Lycosa oraria Koch, 1876: 883–886 Lycosa candicans Koch, 1877: 888–890 Lycosa sibyllina Simon, 1909: 188–189 Lycosa meracula Simon, 1909: 190–191 Lycosa oraria Simon 1909: 188 Rainbow 1911: 270 Bonnet 1957: 2656 Lycosa candicans Rainbow 1911: 266 Hickman 1950: 5 Bonnet 1957: 2637 Lycosa sibyllina Rainbow 1911: 272 Lycosa meracula Rainbow 1911: 270 McKay 1985: 80 Platnick 1989: 372 Moritz 1992: 320 Crocodilosa oraria Roewer 1955: 238 Tetralycosa meracula Roewer 1955: 296 1960: 949 Rack 1961: 38 Hogna sibyllina Roewer 1955: 253 Trochosula candicans Roewer 1955: 304 Trochosomma oraria Roewer 1960: 847 Ocyale oraria McKay 1973: 380 Lycorma meracula McKay 1973: 380 Trochosa candicans McKay 1973: 381 1979b: 293–294 Platnick 1989: 390 Trochosa oraria McKay 1979b: 279–282 Platnick 1989: 391 1993: 510 Tetralycosa oraria Framenau et al. 2006: 26 McKay 1979a: 264 Taxonomy, systematics and biology of the Australian halotolerant wolf spider genus Tetralycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae) Framenau, Volker W. Hudson, Peter European Journal of Taxonomy 2017 2017-07-06 335 1 72 55P4J (L. Koch, 1876) L. Koch 1876 [586,1001,554,581] Arachnida Lycosidae Tetralycosa GBIF Animalia Araneae 16 17 Arthropoda species oraria Simon 1909 [239,438,1476,1502] Arachnida Lycosidae Lycosa GBIF Animalia Araneae 16 17 Arthropoda species meracula   Figs 1E–F; 5A–D; 6A–G; 9      Lycosa oraria Koch, 1876: 883–886, pl. 76, figs 2, 2a, 3, 3a.     Lycosa candicans Koch, 1877: 888–890, pl. 76, figs 5, 5a, 6, 6a–b. Synonymy established in Framenau et al.(2006).     Lycosa sibyllina Simon, 1909: 188–189, fig. 7. Synonymy established in McKay (1979b).     Lycosa meracula Simon, 1909: 190–191. Synonymy established in Framenau et al.(2006).    Lycosa oraria–  Simon 1909: 188. —  Rainbow 1911: 270. —  Bonnet 1957: 2656.    Lycosa candicans–  Rainbow 1911: 266. —  Hickman 1950: 5. —  Bonnet 1957: 2637.    Lycosa sibyllina–  Rainbow 1911: 272.    Lycosa meracula–  Rainbow 1911: 270. —  McKay 1985: 80. —  Platnick 1989: 372. —  Moritz 1992: 320.    Crocodilosa oraria–  Roewer 1955: 238.    Tetralycosa meracula–  Roewer 1955: 296;  1960: 949. —  Rack 1961: 38.    Hogna sibyllina–  Roewer 1955: 253.    Trochosula candicans–  Roewer 1955: 304.    Trochosomma oraria–  Roewer 1960: 847.    Ocyale oraria–  McKay 1973: 380.    Lycorma meracula–  McKay 1973: 380.    Trochosa candicans–  McKay 1973: 381;  1979b: 293–294, fig. 4e; 1985: 85. —  Platnick 1989: 390.    Trochosa oraria–  McKay 1979b: 279–282, fig. 1a–h; 1985: 86. —  Platnick 1989: 391;  1993: 510.    Tetralycosa oraria–  Framenau et al.2006: 26–27, fig. 58.    Diagnosis   Tetralycosa orariais very similar to  T. orariola sp. nov.In particular the female genitalia are indistinguishable and separating both species is easiest by the colouration of the carapace. The lateral light bands of  T. orariaare wide, although sometimes irregular, and run straight along the carapace margin. In contrast, the light bands in  T. orariola sp. nov.are narrow and separated from the carapace margins by narrow dark bands.  T. orariais overall larger than  T. orariola sp. nov., but sizes overlap. The wide and light marginal bands of the carapace are similar to those of  T. wundurra comb.nov., however, both species differ in their genital morphology. The embolus of the male pedipalp in  T. wundurra comb. nov.is very broad narrowing abruptly at more than three quarters length into a slim tip, whereas it is of similar width along its whole length and twisted apically in  T. oraria. The median septum of the epigyne of  T. orariahas a distinct bridge with parallel borders, which is not present in  T. wundurra comb. nov.     Typematerial  AUSTRALIA: syntypesof  Lycosa orariaL. Koch, 1876, unknown number of ♂♂and ♀♀, King George Sound ( 35°02′ S, 117°56′ E, Western Australia), Bradley Collection (L. Koch, 1876). Considered lost ( Framenau 2005b) (not examined).   AUSTRALIA: holotypeof  Lycosa sibyllina Simon, 1909, ♀, Albany ( 35°01′ S, 117°53′ E, Western Australia),  13/22 Aug. and 10 Oct.1905, W. Michaelsenand R. Hartmeyerleg., ‘ Hamburgersüdwestaustralische Forschungsreise’, Station 165 ( ZMB 11102) (examined).  AUSTRALIA: lectotype(designated here) of  Lycosa meracula Simon, 1909, ♂, Albany ( 35°01′ S, 117°53′ E, Western Australia), 13/22 Aug. and 10 Oct. 1905, W. Michaelsen and R. Hartmeyer leg., ‘Hamburger südwest-australische Forschungsreise’, Station 165 ( MHNP24364) (examined).  AUSTRALIA: syntypes( paralectotypes) of  Lycosa meracula Simon, 1909, 1 immature ♀, Denham ( 25°55′ S, 113°32′ E, Western Australia), 9–11 Jun.1905, W. Michaelsen and R. Hartmeyer leg., ‘Hamburger südwest-australische Forschungsreise’, Station 65 ( ZMB11085) (examined); 1 juvenile, same data ( ZMH, Rack (1961)-catalogue 466) (examined); 1 juvenile, same data ( WAM11/4303) (examined) (None of the three immature syntypesare conspecific with the male type from Albany ( Framenau et al.2006)).   Other material examined  AUSTRALIA, New South Wales: 1 ♀, with spiderlings, Batemans Bay, 35°42′ S, 150°11′ E( MVK8157); 1 ♂, Eden, 37°03′ S, 149°54′ E( WAMT62653); 2 ♂♂, Nadgee Beach, 37°25′ S, 149°58′ E( AMKS2266, KS50159); 1 ♂, Richmond Beach, 35°42′ S, 150°18′ E( ANIC). – South Australia: 1 ♀, Baird Bay, 33°06′ S, 134°18′ E( WAMT65045); 1 ♀, Bald Hill Beach, Port Wakefield, 34°15′ S, 138°10′ E( SAMNN13934); 1 ♂, Charlton Gully, 34°33′ S, 135°47′ E( SAMNN13861); 1 ♀, 1 ♀with egg sac, 3 juvs, Deep Lake, Innes National Park, 35°16′ S, 136°51′ E( SAMNN13850–1); 2 ♀♀, Edithburg, Yorke Peninsula, 35°05′ S, 137°44′ E( WAMT56654); 1 ♂, Emu Bay, Kangaroo Island, 35°38′ S, 137°32′ E( SAMNN13840); 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Flinders Island, Eyre Peninsula, 33°43′ S, 134°31′ E( SAMNN13854–7); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, 3 juvs, Lake Greenly, 34°20′ S, 135°25′ E( SAMNN13858–60); 3 ♂♂, Mt Rough, 12.1 kmNNE of Mt Rough, Watervalley, 36°15′52″ S, 139°54′55″ E( SAMNN13440–2); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Policeman Point, Coorong, 36°04′ S, 139°35′ E( SAMNN13842–4); 1 ♂, 3 juvs, Port Lincoln, 34°43′ S, 135°51′ E( AMKS85107); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Port McDonnell, 38°03′ S, 140°42′ E( SAMNN13841); 1 ♀, Port Victoria, 34°30′ S, 137°29′ E( SAMNN13852); 1 ♀, Reevesby Island, 34°31′ S, 136°16′ E( MVK7813); 9 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, Salt Lagoon, Kangaroo Island, 35°50′24″ S, 137°38′32″ E( SAMNN13443– 5, NN13830–8); 1 ♀, Sinclairs Gap, salt lake nearby, 33°07′ S, 137°03′ E( SAMNN13928); 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, 1 ♀with spiderlings, St Kilda Boat Barbour, Adelaide, 34°44′ S, 138°32′ E( QM S61135–6); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv., Stokes Bay, Kangaroo Island, 35°37′ S, 137°12′ E( SAMNN13839, QM S66329); 1 ♀, Thistle Island, 34°58′ S, 136°07′ E( QM S61137); 1 ♀, Thistle Island, Eyre Peninsula, 35°00′ S, 136°10′ E( SAMNN13853); 1 ♀, 1 juv., Troubridge Point, 35°09′30″ S, 137°40′00″ E( SAMNN13849); 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Victor Harbour, W of jetty to Granite Island, 35°33′ S, 138°38′ E( SAMNN13845–8); 1 ♀, Whyalla, sewerage ponds, 33°03′ S, 137°35′ E( SAMNN13865). – Tasmania: 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 5 juvs, Adventure Bay, Bruny Island, 43°17′ S, 147°17′ E( QM S66330); 3 ♀♀, 2 juvs, Brooks Creek, 41°18′ S, 144°44′ E( QVMAG13:44304–5); 2 ♀♀, Chain of Lagoons, East Tasmania, 41°40′ S, 148°17′ E( QVMAG13:11118); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Clarke Island, 40°32′ S, 148°10′ E( QVMAG13:25911, 13:25923); 1 ♀, 6 juvs, Darlington Beach, Maria Island, 42°37′ S, 148°05′ E( TMAGJ3513); 2 ♂♂, Deal Island, 39°28′ S, 147°19′ E( MVK7810); 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 3 juvs, Eaglehawk Neck, 43°01′ S, 147°55′ E( QM S66331–2); 1 ♀, Flinders Island, Whitemark, 40°07′S, 148°01′ E( TMAGJ650); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 juvs, Hobbs Lagoon, 42°15′ S, 147°40′ E( QM S66327); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Lauderdale, 42°54′ S, 147°29′ E( WAMT53669); 1 ♀, Pass River, King Island, 39°48′ S, 143°52′ E( QVMAG13:44306); 2 ♂♂, Preservation Island, Furneaux Group, 40°28′ S, 148°03′ E( TMAGJ1141); 2 ♀♀, Sandspit Point, Schouten Island, 42°17′ S, 148°15′ E( TMAGJ1660–1); 1 ♀, Strahan, 42°09′ S, 145°19′ E( AMKS85104); 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Wynyard, Table Cape, 40°59′ S, 145°43′ E( QM S66328). – Victoria: 1 ♂, no exact location ( MVK7809); 1 ♂, Cockatoo, 37°57′ S, 145°29′ E( MVK8133); 1 ♂, Grey River, Otway Ranges, 38°41′ S, 143°50′ E( AMKS85106); 1 ♀, Mornington, 38°13′ S, 145°02′ E( MVK8154); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Point Cook, 37°54′ S, 144°45′ E( MVK9088); 1 ♀, Werribee, 37°59′ S, 144°33′ E( MVK9104). – Western Australia: 1 ♀, Anvil Island, Recherche Archipelago, 33°30′ S, 123°58′ E( WAMT62359); 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Australind, 33°16′ S, 115°43′E( WAM71/360–2); 1 ♀, Busselton, 33°38′ S, 115°20′ E( AMKS85105); 1 ♂, City Beach, near rifle range, 31°56′ S, 115°45′ E( WAMT53654); 1 ♂, E of Culham Inlet, 33°59′ S, 120°03′ E( WAM98/2150); 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Dingo Beach, Torbay, 35°05′ S, 117°38′ E( QMW5649, W5651); 1 ♀, Dirk Hartog Island, 25°44′ S, 113°01′ E( WAMT53817); 15 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀, Dongara, 29°14′ S, 114°55′ E( WAM71/ 1666–75, 71/1697–709, 71/1801); 1 ♀, 1 juv., Drummond Cove, via Geraldton, 28°39′ S, 114°36′ E( QMW5643); 1 ♀, Esperance District, 33°51′ S, 121°53′ E( MVK8145); 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀, 10 juvs, Fitzgerald River Inlet, 34°08′ S, 119°24′ E( WAM70/3800–14, 71/642); 1 ♀, Fremantle, North Mole, 32°03′ S, 115°44′ E( WAM70/217); 1 ♂, Fremantle, Obelisk Hill, 32°03′ S, 115°44′ E( ZMB10583); 1 ♀, Garden Island, 32°12′ S, 115°40′ E( WAM69/844); 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, 1 juv., Geraldton, 28°46′ S, 114°37′ E( WAM71/1690–5); 1 ♂, Goode Beach, Albany, 35°04′ S, 117°56′ E( WAMT53653); 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Guilderton, 31°21′04″ S, 115°29′52″ E( WAMT53393–7); 1 ♀with spiderlings, Guilderton, Moore River, 31°20′ S, 115°30′ E( WAM71/1993); 1 ♀, 1 juv., Gun Island, South Group, Houtman Abrolhos, 28°53′ S, 113°51′ E( WAM71/1667–7); 3 ♀♀, Lancelin Island, 31°0′ S, 115°19′ E( WAM71/771–3); 1 ♂, Leeman Swamp, 29°56′27″ S, 114°59′50″ E( WAMT93541); 1 ♀, Mettams Pool, 31°52′ S, 115°45′ E( WAMT56531); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Middle Island, Recherche Archipelago, 34°06′ S, 123°11′ E( WAMT69946); 4 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀, 1 juv., North Island, Houtman Abrolhos, 28°43′ S, 113°47′ E( WAM71/ 1680–85, 71/1802–5, 71/1991–2, 71/1994); 1 ♀, Point Malcolm, 33°47′ S, 123°45′ E( WAMT51432); 2 ♂♂, Post Office Island, South Group, Houtman Abrolhos, 28°52′ S, 113°58′ E( WAM71/1678–9); 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Quarantine Bay, 37°03′ S, 149°52′ E( WAMT64979); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Rossiter Bay, Cape Le Grand National Park, 33°58′21″ S, 122°16′13″ E( WAMT93994); 1 ♀with egg sac, Rottnest Island, 32°00′ S, 115°36′ E( WAMT47247); 1 ♂, Safety Bay Foreshore Reserve, 32°18′ S, 115°43′ E( WAMT65111); 1 ♂, Shelly Beach, 35°02′ S, 116°44′ E( WAMT53495); 3 ♂♂, South Cottesloe Beach, 31°59′ S, 115°45′ E( WAMT65606); 2 ♀♀, Two Peoples Bay, 34°57′ S, 118°11′ E( WAMT51431, T53692); 1 ♀, Windy Harbour, back beach, 34°50′ S, 116°01′ E( WAM72/251).    Description MEASUREMENTS. ♂WAM T53697 ( ♀WAM T53393): TL 8.25 (12.30), CL 4.50 (5.10), CW 3.45 (4.13). Eyes: AME 0.21 (0.21), ALE 0.17 (0.18), PME 0.38 (0.41), PLE 0.33 (0.37). Row of eyes: AE 0.93 (1.05), PME 0.93 (1.05), PLE 1.23 (1.54). Sternum length/width: 1.95/1.65 (2.25/1.88). Labium length/ width: 0.58/0.60 (0.72/0.79). AL 2.85 (6.75), AW 4.2 (5.1). Legs: Lengths of segments (femur + patella/ tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 1.95+1.65+ – +1.25 = 4.85, I 3.60+4.50+3.30+1.80 = 13.20, II 3.75+4.65+3.75+2.25 = 14.4, III 3.38+3.83+3.60+1.65 = 12.46, IV 4.20+4.95+4.65+1.95 = 15.75 (Pedipalp 2.25+2.10+ – +1.35= 5.70, I 3.60+4.35+2.70+1.65 = 12.30, II 3.60+4.20+2.85+1.65 = 12.30, III 3.45+3.90+3.30+1.58 = 12.23, IV 4.50+5.10+4.35+1.95 = 19.90). VARIATION. ♂( ♀) (range, mean ± SD): TL 6.75–9.45, 8.35 ± 0.82; CL 3.75–4.95, 4.55 ± 0.39; CW 2.85– 4.05, 3.55 ± 0.46; n = 9 (TL 9.75–14.25, 11.26 ± 1.35; CL 4.05–6.45, 5.04 ± 0.77; CW 3.15– 5.03, 3.98 ± 0.64; n = 13).  Tetralycosa orariais very variable in colouration. Some specimens are extremely light without a distinct colour pattern; others are dark olive-grey with light bands ( Fig. 1E–F). It appears that the particular microhabitat (for example dark seaweed vs plain beach) may explain the colour patterns of individual specimens (see also McKay 1979b). There also appears to be some intraspecific morphological variation in leg length and eye position, as McKay (1979b)reported a different leg formula (IV>I>II>III) and relative length of the anterior row of eyes and posterior median eyes.  Male(based on WAM T53397) CARAPACE ( Fig. 5A). Dorsal line straight in lateral view ( Fig. 6A); brown with indistinct and irregular light colouration medially and broad, irregular light marginal bands; indistinct darker radial pattern; covered with mainly brown setae, but white setae in marginal bands; very few brown bristles in eye region mainly between PME; four long bristles below AE; one long bristle between AME. EYES ( Fig. 6B). Row of AE as wide as row of PME; row of AE slightly procurved ( Fig. 6B). CHELICERAE. Brown, darker apically; covered with long white setae and few brown bristles medially; three promarginal teeth with the median largest; three retromarginal teeth of similar size. STERNUM ( Fig. 5B). Yellow-brown, with dark pigmentation towards the margins; covered with few white setae and longer brown macrosetae that are longer towards margins. LABIUM. Brown, basally dark brown; front end truncate and white. PEDIPALPS ( Fig. 6C–E). Tegular apophysis broad with a basally pointing tip ( Fig. 6C); terminal apophysis forms sheath for the resting embolus; embolus long and thin with curved tip ( Fig. 6E). ABDOMEN. Dorsally dark olive-brown with light lanceolate heart mark in anterior half; few irregular light patches formed by fields of lighter setae; otherwise covered in brown setae ( Fig. 5A). Ventrally yellowbrown with some mottled olive-grey discolouration and with white and fewer brown setae. Spinnerets yellow-brown ( Fig. 5B). LEGS. Leg formula IV>II>I>III. Femora yellow, distal segments darker; weak scopula on tarsus I. Spination of leg I: femur: three dorsal, one apicoprolateral; patella: one prolateral; tibia: three ventral pairs, two prolateral, two retrolateral; metatarsus: three ventral pairs, two prolateral, two retrolateral, one apicoventral, one apicoprolateral.  Female(based on WAM T53393) CARAPACE ( Fig. 5C). Brown, indistinct narrow light median band and wide marginal bands; covered with white setae and few black setae anteriorly of fovea; brown bristles in and around eye region; four long bristles below AME, one long bristle between AME. EYES. Row of AE as wide as row of PME; row of AE slightly procurved. CHELICERAE. Colour, setae and dentition as male. STERNUM ( Fig. 5D). Yellow-brown and somewhat darker marginally; setae as male. LABIUM. As male. ABDOMEN. Dorsally yellow-brown with indistinct light lanceolate heart mark; setae as male but with grey setae on dark patches ( Fig. 5C). Venter and spinnerets yellow-brown with little darker pigmentation ( Fig. 5D). EPIGYNE. Ventral view ( Fig. 6F): ovoid median septum with curved posterior border. Dorsal view ( Fig. 6G): small spermathecal heads, convoluted spermathecal stalks attach posteriorly. LEGS. Leg formula IV>I=II>III. Colour pattern as male. Spination of leg I: femur: two dorsal, one apicoprolateral; tibia: three ventral pairs, two prolateral (only one on left leg); metatarsus: three ventral pairs, two prolateral; one retrolateral (only on left leg), one apicoventral.    Remarks An adult male syntypeof  Lycosa meraculawas only recently discovered in the MHNP resulting in reevaluation of the juvenile type material of this species that was examined by McKay (1979a)( Framenau et al.2006). The species illustrated as  L. meraculaby McKay ( McKay 1979a) is not conspecific with the male syntypeof  L. meraculafrom Albany. The material included two closely related coastal species in the genus  Costacosa( Framenau & Leung 2013). To fix the taxonomic concept of  T. meracula, the male from Albany (MHNP 24364) is here designated as lectotype.   Life history and habitat preferences   Tetralycosa orariais an exclusively coastal species inhabiting sandy beaches and the base of sand dunes on the foreshore. Adult spiders of  T. orariacan be found all year round and do not seem to have a clear seasonal pattern for reproduction, as females with egg sacs and spiderlings have been found from December to February, but also in July and October.    Distribution Coastal mainland Australiasouth of approximately 25°Slatitude, and Tasmania, although a few records are from further inland, if saline wetlands are found near the beach ( Fig. 9). 2620516304 2013-08-22 2013-10-10 2013-08-22 ZMB W. Michaelsen & R. Hartmeyer Australia -35.016666 Hamburger 1196 117.88333 Hamburger 17 18 ZMB 11102 1 1 Western Australia holotype