Description of Almafuerte, a new genus of ground spiders from South America (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) Grismado, Cristian J. Carrión, Nicolás López Zootaxa 2017 2017-10-25 4338 2 263 291 C2FC Grismado & Carrión, 2017 Grismado & Carrión 2017 [151,471,1841,1867] Arachnida Gnaphosidae Almafuerte Animalia Araneae 5 268 Arthropoda species peripampasica sp. nov.     Types. Holotypemale from Argentina: Buenos Aires Province: PartidodeTornquist: Ernesto Tornquist Provincial Park:  300 mfrom seismograph forest, S 38.0548444°, W 61.9808750°, elev. 534 m(GPS), M. Izquierdo, N.   Ferretti, G. Pompozzi, S. Coppericoll.,  23.VII.2013, in  Eryngium(MACN-Ar 32441, prep. CJG-1517). Paratypes: same data as the holotype: 1 male(MACN-Ar 32251, prep. MAI-1516, 4150), 1 male(MACN-Ar 32235, prep. MAI-1505, 4157), 1 female(MACN-Ar 32238, prep. MAI-1493, 4167); Partido de Tornquist: Estancia Fundación Funke, road to Cerro Tres Picos, S 38.1313611°, W 62.0345833°; elev. 396 m. 19–21.VI.2009, C. Grismado, M. Izquierdo, L. Piacentini, A. Ojanguren coll, hand collecting, 1 male, 10 females (MACN-Ar 30442, SEM preparations CJG 1470−1474, 1478−79),  1 male(MACN-Ar 30443, SEM prep. CJG 1477); Partido de Tornquist: Ruta Provincial76, Abradel Pantanoso, +/- 30 KmN Sierra de la Ventana, S 37.97925°, W 61.879805°; elev. 400 m. 19-21.VI.2009, C. Grismado, M. Izquierdo, L. Piacentini, A. Ojanguren coll., hand collecting, 1 female (MACN-Ar 30447, prep. EMS-04023), 1 female (MLP).   Etymology.The species epithet is an adjective that refers to the distribution of this species, mostly in the hilly systems of central Argentina( Córdoba, San Luis, and Buenos Airesprovinces) and Uruguay. These regions belong to the “peripampasic arc”, the extra-Andean orogenic system that comprises a group of low, ancient mountain ranges from Argentina, Uruguayand southern Brazil( Frenguelli 1950). These areas are largely known for their interest for biogeographic studies, harboring a high number of endemic species, especially plants and soil arthropods (see Ferretti et al. 2012and references therein).   Diagnosis.Males of  A. peripampasicaare similar to that of  A. giaiiin the shape of RTA (with the base of the ventral branch curved to ventral), but the male palp is less elongated, with the cymbium and embolus proportionately shorter, the latter not surpassing the conductor’s tip ( Figs. 6; 9 a, b; 10 a, b). Females are distinguished from all other known females (except  A. kuru) by the copulatory openings ventrally directed, in a transverse epigynal groove ( Figs. 5 a, b; 9d–e); they differ from  A. kuruby the shorter, not convoluted copulatory ducts.   Description. Male holotype: Measurementes: Total length 7.98, carapace 3.91 long, 2.95 wide; sternum 2.16 long, 1.60 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.183, ALE 0.186, PME 0.166, PLE 0.155; AME-AME 0.086, AME-ALE 0.0228, PME-PME 0.082, PME-PLE 0.188, ALE-PLE 0.101. Legs (femur/patella/tibia/metatarsus/ tarsus); I 2.43/1.64/1.87/1.42/1.06, II 2.19/1.46/1.58/1.29/0.98, III 1.98/1.22/1.28/1.37/0.93, IV 2.58/1.47/1.9/1.94/ 1.06. Leg spination: femora: I d1-1-0, pd0-0-1, p0-0-1; II d1-1-0, pd 0-1-1; III d1-2-1-2; IV d1-1, p1, rd1/2; patellae: III r1, IV r1; tibiae: I p1-0, v2-2-2ap, II p1-0-1, v2-2-2ap, III d1-0-0, p1-1-1-1/0, v2-2-2ap, r1-1; IV p1-1- 1, v2-2-2ap, r1-1; metatarsi I v2-2, II p1, v1-2-0-2-0 (right), 2-2 (left) III d2-2, p1-1-0-1, v2-2-2ap, r1-1-0-1, IV d2- 2, p1-1-1, v2-2-2ap, r1-1-0-1. Note: the male holotypehas lost many body setae. Palp ( Fig. 6, 9 A −C, 10 A −B): central part of the tegulum ventrally bulging, nearly obtuse angular in lateral view; conductor relatively thin, pointed. All other characters are common for the genus.   FIGURE 7.  Almafuerte peripampasica  sp. nov., male holotype. a, habitus dorsal view; b, same, ventral view; c, carapace, dorsal view; d, cephalothorax, ventral view, e, same, lateral view, f, same, anterior view; g, ocular area, dorsal view; h, mouthparts, ventral view.  Female paratype(MACN-Ar 30442): Measurements: Total length 7.42, carapace 3.42 long, 2.65 wide; sternum 1.95 long, 1.54 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.126, ALE 0.158, PME 0.185, PLE 0.137; AME-AME 0.104, AME-ALE 0.0524, PME-PME 0.0629, PME-PLE 0.197, ALE-PLE 0.126. Legs (femur/patella/ tibia/metatarsus/tarsus); I 2.43/1.64/1.87/1.42/1.06, II 2.19/1.46/1.58/1.29/0.98, III 1.98/1.22/1.28/1.37/0.93, IV 2.58/1.47/1.9/1.94/1.06. Leg spination: femora: I d1-1-0, p0-0-1; II d1-1-0, pd 0-1-1; III d1-1-0, dp 1-1, dr 0-1-1; IV d1-1-0, rd 0-1; patellae: III r1, IV r1; tibiae: II v1ap, III d1-0-0, p1-1-1/0, v2-2-2ap, r1-1; IV v2-2-2ap, p1-1 (left), 1-1-1 (right), r1-1; metatarsi I v2-0-0, II v2-2, III d1-0, dp 1-0-0, p1-2, v2-2-2ap, r1-2/1-2ap, IV d0-2-0-2 (right), 0-2-0-2 (left, not paired), p1-1-0-2ap, v2-2-2ap (right), 2-2 (not paired)-2ap (left), r0-1-0-1. Epigynum ( Figs. 5, 9 d–g): anterior hood far from the copulatory openings (but see below), separated by a field of soft, whitish cuticle; paired spermathecae dark, visible by transparency, copulatory openings ventral, in a transverse furrow (inconspicuous in some specimens, Fig. 9 f). All other characters are common for the genus.  Variation.We found a remarkable variation in the female genitalia, in the shape and location of the anterior hood, the extension of the soft cuticle between the hood and copulatory openings, and also the general shape of the primary spermathecae and copulatory ducts, even in specimens collected in the same locality (see, for example, Fig. 10 c–e). In comparison, the male genitalia is very uniform. We discard for the moment the possibility of the existence of sympatric species, mainly because of the uniformity of the males in all the distribution range.  Natural history and habitat preferences.The specimens collected by the authors in the localities belonging to the Sierra de la Ventana system ( Buenos Aires) were found under stones, in low hills with variable density of herbaceous cover, in a characteristic habitat of the region. In Estancia Fundación Funke and Abra del Pantanoso ( Fig. 11 a, b), the most conspicuous accompanying fauna of spiders are the gnaphosid  Echemoides argentinus(Mello-Leitão)and the nemesiid  Acanthogonathus centralisGoloboff; other specimens (for example, those of the typeseries) were obtained between the spiny leaves of  Eryngium. The male of Pasos Malos ( San Luis) were also collected under a stone, but in a relatively wetter habitat, near the course of a stream ( Figs. 11 c, d). Finally, in IslaMartín García and Marindia ( Uruguay),  A. peripampasicawere collected by pitfall traps placed in sandy substrate of the Río de la Plata estuary coastline.     Othermaterial examined. ARGENTINA:   La Rioja:without date and precise locality, C. Gómezcoll., 1 female(MACN-Ar 35576).   Entre Ríos: Ruta Provincial11 Km103 y Arroyo Manantiales;  23.X.1982, Ramírez& Goloboffcoll., 1 female(MACN-Ar 35574).   Córdoba:  Departamento Punilla: La Falda,  V.1975, Cesaricoll., 1 male, 1 female, 1 juvenile(MACN-Ar 35578);  Departamento Santa María: Bosque Alegre,   IX.1981, P. Goloboffcoll., 4 females(MACN-Ar 35559);  Departamento Calamuchita: Calamuchita, XII.1938, J. M. Viana coll., 1 female (MACN-Ar 35577).   San Luis:  Departamento Junín: Merlo,  XI.1970, collector no provided, 1 male(MACN-Ar 35569), Quebrada Merlo,   12.XI.1982, A. Roigcoll., 1 male(MACN-Ar 36700 [ex 18246]); Villa de Merlo, Parque Recreativo Pasos Malos S32.319197º, W64.972447º, elev.  1211 m( Google Earth), near stream, under stone (CJG-Loc-26),   9.III.2015, C. Grismado& A. Rayacoll., 1 male(MACN-Ar 34429);  Departamento Ayacucho: San Francisco,   XI.1970, Willinercoll., 1 female(MACN-Ar 35583);  Departamento Coronel Pringles: Carolina,   IX.1970, Viana& Willinercoll., 7 females(MACN-Ar 35593).  Buenos Aires:  Partido de Tornquist: Sierra de la Ventana, III.1939, H. Gario coll., 1 female (MACN-Ar 35561), 22–26.X.1980, Zanetic & Goloboff coll. 3 females (MACN-Ar 35582), 18.IX.1982, M. Ramírez coll., 2 males, 2 females (MACN-Ar 35575), IV.1969, M. E. Galiano coll. 1 male (MACN-Ar 35579), 29.IX–2.X.1972, M. E. Galiano coll., 5 males, 12 females, 7 juveniles (MACN-Ar 35588), VII.1973, Cesari & Amarilla coll., 1 female (MACN-Ar 35567),   VII.1973, Cesaricoll. 2 females(MACN-Ar 35564); Fortín Chaco,   I.1972, collector illegible, 1 female(MACN-Ar 35585); Las Espadañas,   X.1973, Maury& Cesaricoll., 1 male, 1 female(MACN-Ar 35594); Abra de la Ventana,   X.1970, M. E. Galianocoll. 1 female(MACN-Ar 35592); Villa Ventana, Arroyo El Loro,   VI–VII.1972, Cesaricoll., 2 males, 2 females(MACN-Ar 35589); Ruta Provincial76, Abradel Pantanoso, +/- 30 KmN Sierra de la Ventana, S 37.97925°, W 61.879805°; elev.   400 m.  19-21.VI.2009, C. Grismado, M. Izquierdo, L. Piacentini, A. Ojangurencoll., hand collecting, 1 male(MACN-Ar 30444), 1 male, 7 females(MACN-Ar 30445, prep. CJG-3353, 3354, 3355); 15 kmNE Tornquistpor Ruta76, Estancia Funke,  S 38.07199º, W 62.05442°, elev.   432 m.(GPS), col: M. Izquierdo, N. Ferretti, G. Pompozzi, S. Copperi,  04.VII.2013, under stones, 1 male(MACN-Ar 32243, prep. MAI- 1492, 4173); Funkeranch: grassland slope, 650m, S38.0722°, W62.0522°, N.  Ferretticoll.  31.X.2012, 5 females, 2 males(LZI); Cerro Negro, V.1972, Cesari coll. 2 males, 1 female, 2 juveniles (MACN-Ar 35586),   9.VII.1972, Cesaricoll. 1 male(MACN-Ar 35590), 2 males, 3 females(MACN- Ar35562),   12.IV.1974, Cesaricoll., 2 males, 2 females(MACN-Ar 35572); Ernesto Tornquist Provincial Park: 20.IX.1982. M. Ramirez coll. 1 male, 2 females, 1 juvenile (MACN-Ar 35587); 300 mfrom the seismograph of the forest, grasses, 525 m, S38.05611°, W61.96666°, N.  Ferretticoll.,  03.VIII.2009, 2 females, 5 males(LZI); same data,  13 males(LZI); same data,   30.IX.2009, 4 females, 8 males(LZI), same data,   30.X.2009, 3 males(LZI);  Partido de Coronel Suárez:in the border with partido de Coronel Pringles, around cerro La Querencia, under stones,   24.IX.2016, A. Porta& E. Guerrerocoll., 1 female(MACN-Ar 37178);  Partido de La Costa: Mardel Tuyú,   2.V.1981, M. Ramírezcoll., 1 male, 1 female(MACN-Ar 33071);  Partido de Las Flores: Las  Flores;   24.V.1931, Daguerrecoll., 1 female, 1 juvenile(MACN-Ar 35595);  Partido de Azul: Sierras de Azul; 1–2.X.1983, Goloboff & Zanetic coll., 1 male (MACN-Ar 35568),   5.V.1979, without collector, 1 male(MACN-Ar 35584);  Partido de Tandil: Tandil, VII.1965, Maury coll. 1 female (MACN-Ar 35581),   I.1982, M. Ramírezcoll., 1 female, 1 juvenile(MACN-Ar 35591), Villadel Lago,   V.1973, Cesaricoll., 2 females(MACN-Ar 35571);  Partido de Balcarce: Balcarce, Sierra La Barrosa;   19–21.VII.1974, E. Maurycoll., 1 male, 3 females, (MACN-Ar 35560);  Partido de Saavedra: Saavedra, Sierra de Curamalal;   15.VI.1980, Spivak& Goloboffcoll. 1 male, 1 female(MACN-Ar 35580); El Tropezón, road between Puanand Pigüé,   XI.1967, E. Maury& J. Gallardocoll., 4 females(MACN-Ar 35573);  Partido de Patagones:  Carmen de Patagones, Daguerrecoll., no date, 1 female(MACN-Ar 35563).  Partido de La Plata: IslaMartín García, Scioscia, C.L.; González, S.; Barneche, J. & Labarque, F.M. coll. 26–28.X.2004(IMG Campaña VI), sand dunes, S34.180406° W58,250210°, pitfall, 1 juv. (MACN-Ar 36830), pitfall, xerophytic forest around sand dunes,  S34.180651° W58,250435°, 1 female, 1 juv.(MACN-Ar 36829); Scioscia, C.L.; González, A.; González, S.; Barneche, J.& Rodríguez Gil, S.G.coll.,  15-17.II.2005(IMG CampañaVIII) sand dunes,  S34,180406° W58,250210°, pitfall, 1 female(MACN-Ar 36818).   Río Negroor Buenos Aires:two labels, “  Río Negro,  XI.1938, Birabén, Maximilianocoll.” ( MLP14328) and “ Necochea, M. Birabenleg.”.  URUGUAY:  Canelones:Marindia, S 34.77759º, W 55.81780º, Pitfallnº 14,   14.VIII.1997, F. Costacoll., 1 male(FCE Ar-5635), Pitfallnº 0 9,   23.IX.1998, F. Costacoll., 1 female(FCE Ar-5658, prep. CJG 1543), Pitfallnº 0 7,   14.VIII.1997, F. Costacoll., 1 female(FCE Ar-5654), Pitfallnº 14,   14.VIII.1997, F. Costacoll., 1 male(FCE Ar-5631).  Treinta y Tres: Quebradade los Cuervos, S 32.92456º, W 54.45844º, 21–22.IX.1990, M. Simó & F. Perez-Miles coll.,1 female (FCE).   Distribution.Central Argentina( Córdoba, San Luis, Buenos AiresProvinces, with few records in Entre Ríos, La Riojaand Río Negro), and Uruguay( Fig. 22a). 1675578574 Argentina 300 -38.054844 Ernesto Tornquist Provincial Park 1 -61.980873 Partido 5 268 2 Buenos Aires Province holotype 1675578587 2013-07-23 Ferretti, G. & Pompozzi, S. & Copperi Cerro Tres Picos -38.131363 Partido de Tornquist 1 -62.034584 Estancia Fundacion Funke 6 269 3 1 2 paratype 1675578598 Sierra de la Ventana -37.97925 Partido de Tornquist 1 -61.879807 Km 6 269 1 1 paratype 1675578605 Other & La Rioja & C. Gomez Argentina La Rioja 10 273 1 1 La Rioja 1675578608 1982-10-23 Ruta Provincial & Km & Arroyo Manantiales & Ramirez & Goloboff Argentina Entre Rios 10 273 1 1 Entre Rios 1675578623 1975-05 Departamento Punilla & La Falda & Cesari Argentina Bosque Alegre Departamento Santa Maria 10 273 3 1 1 1 Cordoba 1675578627 1981-09 P. Goloboff Argentina Calamuchita Departamento Calamuchita 10 273 4 4 Cordoba 1675578632 1970-11 Departamento Junin & Merlo Argentina 11 274 Quebrada Merlo 10 273 1 1 San Luis 1675578635 1982-11-12 A. Roig Argentina Villa de Merlo 1211 -32.3192 Google Earth 1 -64.97245 Parque Recreativo Pasos Malos 11 274 1 1 San Luis 1675578638 2015-03-09 C. Grismado & A. Raya Argentina San Francisco Departamento Ayacucho 11 274 1 1 San Luis 1675578642 1970-11 Williner Argentina Carolina Departamento Coronel Pringles 11 274 1 1 San Luis 1675578645 1970-09 Viana & Williner Argentina Sierra de la Ventana Partido de Tornquist 11 274 7 7 Buenos Aires 1675578648 1973-07 Cesari Argentina Chaco 12 275 2 2 Chaco 1675578651 1972-01 Argentina Las Espadanas 12 275 1 1 Chaco 1675578654 [282,1267,1405,1430] 1973-10 Maury & Cesari Argentina Abra de la Ventana 12 275 2 1 1 Chaco 1675578655 1970-10 M. E. Galiano Argentina Arroyo El Loro Villa Ventana 12 275 1 1 Chaco 1675578656 1972-06 1972-07-31 1972-06 Cesari Argentina Ruta Provincial -37.97925 Pantanoso 1 -61.879807 Abra 12 275 4 2 2 Chaco 1675578657 2009-06-19 2009-06-21 2009-06-19 C. Grismado & M. Izquierdo & L. Piacentini & A. Ojanguren Argentina Tornquist 400 Estancia Funke Ruta 12 275 409 7 2 Chaco 1675578658 2013-07-04 M. Izquierdo & N. Ferretti & Pompozzi & Copperi Argentina 432 -38.07199 Funke 1 -62.05442 12 275 433 1 Chaco 1675578622 2012-10-31 Ferretti Argentina Cerro Negro 12 275 7 5 2 Cerro Negro 1675578410 1972-07-09 Cesari Argentina Ar 12 275 6 3 3 Cerro Negro 1675578415 1974-04-12 Cesari Argentina Ernesto Tornquist Provincial Park 12 275 4 2 2 Cerro Negro 1675578418 [349,1104,1837,1862] 2009-08-03 Ferretti Argentina Ernesto Tornquist Provincial Park 12 275 7 2 5 Cerro Negro 1675578422 [1118,1432,1837,1862] 2009-08-03 Ferretti Argentina Ernesto Tornquist Provincial Park 12 275 13 13 Cerro Negro 1675578426 [151,717,1873,1898] 2009-09-30 Ferretti Argentina Ernesto Tornquist Provincial Park 12 275 12 4 8 Cerro Negro 1675578449 2009-10-30 de Coronel Pringles Argentina La Querencia Partido de Coronel Suarez 12 275 3 3 Cerro Negro 1675578453 2016-09-24 Porta & E. Guerrero Argentina Partido de La Costa Tuyu Mar 12 275 1 1 Guerrero 1675578470 1981-05-02 M. Ramirez Indonesia Partido de Las Flores 12 275 2 1 1 Flores 1675578478 1931-05-24 Daguerre Indonesia 13 276 Sierras de Azul Partido de Azul 12 275 2 1 1 Flores 1675578492 [385,1315,188,213] 1979-05-05 Indonesia Tandil Partido de Tandil 13 276 1 1 Flores 1675578505 1982-01 M. Ramirez Indonesia Lago Villa 13 276 2 1 1 Flores 1675578515 [268,1432,260,285] 1973-05 Cesari Indonesia Partido de Balcarce Sierra La Barrosa Balcarce 13 276 2 2 Flores 1675578530 1974-07-19 1974-07-21 1974-07-19 E. Maury Indonesia Partido de Saavedra Sierra de Curamalal Saavedra 13 276 4 3 1 Flores 1675578537 1980-06-15 Spivak & Goloboff Indonesia El Tropezon Pigue Puan 13 276 2 1 1 Flores 1675578552 [349,1428,367,392] 1967-11 E. Maury & J. Gallardo Indonesia Partido de Patagones 13 276 4 4 Flores 1675578561 Daguerre Iceland Carmen de Patagones Gonzalez Partido de La Plata 13 276 1 1 1675578572 2005-02-15 2005-02-17 2005-02-15 Barneche, J. & Rodriguez Gil, S. G. Iceland Scioscia -34.180653 Gonzalez 1 -58.250435 Gonzalez 13 276 2 1 1675578584 1938-11 MLP Biraben & Maximiliano & Necochea, M. Iceland -34.180405 Rio Negro 1 -58.25021 Rio Negro 13 276 1 1 Rio Negro 1675578590 Pitfall Uruguay -34.77759 Canelones 1 -55.8178 13 276 1 Canelones 1675578595 [632,1432,655,680] 1997-08-14 F. Costa Uruguay Pitfall 13 276 1 1 Canelones 1675578604 [151,1084,692,717] 1998-09-23 F. Costa Uruguay Pitfall 13 276 1 1 Canelones 1675578609 1997-08-14 F. Costa Uruguay Pitfall 13 276 1 1 Canelones 1675578618 1997-08-14 F. Costa Uruguay Cuervos Quebrada 13 276 1 1 Treinta y Tres