Halictus Zephyrus Smith, 1853: 68 Halictus ( Chloralictus ) academicus Sandhouse, 1924: 12 Halictus ( Chloralictus ) vintonensis Sandhouse, 1924: 22 academicus zephyrus Halictus zephyrus Robertson 1895: 117 Cockerell 1905: 352 Chloralictus zephyrus Robertson 1902: 248 Halictus ( Chloralictus ) zephyrus Viereck et al . 1916: 706 Sandhouse 1924: 6 Lasioglossum ( Chloralictus ) academicum Michener 1951: 1111 Lasioglossum ( Chloralictus ) zephyrus Michener 1951: 1118 Dialictus zephyrus Mitchell 1960: 431 Hurd 1979: 1973 Lasioglossum ( Dialictus ) zephyrum Dialictus academicus Evylaeus zephyrus Lasioglossum zephyrum The ‘ red-tailed’ Lasioglossum (Dialictus) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) of the western Nearctic Gardner, Joel Gibbs, Jason European Journal of Taxonomy 2020 2020-11-27 725 1 242 (Smith, 1853) Smith 1853 [500,1087,1142,1169] Insecta Halictidae Lasioglossum Animalia Hymenoptera 203 204 Arthropoda species zephyrus Dialictus   Figs 89, 90Q, 116A      Halictus Zephyrus Smith, 1853: 68( holotype, ♂, deposited in NHMUK).     Halictus( Chloralictus) academicus Sandhouse, 1924: 12( holotype, ♀, deposited in USNM, examined; synonymy by Gibbs 2010).     Halictus( Chloralictus) vintonensis Sandhouse, 1924: 22( holotype, ♀, deposited in USNM, examined; synonymy with  academicusby Michener 1951, with  zephyrusby Gibbs 2010).    Halictus zephyrus–  Robertson 1895: 117(female description). —  Cockerell 1905: 352(redescription).   Chloralictus zephyrus–  Robertson 1902: 248(key).   Halictus( Chloralictus) zephyrus–  Viereck et al. 1916: 706(key). —  Sandhouse 1924: 6(key).   Lasioglossum( Chloralictus) academicum–  Michener 1951: 1111(catalog).   Lasioglossum( Chloralictus) zephyrus–  Michener 1951: 1118(catalog).   Dialictus zephyrus–  Mitchell 1960: 431, figs 101–102 (key, redescription). —  Hurd 1979: 1973(catalog). — Moure & Hurd 1987: 140(catalog).   Lasioglossum( Dialictus) zephyrum(incorrect subsequent spelling) – Batra 1964(biology); 1965 (associates); 1966 (biology). — Krombein 1967: 467(catalog). — Michener et al. 1971a(biology); 1971b (biology). — Michener 1974(biology); 1990 (biology). — Wolf & Ascher 2009: 144(checklist). — Gibbs 2010: 362, figs 242a–e, 243a–f (key, redescription); 2011: 211 (key). — Scott et al. 2011: 32(checklist). — Dibble et al. 2017: 14(checklist). — Gibbs et al. 2017: 88(checklist).   Dialictus academicus– Hurd 1979: 1963(catalog). — Moure & Hurd 1987: 87(catalog).   Evylaeus zephyrus– Pesenko et al. 2000: 42(review).   Lasioglossum zephyrum– Donovall & van Engeldorp 2010: 18 (checklist).    Diagnosis Females of  Lasioglossum zephyruscan be recognized by the metapostnotum smooth with rugae reaching about halfway to the posterior margin, acarinarial fan dense and often complete, mesosoma with fine and often sparse punctures (i=1–2 pd), metasoma mostly dark and often with metallic green terga, head often large with gena much broader than eye and ocelloccipital distance equal to or greater than interocellar distance, and pronotal ridge absent. They are most similar to  L. kunzeiand  L. semibrunneum. Both of these species have the pronotal ridge carinate, acarinarial fan sparse, mesosoma very sparsely punctate (i=1–6 pd), and gena sometimes with a ventral tubercle. Males of  L. zephyruscan be recognized by the propodeum dorsolateral slope rugose and lateral face smooth and tessellate, mesosoma with fine and often sparse punctures (i=1–2 pd), paraocular area with dense tomentum, T2–5 with at least some tomentum, flagellomeres relatively long (F2 about 2 times as long as F1 and 1.75 times as long as broad), and pronotal ridge absent. They are most similar to  L. testaceum,  L. pictum,  L. arenisaltans sp. nov.,  L. kunzei, and  L. semibrunneum. Males of  L. testaceumcan be separated by the characters given in the key. Males of  L. pictumand  L. arenisaltans sp. nov.have the propodeum lateral face rugulose and mesosoma with larger and denser punctures (i =1–2 pd). Males of  L. kunzeiand  L. semibrunneumhave the pronotal ridge carinate, flagellomeres relatively short (F2 about 1.3 times as long as F1 and 1.25 times as long as broad), and propodeum dorsolateral slope smooth and shiny.    Etymology It is evident from his capitalization that Smith (1853)named this species after Zephyrus, the Greek god of the west wind. As a noun, it is not declinable to  zephyrum, in contrast with common past usage ( Batra 1964, 1965, 1966; Michener et al. 1971a, 1971b; Michener 1974, 1990; Wolf & Ascher 2009; Scott et al. 2011; Gibbs 2010, 2011; Dibble et al. 2017; Gibbs et al. 2017). It has almost universally been spelled  zephyrumin combination with  Lasioglossumwith the exception of Michener (1951).    Material examined   Holotype   UNITED STATES–  Florida• ♂; St. John’s Bluff; [ 30.38° N, 81.5° W]; E. Doubledayleg.; NHMUK.  Other material   CANADA–  Manitoba• 1 ♀; Carberry Sandhills 24 kmS of Carberry; 49.4° N, 99.16° W;  340 ma.s.l.;  7 Aug. 2011; R.E. Wrigleyleg.; WRME.   UNITED STATES–  California• 1 ♂; Alameda; [ 37.78° N, 122.28° W];  Apr. 1937; BBSL. –   Colorado• 6 ♀♀; Douglas Co.,  3 mi.SSW of Nighthawk; 39.332° N, 105.1804° W;  1951 ma.s.l.;  13 Jul. 2000; A.L. Hicksand Virginia Scottleg.; UCMC•  1 ♀; Mesa Co., Colorado National Monument near Visitors Center; [ 39.101° N, 108.735° W];  1737 ma.s.l.;  10 May 1988; U. Lanhamand M. Weissmanleg.; ex Lepidium; UCMC•  1 ♀; Otero Co., Rocky Ford; [ 38.05° N, 103.72° W];  27 Jul. 1971; J. W. Brewerleg.; ex Citrullus lanatus; MTEC•  1 ♀; Boulder; [ 40.02° N, 105.27° W];  14 May; Irene Bleasdaleleg.; USNM•  2 ♂♂; Garden of the Gods; [ 38.88° N, 104.88° W];  19 Aug. 1962; R.M. Bohartleg.; UCDC. –   Idaho• 1 ♂; Ada Co., Boise; [ 43.62° N, 116.2° W];  16 Aug. 1969; Carol Musgraveleg.; NMSU•  5 ♂♂; Idaho Falls, Ammon Sand Hills; [ 43.43° N, 111.91° W];  28 Aug. 1935; H.S. Telfordleg.; UMSP. –   Illinois• 1 ♂; Scott Co., Bluffs; [ 39.75° N, 90.54° W];  29 Aug. 1951; A.T. McClayleg.; UCDC. –   Iowa• 1 ♀; Vinton; [ 42.16° N, 92.02° W];  23 Jun. 1922; Sandhouseleg.; USNM. –   Kansas• 1 ♀; Decatur Co.,  1 mi.E of Oberlin State Lake; [ 39.83° N, 100.46° W];  27 Jun. 1963; N. Marstonleg.; AMNH•  1 ♂; Douglas Co., Lawrence; [ 38.97° N, 95.24° W];  23 Sep. 1952; R.R. Snellingleg.; LACM•  1 ♂; Blue Rapids; [ 39.68° N, 96.66° W];  2 Oct. 1917; Edna M. Stevensleg.; ex Ageratum altissima; AMNH. –   Michigan• 1 ♀; Allegan Co., Trevor Nichol Res. Ctr.; 42.5993° N, 86.1575° W;  12–23 May 2016; J. Gibbsleg.; WRME•  1 ♀; Allegan Co., Trevor Nichol Res. Ctr.; 42.6° N, 86.155° W;  24–28 May 2015; J. Gibbsand Y. Nozoeleg.; WRME•  1 ♀; same location as for preceding;  28 May–5 Jun. 2015; J. Gibbsand Y. Nozoeleg.; WRME•  1 ♂; same location as for preceding;  26 Aug.–17 Sep. 2016; Gibbsand Nozoeleg.; WRME•  1 ♀; Ingham Co., Harrison Mds. Pk.; 42.765° N, 84.494° W;  2 May 2015; Gibbsand Nozoeleg.; WRME•  5 ♂♂; Van Buren Co.,  4 kmSE of Covert; 42.263° N, 86.229° W;  31 Jul. 2015; J. Gibbsleg.; WRME. –   Minnesota• 1 ♀; Ramsey Co., Battle Creek Reg. Park; 44.9346° N, 93.0141° W;  289 ma.s.l.;  10 Jun. 2015; J. Gardnerleg.; ex Cornus sericea; UMSP•  1 ♀; Ramsey Co., Battle Creek Reg. Park; 44.9384° N, 92.9933° W;  295 ma.s.l.;  11 Aug. 2015; J. Gardnerleg.; UMSP•  1 ♀; Washington Co., Belwin Conservancy; 44.9444° N, 92.8169° W;  219 ma.s.l.;  9 Jun. 2015; E. Evansleg.; ex Zizea aurea; UMSP. –   Missouri• 1 ♀; Boone Co.,  12 mi.SW of Columbia; [ 38.83° N, 92.49° W];  24 Apr. 1966; F.D. Parkerleg.; UCDC. –   Montana• 1 ♀; Cascade Co., Cascade; [ 47.27° N, 111.7° W];  24 Jun. 1954; R.C. Froeschnerleg.; MTEC•  1 ♀; Gallatin Co., Gallatin Grown; 45.7713° N, 111.2953° W;  30 Aug. 2013; C.M. Delphialeg.; ex Cucurbita; MTEC•  1 ♀; same location as for preceding;  22 Aug. 2013; C.M. Delphialeg.; ex Helianthus; MTEC•  1 ♂; same location as for preceding;  11 Sep. 2013; C.M. Delphialeg.; ex Cucurbita; MTEC•  1 ♀; same location as for preceding;  11 Sep. 2013; C.M. Delphialeg.; MTEC•  1 ♀; Gallatin Co.;  21 May 1953; Studentleg.; MTEC. –   Nebraska• 1 ♂;  1 mi.E of Ravenna; [ 41.03° N, 98.89° W];  24 Aug. 1958; Atyeoand Andresenleg.; UNSM•  1 ♀, 1 ♂; Franklin; [ 40.1° N, 98.95° W];  10 Aug. 1960; W.F. Rappleg.; UNSM•  1 ♀; Lincoln; [ 40.81° N, 96.7° W];  31 Jul. 1948; R.A. Larkinleg.; ex Medicago sativa; UNSM•  1 ♀; same location as for preceding;  3 Jul. 1948; R.A. Larkinleg.; ex Medicago sativa; UNSM•  1 ♀; McCool; [ 40.74° N, 97.6° W];  29 Aug. 1940; H.E. Millironleg.; UMSP•  2 ♂♂; Naponee; [ 40.08° N, 99.14° W];  10 Aug. 1960; W.F. Rappleg.; UNSM. –   South Dakota• 1 ♂; Vermillion; [ 42.78° N, 96.93° W];  23 Sep. 1962; D. Johnsonleg.; BBSL. –   Utah• 3 ♂♂; Utah Co., Provo; [ 40.23° N, 111.66° W];  21 Aug. 1985; M. Khiderleg.; BBSL•  1 ♂; same location as for preceding;  4–11 Sep. 1985; BBSL•  1 ♂; Farmington; [ 40.98° N, 111.89° W]; Jun.year unknown; G.S. Bohartleg.; BBSL•  1 ♀; Harrisville; [ 41.28° N, 111.99° W];  6 May 1935; G.F. Knowltonleg.; BBSL•  1 ♀; Mantua; 41.515308° N, 111.938108° W;  14 May 2019; M.-K. Williamsleg.; BBSL•  1 ♂; Morgan; [ 41.04° N, 111.68° W];  30 Aug. 1943; G.F. Knowltonand P.E. Telfordleg.; BBSL•  1 ♀; Paradise; 41.550306° N, 111.829569° W;  12 May 2019; M-K. Williamsleg.; BBSL•  1 ♀; Paradise; [ 41.550306° N, 111.829569° W];  11 May 2019; MKFWleg.; BBSL•  1 ♀; Providence; 41.694842° N, 111.826561° W;  14 May 2019; A. Andersonleg.; BBSL•  1 ♀; Salt Lake; [ 41° N, 113° W];  19 Jul. 1951; L. Dale Hawsleg.; BBSL. –   Washington• 1 ♀; Clark Co., Camas, 1641 NE Crown Lane; 45.591° N, 122.389° W;  62 ma.s.l.;  17 May 2012; T.J. Zavortinkleg.; ex Weigela; UCDC•  1 ♀, 1 ♂; Colfax; [ 46.88° N, 117.36° W];  9 Jul. 1925; C.L. Foxleg.; CAS. –   Wisconsin• 1 ♀; Wood Co.; 44.455° N, 90.0928° W;  1–5 Jun. 2010; H. Gainesleg.; WRME.    Description See Gibbs (2010)for a complete redescription, figures, additional floral records, and reference to biological literature.   Range Throughout most of the United Statesand southern Canada, southwest to northern California and Texas ( Fig. 89).   Floral records  APIACEAE Lindl.  ZiziaW.D.J. Koch:  Z. aureaKoch• ASTERACEAE Giseke:  Ageratum:  A. altissima(L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. •  Helianthus• BRASSICACEAE Burnett:  LepidiumL. • CAPRIFOLIACEAE Juss.  WeigelaThunb.• CORNACEAE Bercht. ex J. Presl.  CornusL.  C. sericeaL. • CUCURBITACEAE Juss.  CitrullusSchrad.  C. lanatus(Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai•  CucurbitaL. • FABACEAE Juss.  Medicago:  M. sativaL.   DNA barcodes Sixteen sequences available (BOLD process IDs: ASBEE076-08, BOWGF1435-10, DLII675-07, DLII688-07, DLII702-07, DLII1512-08, DLII1519-08, DIAL070-06, DIAL071-06, DIAL606-06, DIAL725-06, DIAL952-06, DIAL1253-08, DIAL1254-08, DIAL1255-08, LASNA058-08; BIN: BOLD:AAD0272). No unique fixed substitutions distinguish  L. zephyrusfrom all other western redtailed L. (  Dialictus).   Remarks Unlike other red-tailed L. (  Dialictus), it is only the male of  L. zephyrusthat often has a red metasoma ( Batra 1966). 2986007667 [189,1390,1325,1352] NHMUK E. Doubleday United States of America 30.38 St. John's Bluff 4824 -81.5 204 205 1 1 Florida holotype 2986007906 2011-08-07 WRME R. E. Wrigley Canada 340 49.4 Manitoba 5567 -99.16 Carberry Sandhills 204 205 1 1 Manitoba 2986008598 [189,1236,1529,1557] 1937-04 BBSL United States of America 37.78 Alameda 708 -122.28 204 205 1 1 California 2986008121 2000-07-13 UCMC A. L. Hicks & Virginia Scott United States of America Douglas Co. 1951 39.332 Douglas Co. 55 -105.1804 204 205 6 6 Colorado 2986008709 1988-05-10 UCMC U. Lanham & M. Weissman United States of America Mesa Co. 1737 39.101 Mesa Co. 70 -108.735 Colorado National Monument 204 205 1 1 Colorado 2986008936 1971-07-27 MTEC J. W. Brewer United States of America Otero Co. 38.05 Rocky Ford 706 -103.72 204 205 1 1 Colorado 2986008259 2014-05 USNM Irene Bleasdale United States of America 40.02 Boulder 699 -105.27 204 205 1 1 Colorado 2986008277 [300,1395,1746,1773] 1962-08-19 UCDC R. M. Bohart United States of America 38.88 Garden of the Gods 703 -104.88 Garden 204 205 2 2 Colorado 2986008848 [213,1379,1782,1809] 1969-08-16 NMSU Carol Musgrave United States of America Ada Co. 43.62 Boise 4059 -116.2 204 205 1 1 Idaho 2986008470 [189,1395,1818,1845] 1935-08-28 UMSP H. S. Telford United States of America 43.43 Idaho Falls 686 -111.91 Idaho Falls 204 205 5 5 Idaho 2986008816 [213,1371,1854,1881] 1951-08-29 UCDC A. T. McClay United States of America Scott Co. 39.75 Bluffs 700 -90.54 204 205 1 1 Illinois 2986008497 [189,1184,1890,1917] 1922-06-23 USNM Sandhouse United States of America 42.16 Vinton 691 -92.02 204 205 1 1 Iowa 2986007311 1963-06-27 AMNH N. Marston United States of America Decatur Co. 39.83 1 mi. E of Oberlin State Lake 700 -100.46 204 205 1 1 Kansas 2986007593 [301,1382,1962,1989] 1952-09-23 LACM R. R. Snelling United States of America Douglas Co. 38.97 Lawrence 703 -95.24 204 205 1 1 Kansas 2986008049 1917-10-02 AMNH Edna M. Stevens United States of America 205 206 39.68 Blue Rapids 700 -96.66 204 205 1 1 Kansas 2986007573 2016-05-12 2016-05-23 2016-05-12 WRME J. Gibbs United States of America Allegan Co. 42.5993 Trevor Nichol Res. Ctr. 6 -86.1575 205 206 1 1 Michigan 2986007866 2015-05-24 2015-05-28 2015-05-24 WRME J. Gibbs & Y. Nozoe United States of America Allegan Co. 42.6 Trevor Nichol Res. Ctr. 5555 -86.155 205 206 1 1 Michigan 2986008059 2015-05-28 2015-06-05 2015-05-28 WRME J. Gibbs & Y. Nozoe United States of America Allegan Co. 42.6 Trevor Nichol Res. Ctr. 5555 -86.155 205 206 1 1 Michigan 2986007853 2016-08-26 2016-09-17 2016-08-26 WRME Gibbs & Nozoe United States of America Allegan Co. 42.6 Trevor Nichol Res. Ctr. 5555 -86.155 205 206 1 1 Michigan 2986007505 2015-05-02 WRME Gibbs & Nozoe United States of America Ingham Co. 42.765 Harrison Mds. Pk. 68 -84.494 Harrison Mds. Pk. 205 206 1 1 Michigan 2986008307 2015-07-31 WRME J. Gibbs United States of America Van Buren Co. 42.263 Van Buren Co. 69 -86.229 205 206 5 5 Michigan 2986008090 2015-06-10 UMSP J. Gardner United States of America Ramsey Co. 289 44.9346 Battle Creek Reg. Park 6 -93.0141 205 206 1 1 Minnesota 2986008091 2015-08-11 UMSP J. Gardner United States of America Ramsey Co. 295 44.9384 Battle Creek Reg. Park 6 -92.9933 205 206 1 1 Minnesota 2986008984 2015-06-09 UMSP E. Evans United States of America Washington Co. 219 44.9444 Belwin Conservancy 6 -92.8169 205 206 1 1 Minnesota 2986007962 1966-04-24 UCDC F. D. Parker United States of America Boone Co. 38.83 Boone Co. 703 -92.49 205 206 1 1 Missouri 2986007698 1954-06-24 MTEC R. C. Froeschner United States of America Cascade Co. 47.27 Cascade 3810 -111.7 205 206 1 1 Montana 2986007571 2013-08-30 MTEC C. M. Delphia United States of America Gallatin Co. 45.7713 Gallatin Grown 6 -111.2953 205 206 1 1 Montana 2986007714 2013-08-22 MTEC C. M. Delphia United States of America Gallatin Co. 45.7713 Gallatin Grown 6 -111.2953 205 206 1 1 Montana 2986008861 2013-09-11 MTEC C. M. Delphia United States of America Gallatin Co. 45.7713 Gallatin Grown 6 -111.2953 205 206 1 1 Montana 2986007528 2013-09-11 MTEC C. M. Delphia United States of America Gallatin Co. 45.7713 Gallatin Grown 6 -111.2953 205 206 1 1 Montana 2986008413 [713,1370,841,868] 1953-05-21 MTEC Student United States of America Gallatin Co. Gallatin Co. 205 206 1 1 Montana 2986007752 1958-08-24 UNSM Atyeo & Andresen United States of America 41.03 Nebraska 695 -98.89 205 206 1 1 Nebraska 2986007753 [297,1218,912,940] 1960-08-10 UNSM W. F. Rapp United States of America 40.1 Franklin 5571 -98.95 205 206 2 1 1 Nebraska 2986008444 1948-07-31 UNSM R. A. Larkin United States of America 40.81 Lincoln 4240 -96.7 205 206 1 1 Nebraska 2986007456 1948-07-03 UNSM R. A. Larkin United States of America 40.81 Lincoln 4240 -96.7 205 206 1 1 Nebraska 2986008037 1940-08-29 UMSP H. E. Milliron United States of America 40.74 McCool 4245 -97.6 205 206 1 1 Nebraska 2986008218 1960-08-10 UNSM W. F. Rapp United States of America 40.08 Naponee 699 -99.14 205 206 2 2 Nebraska 2986008303 1962-09-23 BBSL D. Johnson United States of America 42.78 Vermillion 688 -96.93 205 206 1 1 South Dakota 2986008182 1985-08-21 BBSL M. Khider United States of America Utah Co. 40.23 Provo 698 -111.66 205 206 3 3 Utah 2986007476 [441,1163,1129,1156] 1985-09-04 1985-09-11 1985-09-04 BBSL M. Khider United States of America Utah Co. 40.23 Provo 698 -111.66 205 206 1 1 Utah 2986008691 BBSL Jun. & G. S. Bohart United States of America 40.98 Farmington 695 -111.89 205 206 1 1 Utah 2986007704 1935-05-06 BBSL G. F. Knowlton United States of America 41.28 Harrisville 694 -111.99 205 206 1 1 Utah 2986008838 2019-05-14 BBSL M. - K. Williams United States of America 41.51531 Mantua 1 -111.93811 205 206 1 1 Utah 2986008099 1943-08-30 BBSL G. F. Knowlton & P. E. Telford United States of America 41.04 Morgan 695 -111.68 205 206 1 1 Utah 2986008072 2019-05-12 BBSL Williams United States of America 41.550304 Paradise 1 -111.82957 205 206 1 1 Utah 2986007997 2019-05-11 MKFW, BBSL United States of America 41.550304 Paradise 1 -111.82957 205 206 1 1 Utah 2986008290 [286,1323,1345,1372] 2019-05-14 BBSL A. Anderson United States of America 41.694843 Providence 1 -111.82656 205 206 1 1 Utah 2986008068 1951-07-19 BBSL L. Dale Haws United States of America 41.0 Salt Lake 23438 -113.0 205 206 1 1 Utah 2986008487 2012-05-17 UCDC NE Crown Lane & T. J. Zavortink United States of America Clark Co. 62 45.591 Camas 67 -122.389 205 206 1 1 Washington 2986008529 [450,1370,1452,1480] 1925-07-09 CAS C. L. Fox United States of America 46.88 Colfax 672 -117.36 205 206 2 1 1 Washington 2986008225 [189,1285,1489,1516] 2010-06-01 2010-06-05 2010-06-01 WRME H. Gaines United States of America Wood Co. 44.455 Wood Co. 55 -90.0928 205 206 1 1 Wisconsin