Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits Rafał Gosik Peter Sprick Jiří Skuhrovec Magdalena Deruś Martin Hommes Zootaxa 2016 4108 1 1 67 75CDW Boheman, 1846 Boheman 1846 [151,797,1088,1114] Insecta Curculionidae Otiorhynchus Animalia Coleoptera 19 20 Arthropoda species armatus Nehrodistus   Material examined: 61 larvae( Figs. 209, 230). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber,  Chaenomelesx superbacultivar ‘Hollandia’, flowerpot, 0 4.10.2013, 7 ex.; dto.,  Euonymus fortunei, 25.09.2014, 6 ex.; dto.,  Euonymus fortunei, 0 7.10.2014, 6 ex.; dto.,  Hedera helixL., 0 7.10.2014, 26 ex.; and 25.09.2014, 13 ex.; dto.,  Prunus laurocerasuscultivar ‘Van Nes’, 19.12.2013, 3 ex.   Remarks about breeding and development.The larvae of this species were obtained from two breeding attempts in the JKI in 2013 and 2014.  Otiorhynchus armatusis apparently easy to breed also in small flowerpots, and it accepted all tested plants (  Chaenomelesx superba, Euonymus fortunei, Hedera helix, Prunus laurocerasus). During the past 15 years this taxon as well as the closely related or even identical   O. corruptor(Host, 1789)was introduced several times to Germanyand became noxious in indoor greeneries. Up to now, no permanent population (of both taxa) is known from Germany. All adults had been collected by Klaus Schrameyer in Merano / Northern Italyon 18.05.2013, in the town from a hotel wall with ivy (  Hedera helix). The weevils were not sclerotized, young adults at this point in time. 4 malesand 3 femaleswere used for the first breeding attempt (released on the plants on 24.05.2013) and 8 specimensof undetermined sex for the second (started on 24.06.2014). Adults and larvae from 2014 represent the second reared generation. Breeding gave no indication for any diapause. Mature larvae were already obtained in September and October, and pupae in November and December. The life-cycle of this species is apparently unknown, but seems to be in some kind resembling to that of  Otiorhynchus sulcatus: emergence of newly hatched adults from (approximately) mid-May, larval development within a few months, pupation during the whole season if temperature remains high in autumn and winter, development also in small flowerpots. The most striking difference is—in Central Europe—the much stronger limitation to indoor situations, apparently due to the demand of higher temperatures. Viggiani (1977)reports about damage on  Fragariaand an occurrence on  Vitis viniferaL.,  Ficus caricaL.,  Hedera helix,  Spiraea apulifoliaL. and  Citrus medicaL. in Campania ( Italy).   Description( Figs. 45–55).  Coloration. Head yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments white; except brownish pronotum; cuticle almost smooth, microcuticular processes, brown, poorly visible.  Bodymoderately elongated ( Fig. 45). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, filiform; brown. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 4 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps,different in length. Mesothorax with 1 short prs; 4 pds(ordered: 1 short, 1 medium long and 2 long); 1 long as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar, with the exception of pdson metathorax (ordered: 1 short, 1 long, 1 medium long and 1 long). Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda,different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus( Fig. 46). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds(ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps[abd. seg. VIII with only 4 pds(1 long, 1 short, 1 long and 1 short) and 1 minute sps]; 2 eps,different in length; 1 long and 1 minute ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus( Figs. 47, 49, 50). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 2 ps,different in length; and 2 sts,equal in length ( Figs. 48–50). Each lateral lobe of abdominal segment X with 2–3 minute ts.  Headsubglobose, narrowed bilaterally ( Fig. 51). Head capsule with 4 relatively short and 1 minute des, des1 and des2 placed on central part of epicranium, des3 located on frontal suture, des5 located anterolaterally, minute des4 located close to stemmata, all desequal in length; 2 relatively short fs, fs4 placed anteromedially, fs5 located near to antenna; 2 relatively short les; and 1 very short ves. Postepicranial area with a group of 2 pairs of sensilla, frons with 2 pairs of sensilla. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus3.6 times as wide as long with 2 very short cls,equal in length, placed posterolaterally ( Fig. 52). Labrumabout 1.7 times as wide as long with 3 straight lmsof different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms3 distinctly shorter than other setae, all lmsexceeding the outline of labrum; anterior margin of labrum rounded ( Fig. 52). Epipharynxwith 3 finger-like als,different in length; 2 ams,different in length; and 2 very short mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent; epipharynx covered by nodular cuticular processes ( Fig. 53). Mandible( Fig. 54) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds,different in length; internal egde with a triangular tooth. Maxilla( Fig. 55) with 1 very long stpsand 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 6 dms,different in length and 3 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere distinctly wider than distal; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabiumheart-shaped ( Fig. 55), with 2 very short ligsand 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabiumwith 3 pms, different in length; pms2 very long, 3–4 times as long as pms1, and 5 times as long as pms3 ( Fig. 55).   Differential diagnosis. See “Key to larvae of selected  Otiorhynchusspecies” and Tables 1, 2.