A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas Gardini, Giulio Zootaxa 2013 3655 1 1 151 62LNY [151,278,548,574] Arachnida Chthoniidae Chthonius Animalia Pseudoscorpiones 36 37 Arthropoda genus    Typelocality: Italy, Tuscany, Grosseto Prov., Semproniano, Grotta di Montecchio 254 To/GR (42°42ʹ20ʺN 11°30ʹ28ʺE).   Distribution. Italy: Tuscany.   Diagnosis (Ƥ ).An anophthalmic hypogean  Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius)from Tuscany that differs from other species of the  C. fuscimanusgroup in the following combination of characters: movable cheliceral finger with isolated subapical tooth ( di); carapace without epistome, with 2 preocular microsetae on each side; pedipalpal hand (in lateral view) weakly depressed at level of ib-isb; fixed and movable chelal finger respectively with 11–15 and 6–8triangular teeth; pedipalpal fixed finger at level of est-itwith 3–4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm(distance between apices 0.030–0.041 mm); proximal half of movable chelal finger with straight, thick marginal lamina; length of chela 0.81 (3), 0.83–0.90 (Ƥ) mm, length of movable chelal finger 0.48 (3), 0.48–0.53 (Ƥ) mm; chela 6.75 (3), 5.3–6.4 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.5 (3Ƥ).    Typematerial. ITALY — Tuscany: Grosseto Prov.—1 Ƥ ( holotype) 4 Ƥ ( paratypes), Semproniano, Grotta di Montecchio 254 To/GR (42°42ʹ20ʺN 11°30ʹ28ʺE), 320 ma.s.l., 9.IX.1990, L. Latella & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3 ( paratype), Grosseto, Monti dell’Uccellina, Pozzo del Granduca 595 To/GR, 120 ma.s.l., 26.IV.1990, S. Vanni & S. Taiti leg.; 1 Ƥ ( paratype), Grosseto, Monti dell’Uccellina, Pozzo del Granduca 595 To/GR, 120 ma.s.l., 13.V.1990, S. Zoia leg. ( holotypedeposited in MNHG, paratypesin G. Gardini coll., Genoa).   Derivatio nominis.The Etruscans were the ancient people inhabiting Etruria, a region of central Italycomprising the present Tuscany, Umbria and part of Latium.   Description of adults (Ƥ ).Integument with weak pigmentation; hispid granulation on lateral surface of carapace, on cheliceral palm and on ventral surface of pedipalpal hand. Carapace 1.0 3Ƥ times longer than broad, posteriorly slightly constricted; anterior margin (figs 59–60) strongly dentate between median macrosetae, without epistome; ocular area as in figs 61–62, no eyes or eye-spots; chaetotaxy mm 4mm:6:4:2:2(18), macrosetae weakly thick; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.085–0.11 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4:4:4:4:6:6:6:6:6:4. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 10:(3)7 or 8(3):(2)7(2):8:6:6:6:6:7; sternite II exceptionally with 9 or 11 setae, st. IV exceptionally with 6 or 8 setae. Chelicerae (figs 63–64) 2.1–2.2 times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 2 microsetae laterally; fixed finger with 6–8 teeth proximally reduced in size and 5–6 proximal microtubercles; movable finger with a subapical tooth ( di) level with the spinneret in male, proximad of spinneret in female, 5–6 teeth proximally reduced in size and 4–6 proximal microtubercles; glratio 0.52–0.62; spinneret weakly prominent in male, prominent and apically rounded in females; rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior respectively with 12 and 14 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3+ 3 marginal microsetae, II 4(rarely 3), III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 8–11 coxal spines, coxa III with 3–6 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 6.4 (3), 5.9–6.5 (Ƥ) times as long as broad; chela (figs 65–67) 6.75 (3), 5.3–6.4 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.65 (3), 2.2–2.6 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, depressed proximad or at level of trichobothria ib-isb; fixed chelal finger with 11–15 teeth with dental canals: the first 1–3 proximal teeth with tip rounded, the others 10–13 teeth triangular, upright; base of fixed finger with 2–10 microtubercles; tip of fixed finger with a modified accessory tooth ( td) on antiaxial face; fixed chelal finger at level of est-itwith 3–4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm(distance between successive apices 0.030–0.041 mm); distal half of movable chelal finger with 6–8 triangular, upright teeth with dental canals, the first proximal tooth pointed or rounded; proximal half of movable finger with thick marginal lamina, weakly undulated, becoming thinner between sband b; coupled sensilla pchalfway between sband b, or nearer sbthan b; trichobothria as in figs 66–67, eb-esb-istplaced in a straight line or with ista little distad of the line eb-esb; basal apodeme of movable finger strongly sclerotized, rectangular; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.4–1.5 (3Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.2 (3Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.5 (3Ƥ).   FIGURES 59–65.  Chthonius(E.) etruscus n. sp.59, male paratype (Tuscany, Pozzo del Granduca), anterior margin of carapace; 60, female holotype, id.; 61, male paratype (Tuscany, Pozzo del Granduca), anterolateral portion of carapace; 62, female holotype, id.; 63, male paratype (Tuscany, Pozzo del Granduca), right chelicera; 64, female holotype, fingers of right chelicera; 65, male paratype (Tuscany, Pozzo del Granduca), tip of fixed chelal finger, dorsal view.   FIGURES 66–67.  Chthonius(E.) etruscus n. sp.66, male paratype (Tuscany, Pozzo del Granduca), right chela, lateral view; 67, female holotype, id. (Scale bar 0.1 mm). Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.4 (3), 1.5–1.65 (Ƥ). Carapace 0.41 × 0.38 (0.35 anteriorly) (3), 0.41– 0.44 × 0.40–0.43 (0.37–0.40 anteriorly) (Ƥ). Chelicerae 0.34 × 0.15 (3), 0.36–0.40 × 0.165–0.175 (Ƥ), movable finger length 0.175 (3), 0.18–0.20 (Ƥ). Pedipalp: femur 0.58 × 0.09 (3), 0.59–0.65 × 0.10 (Ƥ); chela 0.81 × 0.12 (3), 0.83–0.90 × 0.14–0.16 (Ƥ); hand length 0.32 (3), 0.35–0.36 (Ƥ); movable chelal finger length 0.48 (3), 0.48– 0.53 (Ƥ).   Remarks.Among the species of the  Chthonius fuscimanusgroup,  C. etruscus n. sp.is related to the epigean  C. nanusand  C. tyrrhenicus—both common and widespread species in the same geographical area—from which it differs in many troglomorphic characters.   C. etruscusdiffers from other hypogean species of central Italy(  C. sulphureus,  C. latellai) in a lower degree of troglomorphy: smaller size and less elongated appendages [length of chela 0.81 (3) 0.83–0.90 (Ƥ) mm, chela 6.75 (3) 5.3–6.4 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.5 in  C. etruscus; length of chela 1.07–1.19 (3) 1.11–1.27 (Ƥ) mm, chela 7.2–8.4 (3) 6.6–7.9 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, ratio of pedipalpal femur/ carapace 1.7–1.9 in  C. sulphureusand  C. latellai] and in the shape of the chelal hand: rather squat, in lateral view, with square profile in  C. etruscus, elongated in  C. sulphureusand  C. latellai.  C. etruscusdiffers from the hypogean  C. magriniiin the presence of preocular microsetae, the absence of an epistome and the shape of the chelal hand.