The problem of ‘ shadow species’ as illustrated with the taxonomic hotchpotch Cyphoderia ampulla (Rhizaria: Cyphoderiidae) Soler-Zamora, Carmen Useros, Fernando González-Miguéns, Rubén Gómez-Rodríguez, Pablo Lara, Enrique Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2023 2023-07-10 199 2 477 492 (Penard, 1905) Soler-Zamora & Useros & González-Miguéns & Gómez-Rodríguez & Lara 2023 Penard 1905 [142,616,1810,1837] Filosia Cyphoderiidae Ichthyosquama Protozoa Aconchulinida 11 488 species amphoralis comb. nov.   ( Figs 1, 6 C 1)  Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CA3A8AC0- 5410-43B4-B80D-E4EC47E7D75B.    Ichthyosquama catoirensisSoler-Zamora, Useros, González-Miguéns, Blanco-Rotea, Carrasco-Braganza, Salvador-Velasco, Guillén-Oterino, Tenorio-Rodríguez & Lara sp. nov.  ( Figs 1, 6 C 3; Model 1)  Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: 8996A03C-3944-4FF2-A53E-B8133191F313.  Type locality:  Catoira, Galicia, Spain( 42º 40ʹ N 8º 43ʹ W).  Habitat: Freshwater sediment and mosses.  Measurements: 116.21–146.77 μm length, 45.80–71.80 μm width, 16.17–19.62 μm pseudostome large axis ( N= 9).  Specific diagnosis: Elongated test composed of imbricated scales, bent neck.  Intraspecific variability: Large variability in the general shape of the test. Most have the typical shape of the genus, with an oval, slender test, a flatter ventral side, a rounded fundus, and a curved neck. However, the shape can be more rhomboidal and the fundus can be pointier or flatter.  Differential diagnosis:  Ichthyosquama catoirensiscan be diagnosed from other members of the genus by its specific sequence of the mtDNA marker and its phylogenetic position. The morphometric analyses performed in this work can separate this species from other members of the genus.  Etymology: We propose this name as a reference to the typelocality Catoira ( Galicia, Spain).   Holotype: MA-Amoeba 11265.    Ichthyosquama loricariaSoler-Zamora, Useros, González-Miguéns & Lara sp. nov.  ( Figs 1, 6 C 4)  Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: 496DE5E9-54CD-43F4-82EB-74BB3CB508C4.  Type locality:  Rhodopes, Bulgaria( 41º 59ʹ N 24º 10ʹ E).  Habitat: Freshwater sediment and mosses.  Measurements: 96.25–129 μm length, 36.30–47 μm width, 13.18–16.38 μm pseudostome large axis ( N= 108).  Specific diagnosis: Elongated test composed of diagonal rows of round, imbricated scales. The scales are generally partially fused together. Rounded fundus. The ventral side is slightly flattened. There is a thin layer of cement around the aperture and in two individuals we could count a series of 16–17 tear-shaped scales around the interior side of the aperture. The size of the visible part of the scales is generally 3.12–3.77 × 2.62–3.11 μm.  Differential diagnosis:  Ichthyosquama loricariacan be diagnosed by its specific sequence of the mtDNA marker and its phylogenetic position. The presence of tear-shaped scales around the inner part of the aperture can differentiate it from  I. amphoralis. We did not observe the presence of this trait in other species.  Etymology: The epithet refers to the catfish family Loricariidaeand to the genus  Loricariabased on its resemblance to these animals due to the imbricated scales. The lateral position of the aperture is reminiscent of the sucker mouth typical of members of the Loricariidae. Loricaria also means coat of mail in Latin, which could refer to the test of imbricated scales.   Holotype: BG-IBER-INV-000016458.    Ichthyosquama sanabriensisSoler-Zamora, Useros, González-Miguéns, Blanco-Rotea, Carrasco-Braganza, Salvador-Velasco, Guillén-Oterino, Tenorio-Rodríguez & Lara sp. nov.  ( Figs 1, 6 C 2)  Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: 49306CC6-C109-4647-946F-221358100DB7.  Type locality:  Lake Sanabria, Spain( 42º 10ʹ N 6º 44ʹ W).  Habitat: Freshwater sediment and mosses.  Measurements: 102.93–150.35 μm length, 38.82–60.03 μm width, and 14.30–19.89 μm pseudostome large axis. The size of the visible part of the scales is generally 3.22–3.91 × 2.47–2.92 μm ( N= 109).  Specific diagnosis: Elongated test composed of diagonal rows of imbricated scales. Posterior end generally rounded and ventral side generally flattened. In two specimens, we counted 17 oral scales.  Intraspecific variability: We found some individuals in which the outline of the test was somewhat rhomboidal, or slightly flattened at the very end. One particular (abnormal?) specimen had its test bent like a sickle, thus having a concave ventral side.  Differential diagnosis:  Ichthyosquama sanabriensiscan be diagnosed by its specific sequence of the mtDNA marker and its phylogenetic position. The morphometric analyses performed in this work separates this species from other members of the genus.  Etymology: We propose this name as a reference to the typelocality, Lake Sanabria ( Castilla y León, Spain).   Holotype: MA-Amoeba 11266. [951,1402,459,484] Spain 42.666668 Catoira 1148 -8.716666 11 488 1 Galicia [951,1378,1555,1580] Bulgaria 41.983334 Rhodopes 1153 24.166666 11 488 1 [269,705,887,912] Spain 42.166668 Lake Sanabria 1152 -6.7333336 12 489 1