Olax tsaratananensis Cavaco & Keraudren, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana , sér. 2, 29: 25 (1955) A synoptic revision of Olax L. (Olacaceae) in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands Rogers, Zachary S. Malécot, Valéry Sikes, Kendra G. Adansonia 2006 3 28 1 71 100 6SJ3X Baker Baker [272,516,1451,1477] Magnoliopsida Olacaceae Olax Plantae Santalales 12 83 Tracheophyta species emirnensis  ( Fig. 4)   Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 21: 331 (1884). — Type: Madagascar, central Madagascar, fl., Baron 3078(holo-, BM!; iso-, K!, P!).     Olax tsaratananensis Cavaco & Keraudren, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, sér. 2, 29: 25 (1955). — Type: Madagascar, Prov. Antsiranana, Tsaratanana, [ 13°49’S, 48°44’E],  1500 m,  X.1912, imm. fr., fr.,  Perrier de la Bâthie2008(holo-, P!); syn. nov.  ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. —  Madagascar. Prov. Antananarivo, Ambohitantely RS, [ 18°05’S, 47°16’E],  X.1955, fl., Bosser 8518(MO!, TAN!). —  ManankazoSTF, Manankazoau NE d’Ankazobe, [ 18°09’S, 47°14’E],  1500 m, 1913, fl.,  Perrier de la Bâthie2243(P!). — Andreba, Fiv. Anjozorobe, Commune Betatao, Forêt de Besofina, à 8 kmau Sud de Betatao, et  6 kmN d’Andreba, 18°15’10”S, 47°53’27”E,  1386 m,  9.III.2000, fr., Randrianaivo et al. 516(MO!, P!, TAN). —  Samelocality, 18°15’54”S, 47°52’58”E,  1412 m,  12.III.2000, fr., Randrianaivo et al. 527(MO!, P!, TAN). —  Ambohitantely RS, sur le tampoketsa d’Ankazobe, [ 18°05’S, 47°16’E],  29.X.1967, fl., SF (Capuron) 27814(P!, TEF!). —  Tsimanahirivotra, massif de Tsimanahirivotra, au N d’Anjozorobe, [ 18°16’S, 47°54’E],  1.XI.1967, fl., SF (Capuron) 27817, (P!, TEF!). —  Ambohitantely RS, sur le Tampoketsa d’Ankazobe, [ 18°09’S, 47°18’E],  25.II.1968, fr., SF (Capuron) 28270(P!, TEF!). — Same locality,  17.I.1981, fr., SF 34280( TEF!).   Prov. Antsiranana, Tsaratanana Massif, 14°04’40”S, 48°53’47”E,  882 m,  30.X.2000, fl.,  Antilahimenaet al. 621( MO!). — Partie occidentale du Massif du Marojejy(Nord-Est) de la vallée de l’Ambatoharananaau bassin supérieur de l’Antsahaberoka, [ 14°32’S, 49°36’E],  9.XI-2.XII.1959, fl.,  Humbert& Saboureau31530bis(P!). — Same locality,  1300-1400 m, same date, fl.,  Humbert& Saboureau31742(P!). — Manongarivo RS, Antsatrotro, [ 14°05’S, 48°23’E],  800 m,  XI.1954, fr., SF (Capuron) 11503(P!, TEF!).   Prov. Fiananarantsoa, Mahabo-Mananivo, forêt de Analazaha, 23°12’38”S, 47°43’47”E,  25 m,  19.II.2003, fr., Ludovic et al. 252(G!, MO!, P, TAN). — Mahabo, S of Farafangana, near village of Mahabo, 23°10’51”S, 47°42’29”E,  30 m,  5.XI.2001, imm. fr.,  McPherson& Rabenantoandro18333(BR!, K!, MO!, P, TEF, US!). — Iabomary, forêt littorale sur latérite, 40 kmau SO de Farafangana, Mananivo, 23°03’34”S, 47°40’23”E, [  0- 50 m],  6.II.2001, fr.,  Rabenantoandroet al. 426(G!, K!, MO!, P!, TAN). —  Mahabo-Mananivo, Fivondronana Farafangana, Firaisana Mahabo-Mananivo, 23°12’00”S, 47°42’26”E,  17 m,  6.XI.2001, imm. fr.,  Rabenantoandro& McPherson699(MO!, P[2]!, TEF). —  Samelocality, 23°10’20”S, 47°42’23”E,  29 m,  23.IX.2002, fl.,  Rabenantoandroet al. 963(BM!, GRA!, MO!, P!, TEF, WAG!). — Samelocality, 23°10’12”S, 47°41’54”E,  5.II.2001, fr.,  Rabevohitra& Rabenantoandro3788[= SF 35378] (MO!, TEF!). —  Farafangana, près de Farafangana, [ 22°49’S, 47°49’E],  15.X.1964, fl., SF ( Capuron) 23569(P!, TEF!).  Prov. Mahajanga, Besakay, source de la rivière Besakay,canton Betrandraka, districtTsaratanana, [ 16°59’S, 47°31’E],  16.III.1957, fr., SF (Laoza) 16923(P!, TEF!).   Prov. Toamasina, Toamasina,  3-5 m,  11.X.1946, bud,  Cours( Herbierde la station agricole de l’Alaotra) 2966(MO!, P!, TAN!). —  Marankoditra[= Andranokoditra], forêts côtières de l’Est, [ 18°36’S, 49°15’E], fl.,  Louvel192(P!). — Tampina, forêt de Tampina, [ 18°31’S, 49°17’E],  XI.1923, fl.,  Louvel206(P!). — Vohibola, c.   2 kmW of Andranokoditra, 18°35’46”S, 49°14’06”E,  2-5 m,  9.II.2003, fr.,  Lowryet al. 6040( MO!). —  ÎleSainte- Marie, Lokintsy, forêt d’Ambohidena, 16°51’11”S, 49°57’10”E,   10 m,  13.V.2003, fr.,  McPhersonet al. 18906(BM!, MO!, P, TEF). — Antanambao, Nof Soanierana- Ivongo, near village of Antanambao-Ambodimanga, 16°45’28”S, 49°42’59”E,   10 m,  19.V.2003, fr.,  McPhersonet al. 18955(MO!, P, TEF, WAG!). —  Ambila Lemaitso, 18°48’S, 49°09’E, 0 m,  15.XI.1989, fl.,  Miller& Keating4540(MO). — Samelocality,   10 m,  16.I.1999, fr.,  Miller& Lowry10461(G!, MO!, TAN). —  Brickaville, [ 18°50’S, 49°04’E],  XI.1921, fl., imm. fr.,   Perrier de la Bâthie14074(P!). — Ambohidena, Fivondronana Sainte-Marie, Firaisana Lokintsy, Fokontany Ambohidena, 16°51’11”S, 49°57’10”E,  1.VI.2004, fl.,  Rabehevitra& Poity1111(B!, MO!, P, TEF). — Antanambao-Ambodimanga, Fivondronana Soanierana-Ivongo, Commune Manompana, forêt sur sables d’Antanambao-Ambodimanga, 16°45’40”S, 49°42’35”E,  1.II.2003, fr.,  Rabevohitraet al. 4362(BM!, K!, MO!, P!, TEF). —  Vohibola forest, Brickaville, 18°35’42”S, 49°14’02”E,  10.II.2003, fr.,  Rabevohitraet al. 4390(MO!, P, TEF!). —  Ambatovy, Phelps Dodgeproject site, on the road towards Torotorofotsy, 18°52’S, 48°20’30”E,  1000 m,  21.I.1997, fr.,  Rakotomalazaet al. 973(MO!, P, TAN). —  Analamay, Phelps Dodgeproject site, Analamay, 18°49’26”S, 48°20’16”E, 1000 m, 26.I.1997, fr., Rakotomalaza et al. 994(MO!, P!). — Ambila Lemaitso, coastal dune forest just N of railroad bridge, W of pangallane (canal), 18°51’S, 49°08’E,   0-25 m,  28.I.1993, fr.,  Schatzet al. 3429(G!, MO!, P!, TAN!). — TampoloSTF,  9 kmN of Fénérive, 17°17’15”S, 49°25’11”E,   10 m,  27.XI.1994, fr.,  Schatzet al. 3620(MO!, P!). — Samelocality,  2.V.1956, fl.,  Service Agricole1043(MO[2]!, TAN[2]!). — Samelocality, fl., SF ( Capuron) s. n. (P!). — Ambila LemaitsoSTF, forêt d’Ambila, Brickaville, [ 18°49’S, 49°08’E],   7 m,  25.I.1951, fr., SF ( Randrianjanaka) 1116( TEF!). —  MenagisySTF, [ 18°52’S, 49°04’E],  0-50 m,  28.II.1951, fr., SF ( Verdet) 3211( TEF!). —  Ambila LemaitsoSTF, [ 18°49’S, 49°08’E],  25.IX.1952, fl., SF ( Capuron) 5692(P!, TEF!). —  Samelocality,  29.XII.1952, fr., SF ( Rabetsitonta) 6478(P!, TEF!). —  TampoloSTF, Fénérive- Est, [ 17°17’S, 49°23’E],  10.IV.1954, fl., SF 10051(P!, TEF!). —  Samelocality,  24.VIII.1954, fr., SF ( Pierre) 10825(P!, TEF!). —  Samelocality,  2.V.1956, fl., SF 15895(P!, TEF!). —  Samelocality,  26.IX.1956, fr., SF ( Zavah) 16100(P!, TEF!). —  Ambila LemaitsoSTF, Brickaville, [ 18°49’S, 49°08’E],  24.II.1958, fr., SF ( André) 19003(P!, TEF!). —  Mangalimaso, forêt de Mangalimaso, à l’Ouest de Foulpointe, [ 17°41’S, 49°29’E],  23.XI.1962, fr., SF ( Capuron) 22090(P!, TEF!). —  Mananara Avaratra PN, Sud de Mananara, [ 16°26’S, 49°50’E],  10-14.XI.1964, fr., SF ( Capuron) 23760(P!, TEF!). —  Ambila Lemaitso, [ 18°49’S, 49°08’E],  14.XII.1967, imm. fr., SF ( Capuron) 28033(P!, TEF!). —  Île Sainte-Marie, forêt d’Ampanihy, [ 18°49’S, 49°08’E],  17.V.1969, fl., imm. fr., SF ( Capuron) 28850(P[3]!, TEF!). —  Andranokoditra, Akanin’ny Nofy, Ambila, Brickaville, 18°36’S, 49°15’E,  25.XI.1983, imm. fr., SF ( Rabevohitra) 32536( TEF!).   Prov. Toliara, Mandena,  2 kmE of Botanic Garden, 24°58’S, 47°00’E,  15 m,  9.X.1990, fl.,  Faber-Langendoenet al. 2185(MO!, P!, TAN!). — Analalava, a few km NW of Manantenina, forêt d’Analalava, 24°13’S, 47°21’E,  40 m,  28.X.1989, imm. fr.,  McPherson14275(MO!, P!, TAN!, TEF). — Mandena, NE of Fort-Dauphin, 24°57’S, 47°00’E,  25 m,  7.XII.1989, fr.,  McPherson& Dumetz14658(MO!, P!, TAN!, TEF). — Sainte-Luce, near village of Ste. Luce( Manafiafy), 24°47’S, 47°10’E,  FIG. 4. —  Olax emirnensisBaker: A, flowering branch; B, other leaf form; C, flower (one petal,one stamen and one staminode removed); D, staminode; E, longitudinal section of ovary, disk, and calyx; F -H, fruits with varying degrees of an accrescent calyx; I, longitudinal section of fruit.A, Service Forestier 5692; B, Service Forestier 11503; C, E, Service Forestier 27814; D, Service Forestier 27817; F, Service Forestier 28270; G, I, Service Forestier 23760; H, Service Forestier 16100. Scale bars: A, B, 1 cm; C, 2 mm; D, E, 1 mm; F-I, 5 mm.    20 m,  16.I.1990, fr., McPherson et al. 14821(MO!, P!, TAN!). — Mandena, forêt littorale, 24°56’27”S, 47°01’40”E,   15 m,  28.XI.2002, fr., Randrianaivo et al. 851(MO!, P, TAN). — Same locality, 24°57’16”S, 46°59’20”E,   10 m,  19.I.2006, ster., Rogers et al. 905(MO!, TAN!). — Bemangidy, entre les fleuves Vato-  mena et Manambato, au N de Fort-Dauphin, [ 24°34’S, 47°12’E],  14.XII.1968, fr., SF (Capuron) 28661(P!, TEF!). —  MandenaSTF, au N de Fort-Dauphin, [ 24°57’S, 47°00’E],  14.XII.1969, ster., SF (Capuron) 29013(P!, TEF!). —  Samelocality,  1.XII.1997, fr., SF (Rabevohitra) 35032( TEF!). DESCRIPTION   Olax emirnensishas flowers with 4 (rarely 5 or 6) petals, 3 (rarely 4 or 5) stamens, 5 (rarely 4 or 6) staminodes, and a strongly accrescent calyx in fruit. The species differs from the most morphologically similar Malagasy species,  O. dissitiflora, by its coriaceous (vs. membranous-chartaceous or semi-succulent) leaves, inconspicuous venation that is rarely represented by faint secondaries (vs. all orders of venation usually visible), by its robust ( c. 1-2 vs. c. 0.5 mmin diam.) leaf petioles darker than the midribs (vs. concolorous), and by its larger (12-17 vs. 6-9 mmin diam.) fruits.  REMARKS  Cavaco & Keraudren (1955b)based the name  Olax tsaratananensison a single collection from the Tsaratanana massif. Capuron (1968), with his extensive collections of  Olaxand prolific field experience, disagreed with the recognition of  O. tsaratananensisas a distinct entity. While some vegetative characters vary noticeably among specimens collected from different areas of the island, the consistency observed in floral, fruit, and several other leaf characters (e.g., texture, venation, petiole morphology) allow us to circumscribe a single cohesive taxon, that includes the typeof  O. tsaratananensis.  DISTRIBUTION AND PHENOLOGY   Olax emirnensisoccurs from 0 to 1500 melevation, along most of Madagascar’s east coast (from the northern side of the Masoala peninsula south to Fort-Dauphin) in littoral forest on sand, and in subhumid forest along the central plateau on laterite and granite (from Manongarivo to Marojejy, and south to Ambohitantely and Andasibe- Moramanga; Fig. 10).  Olax emirnensishas been recorded in flower from April through June and from September to November. The species fruits from August through June.  VERNACULAR NAMES Androvola ( Cours 2966); Maitsoririnina ( SF 10051, 10825, 15895, 16100); Manarimbitana à grandes feuilles ( SF 32536); Raisongo ( SF 1116, 3211); Soazanahary ( Rabenantoandro et al. 963); 1912-10 Perrier de la Bathie Madagascar 1500 -13.816667 Tsaratanana 1289 48.733334 12 83 1 Antsiranana 1955-10 TAN Prov. & Ambohitantely RS Madagascar -18.083334 Antananarivo 1276 47.266666 12 83 1 Antananarivo 2000-03-09 TAN Manankazo & NE d'Ankazobe & Perrier de la Bathie & de Besofina & de Betatao Madagascar 1500 -18.252777 Sud de Betatao 21 47.890835 Foret de Besofina 12 83 1 Antananarivo 2000-03-12 TAN Same Madagascar 1412 -18.265 21 47.882774 12 83 1 Antananarivo 1967-10-29 TEF Ambohitantely RS & d'Ankazobe Madagascar -18.083334 1276 47.266666 12 83 1 Antananarivo 1967-11-01 TEF Tsimanahirivotra & de Tsimanahirivotra & N d'Anjozorobe Madagascar 13 84 -18.266666 1275 47.9 12 83 1 Antananarivo 1968-02-25 TEF Ambohitantely RS & le Tampoketsa d'Ankazobe Madagascar -18.15 1276 47.3 13 84 1 Antananarivo 1981-01-17 TEF Madagascar 13 84 1 Antananarivo 1954-11 2000-10-30 1954-11 MO, TEF du Massif du Marojejy & de l'Ambatoharanana & de l'Antsahaberoka & Humbert & Saboureau & Manongarivo RS 882 -14.083333 Antilahimena 1289 48.383335 Tsaratanana Massif 13 84 1 Antsiranana 2001-02-06 2003-02-19 2001-02-06 MO, TAN, TEF de Analazaha & McPherson & Rabenantoandro United States of America 25 -23.059444 Prov. Fiananarantsoa 21 47.673058 Mahabo-Mananivo 13 84 1 2001-11-06 TEF Rabenantoandro & McPherson United States of America Firaisana Mahabo-Mananivo 17 -23.2 Mahabo-Mananivo 21 47.707222 Farafangana 13 84 1 2001-02-05 2002-09-23 2001-02-05 GRA, TEF, WAG Rabenantoandro & Rabevohitra United States of America 29 -23.17 Same 21 47.698334 Same 13 84 1 1964-10-15 TEF Capuron United States of America -22.816668 Farafangana 1258 47.816666 Farafangana 13 84 1 1957-03-16 TEF Besakay -16.983334 Betrandraka 1280 47.516666 Besakay 13 84 1 Mahajanga 1946-10-11 TAN Cours & Herbier & de l'Alaotra 4 Prov. Toamasina Toamasina 13 84 1 1923-11 de l'Est & de Tampina & Louvel & Vohibola Tampina -18.516666 Marankoditra 1275 49.283333 Louvel 13 84 1 2003-02-09 MO Lowry 4 -18.596111 2 km W of Andranokoditra 21 49.235 13 84 1 d'Ambohidena Lokintsy -16.853056 Ile 21 49.952778 Marie 13 84 1 2003-05-13 MO, TEF McPherson & Antanambao, N & Ivongo & Antanambao-Ambodimanga 10 -16.757778 21 49.71639 13 84 1 2003-05-19 TEF, WAG McPherson 10 13 84 1 1989-11-15 Miller & Keating & Same -18.8 Ambila Lemaitso 1274 49.15 13 84 1 1999-01-16 MO, TAN Miller & Lowry 10 13 84 1 1921-11 2004-06-01 1921-11 MO, TEF Perrier de la Bathie & Rabehevitra & Poity & Rabevohitra Fokontany Ambohidena -16.76111 Brickaville 21 49.709724 Firaisana Lokintsy 13 84 1 2003-02-10 TEF Rabevohitra -18.595001 Vohibola forest 21 49.23389 Brickaville 13 84 1 1997-01-21 TAN Rakotomalaza Torotorofotsy 1000 -18.866667 Ambatovy 925 48.341667 Phelps Dodge 13 84 1 Analamay -18.82389 Analamay 21 48.337776 Phelps Dodge 13 84 1 1993-01-28 MO, TAN Schatz & Tampolo 13 13 84 1 -17.2875 Fenerive 21 49.419724 13 84 1 1956-05-02 1994-11-27 1956-05-02 TAN Service Agricole & Same & Capuron & Ambila Lemaitso & d'Ambila & Brickaville 10 -18.816668 Schatz 1274 49.133335 Same 13 84 1 1951-01-25 TEF Randrianjanaka 7 13 84 1 1951-02-28 TEF Verdet 25 -18.866667 Menagisy 1273 49.066666 13 84 1 1952-09-25 TEF Capuron -18.816668 Ambila Lemaitso 1274 49.133335 13 84 1 1952-12-29 TEF Rabetsitonta Same 13 84 1 1954-04-10 TEF -17.283333 Tampolo 1279 49.383335 Est 13 84 1 1954-08-24 TEF Pierre Same 13 84 1 1956-05-02 TEF Same 13 84 1 1956-09-26 TEF Zavah Same 13 84 1 1958-02-24 TEF Andre -18.816668 Ambila Lemaitso 1274 49.133335 Brickaville 13 84 1 1962-11-23 TEF de Mangalimaso & Capuron -17.683332 Mangalimaso 1277 49.483334 l'Ouest de Foulpointe 13 84 1 1964-11-10 1964-11-14 1964-11-10 TEF Mananara Avaratra PN & Capuron -16.433332 Sud de Mananara 1282 49.833332 13 84 1 1967-12-14 TEF Capuron -18.816668 Ambila Lemaitso 1274 49.133335 13 84 1 1969-05-17 TEF Capuron -18.816668 Ile Sainte-Marie 1274 49.133335 d'Ampanihy 13 84 1 1983-11-25 TEF Rabevohitra Brickaville -18.6 Andranokoditra 1275 49.25 Ambila 13 84 1 1990-10-09 Prov. & Mandena 15 -24.966667 2 km E of Botanic Garden 1249 47.0 13 84 1 Toliara 1989-10-28 TAN Faber-Langendoen 40 -24.216667 d'Analalava 1252 47.35 Analalava 13 84 1 Toliara 1989-12-07 TAN, TEF McPherson 25 -24.95 Mandena 1249 47.0 13 84 1 Toliara TAN, TEF McPherson & Dumetz Sainte-Luce -24.783333 Manafiafy 1249 47.166668 Ste. Luce 13 84 1 Toliara 1990-01-16 TAN 20 -24.940832 21 47.02778 14 85 1 2002-11-28 TAN 15 -24.954445 21 46.988888 14 85 1 2006-01-19 TAN 10 14 85 1 1968-12-14 TEF -24.566668 Manambato 1250 47.2 14 85 1 1969-12-14 TEF -24.95 Mandena 1249 47.0 14 85 1 1997-12-01 TEF Same 14 85 1