Taxonomic review of East Palearctic species of Synergus section I, with description of a new species from China (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipinae) Pujade-Villar, Juli Wang, Yi-Ping Chen, Xue-Xin He, Jun-Hua Zoological Systematics 2014 39 4 534 544 Ashmead, 1904 Ashmead 1904 [136,524,382,406] Insecta Cynipidae Synergus Animalia Hymenoptera 4 538 Arthropoda species gifuensis  Type material examined.  Holotype ♀, deposited in USNM, with following labels: “ Y. Nawa, Gifu Japan, det 1902” (white label handwritten), “Type no 7307 USMN” (red label), “  Synergus gifuensis& Ash.” (white label handwritten). Additional material.  4♂, 6♀, Chohabaru, Oita, Japan), ex.  Andricus kashiwaphilusgalls of the unisexual generation, (  26.03.1986)  May 1986, leg. Y. Abe;  1♀, Yamanashi, Japan,  June 1948, letter “A”, USNM 2017203(  Synergus gifuensisAshm., det Weld-84).  1♀, Yamanashi, Japan),  June 1949, letter “A”, USNM 2017203. Diagnosis. The species is very similar to  S. hayneanusin morphology and color, but differs from the latter by a combination of the following features: (1) presence of transverse ridges between lateral carinae of propodeum (absent in  S. hayneanus); (2) the pilosity of fused segments 2+3 with a patch of hairs, compared to a row of hairs in  S. hayneanus; (3) extended band of micropunctures of metasomal syntergite incomplete, slightly short of reaching the ventral margin (complete in  S. hayeanus); (4) the lower face with a strong median carina raised above striae in lateral view; (5) the shape of F1 and the chromatic characteristics of head in males different (details in description below).  S. reinhardiis the only West Palearctic species with a strong median carina raised above striae in lateral view on lower face, but  S. gifuensisdiffers from  S. reinhardiin: (1) extended band of micropunctures of metasomal syntergite incomplete, slightly short of reaching the ventral margin (complete in  S. reinhardi); (2) pedicellum longer than broad (globose in  S. reinhardi); (3) face of males yellowish (black on  S. reinhardi); (4) radial cell short, 2.3 times as long as wide (longer in  S. reinhardi, 2.6-2.8 times as long as wide).  Redescription. Length. Female 2.7–3.2 mm(one female 2.3), male 2.5–3.0 mm. Color. Female. Head black, except a small dark-red area around the mouth and around the compound eyes, which sometimes cover the entire face; mandibles yellow with teeth dark; antennae testaceous; mesosoma black, legs dark; coxae black or dark brown; femora brown to dark brown, tibia and tarsus lighter; wings hyaline, veins clear; metasoma reddish brown to dark brown. Male. Head amberous except dorsal area black; coxae partially amberinus. Head ( Figs 8–9). In frontal view 1.2 times as wide as high, and in dorsal view about twice as wide as long. Face with strong carinae radiating from clypeus and a stronger median carina distinctly elevated than other carinae in lateral view. Malar space 0.7 times the height of compound eye. Transfacial line almost as long as height of compound eye. Torulus diameter slightly greater than distance between margin of torulus and compound eye, and distance between toruli much smaller than diameter of torulus (2: 5). Frons densely punctate; lateral frontal carinae present with some ramifications near lateral ocellus. Vertex and occiput strongly punctate with interspaces coriaceous. POL: LOL: OOL= 6: 3: 3 (in males 8: 4: 3), diameter of ocellus 4 inboth sexes. Gena slightly expanded behind eye, punctate with interspaces coriaceous. Antenna. Female ( Fig. 18). Pedicellum about 2.0 times as long as wide; F1 cylindrical, sligthly broader distally; antennal formula 8: 5: 9: 7: 7: 7: 6: 6: 6: 5: 5: 4: 4: 6. Male ( Fig. 16). F1 curved and more expanded distally than basally; antennal formula 7: 5: 11: 9: 8: 8: 7: 7: 6: 6: 5: 5: 5: 5: 5. Mesosoma ( Fig. 10). Subsquare in lateral view. Pronotum with lateral carina, laterally rugose, with some strongly carinae inferiorly. Mesoscutum strongly transversely carinate with interespaces coriaceous. Notauli wide, strongly impressed, percurrent; medial mesoscutum line reaching 1/2 to 3/5 of the length of the mesoscutum. Mesopleuron entirely striate. Scutellum rugose, interspaces coriaceous; scutellar foveae large and oblique, separated by a median carina, pubescent; lateral propodeal carinae straight, delimiting a squared pubescent and coriaceous area, with a median longitudinal carina and a few transverse carinae. Metanotum narrow medially. Forewings. Pubescents. Radial cell about 2.3 times as long as maximum width. Areolet present; vein Rs curved; vein Rs+M inconspicuous. Metasoma ( Fig. 11). Similar in length to mesosoma. Fused segment 2+3 not incised dorso-distally, with a patch of setae antero-laterally; apical patch of micropunctures extending to 2/5 of its entire length of metasoma, slightly short of reaching the ventral margin of syntergite; subsequent tergites punctured; hypopygium shinning, without setae or punctures. Ventral spine of hypopygium very short.  Distribution. Japan.  Biology. Abe (1990) referred to the species as  Synergus japonicus typeB. According to Abe, the species is univoltine and arrhenotokous, and adults emerge from unisexual galls of  Andricus mukaigawaein early June and females subsequently oviposite in newly formed host galls. Galls of  A. mukaigawaiinhabited by  S. gifuensisinquilines is larger than the same typeof galls inhabited by  S. japonicus, and the inquiline larval cells are usually separated by a woody wall inside the host gall (Abe, 1990, 1992; Pujade-Villar et al., 2002). In addition, specimens of this species have also been reared from the galls of the unisexual generation of  Andricus kashiwaphilus(see specimen data above) 3359627303 USNM, USMN Y. Nawa Japan Gifu 4 538 1 1 Gifu holotype 3359627304 1986-03-26 1986-05 1986-03-26 Y. Abe Japan Chohabaru 4 538 10 6 4 Oita 3359627309 1948-06 USNM Japan Yamanashi 4 538 USNM 2017203 1 1 Yamanashi 3359627312 [372,1052,576,600] 1949-06 USNM Japan Yamanashi 4 538 USNM 2017203 1 1 Yamanashi