68.15528 7 308 1 1 Rio Negro 1324200562 2014-10-12 A. D. Brescovit & Cinco Saltos & Lago Pellegrini Argentina 617 -38.811665 Roca 19 -68.05195 7 308 1 Roca 1324200580 2014-10-16 IBSP A. D. Brescovit Argentina 270 -39.12694 General Roca 19 -67.66833 7 308 IBSP 167054 1 1 Cordoba 1324200583 2014-10-15 IBSP A. D. Brescovit & Valcheta & Valcheta, RN Argentina 266 -40.860275 Valcheta 19 -65.812225 7 308 IBSP 167050 1 1 Cordoba 1324200579 2003-01-04 2003-01-06 2003-01-04 MCN Feira de Santana & T. V. Aguzzoli Brazil Chacara Promenade Feira de Santana 7 308 1 1 Bahia 1324200582 2010-07 Brazil Catalao 754 -17.532248 Aproveitamento Hidreletrico Serra do Facao 14 -47.559998 Barragem 7 308 1 1 Goias 1324200577 2010-07 UFMG R. B. Martines & R. M. C. Silveira Brazil 811 -4.8333335 Reserva Ecologica Inhamum 21 -43.352497 Caxias 7 308 UFMG 4566 1 Maranhao 1324200569 2000-07-20 2000-07-29 2000-07-20 IBSP J. F. B. Lima-Lobato & F. Limeira de Oliveira & Chapada dos Guimaraes Brazil Mato Grosso 8 309 IBSP 129015, 129024 1 Mato Grosso 1324200578 2007-08-08 MCTP C. Strussmann Brazil -20.95 Horto Barra do Moeda 21 -51.783333 Tres Lagoas 8 309 MCTP 11327 1 1 Mato Grosso do Sul 1324200572 UFMG Brazil -19.877222 Estacao Ecologica 21 -43.97111 Belo Horizonte 8 309 1 Minas Gerais 1324200564 UFMG Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras Brazil 845 -19.94416 Belo Horizonte 1 -43.9003 8 309 UFMG 8328 1 Minas Gerais 1324200561 2008-12-05 2008-12-12 2008-12-05 UFMG H. H. Santos Brazil -19.337734 Serra do Cipo 1 -43.638535 Cardeal Mota 8 309 UFMG 7886 1 1 Minas Gerais 1324200581 2015-09-12 RPPN Cachoeira da Bocaina Brazil -20.123611 Cachoeira da Bocaina 21 -43.465557 Santuario do Caraca 8 309 1 1 Minas Gerais 1324200567 2015-12-25 UFMG G. H. F. Azevedo Brazil Gouveia 1071 -18.426556 Capao Fazenda Fagundes 8 309 UFMG 18861 1 1 Minas Gerais 1324200565 2013-02-18 2013-02-28 2013-02-18 UFMG P. H. Martins & Reserva Estadual de Acaua Brazil 887 -17.142834 Reserva Estadual de Acaua 1 -42.743916 Leme do Prado 8 309 UFMG 19959 2 2 Minas Gerais 1324200566 UFMG P. H. Martins & Parque Estadual da Mata Seca Brazil -14.848333 Parque Estadual da Mata Seca 21 -43.988056 Manga 8 309 UFMG 12982 1 Minas Gerais 1324200576 2013-02-16 2013-02-17 2013-02-16 UFMG P. H. Martins & Estacao de Preservacao & Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Peti Brazil Sao Goncalo do Rio Abaixo 757 -19.973057 Estacao de Preservacao 21 -43.49917 Rio Abaixo 8 309 UFMG 12981 1 1 Minas Gerais 1324200571 2012-12-08 2012-12-09 2012-12-08 UFMG G. H. F. Azevedo & da Pimenteira Brazil Serra Talhada 820 -7.883333 Mata da Pimenteira 1302 -38.3 Fazenda Saco 8 309 UFMG 12653 1 1 Pernambuco 1324200570 MPEG Piracuruca & Parque Nacional Sete Cidades Brazil -4.0989447 Piaui 1 -41.72025 8 309 MPEG 7904 1 Piaui 1324200573 2012-11-14 PELD, MCN Equipe & Santana do Livramento & Ibirapuita & Faz. D. & Rincao Bonito Brazil Santana do Livramento 8 309 1 Rio Grande do Sul 1324200574 PELD, MCN Da Pousada Brazil Amajari 3.7862222 Da Pousada 1 -61.720917 Vila Tepequem 8 309 1 Roraima 1324200563 2014-07-17 UFMG L. S. Carvalho Brazil 640 Tocantins 8 309 UFMG 17107 1 Tocantins 1324200575 2009-04-19 U. Oliveira Brazil -6.7282224 Santa Fe 15 -48.802223 8 309 1 Santa Fe 1324200568 1980-12-12 C. Gold Peru -13.5175 Chincheros 21 -73.706665 8 309 4 3 1 Apurimac