A taxonomic survey of the genus Vitis L. (Vitaceae) in Italy, part II: the ‘ Euro-American’ hybrids
Ardenghi, Nicola M. G.
Banfi, Enrico
Galasso, Gabriele
Phytotaxa
2015
2015-09-02
224
3
232
246
5BM8M
Ardenghi, Galasso & Banfi
Ardenghi, Galasso & Banfi
[136,606,160,185]
Magnoliopsida
Vitaceae
Vitis
true
Plantae
Vitales
9
241
Tracheophyta
species
goliath
Planta hybrida, a V. riparia, V. rupestriet V.× instabili foliorum laminis ab ultimo vere rubescentibus, initialibus trilobatis, bacis sapore dulciusculo differt; a V. viniferaet V.× bacoi foliorum laminis basi truncata vel cuneata differt.
Type:— ITALY. Lombardy: Stradella (Pavia), cavalcavia di via Valle Badia, lato S(WGS84: 45.078178°N 9.286523°E), 71 m, exp. S, robinieto su scarpata stradale, con Robinia pseudoacacia, Convolvulus sepium, Bryonia dioica, Sambucus ebulus, Phytolacca americana, Juglans regia, 20August 2014, N.Ardenghi s.n.( holotype MSNM!, 4 sheets, isotype FI!, 2 sheets). [ Fig.6; images available also at http://www.comune.milano.it/dseserver/webcity/documenti.nsf/0/49839462f80662afc12571010055c8c5?OpenDocument (accessed: 5 September 2015)]. Deciduous woody vine, climbing or creeping-prostrate, hermaphrodite. Tendrilsbifurcate, a tendril or inflorescence present at only 2 consecutive nodes. Leaf bladesthin, up to 22 cmlong, not conduplicate, kidney-shaped to broadly cordate, entire to shallowly 3-lobed, lobes from inconspicuous to cuspidate, usually with phylloxera galls. Adaxial surfacedark green, in late-season leaves usually with large purplish-red to purple blotches (anthocyanic pigmentation), extending from the margins towards the centre of the leaves (this feature, persisting in dried specimens, is due not only to normal leaf senescence, but also to nutrient deficiency, injuries, virus and fungal infections, see Eynard & Dalmasso 1990, and Keller 2015), dull, glabrous, veins whitish to greenish-white and sometimes bright red basally, glabrous or with sparse arachnoid and hirtellous pubescence; abaxial surfaceglabrous; veins at the petiole insertion glabrous or with sparse arachnoid or hirtellous pubescence; veins surface glabrous to sparsely hirtellous and/or arachnoid pubescent, with lax whitish tufts of rigid hairs at their axils (more developed in immature leaves). Marginshirtellous, sharply dentate, teeth acute (usually acute triangle-shaped), narrow; teeth at the ends of the central and the two main lateral veins usually prominent, acuminate, occasionally slightly hooked. Leaf basecuneate to truncate or broadly Ushaped. Petioleglabrous to glabrescent, with sparse hirtellous or arachnoid pubescence (more prominent in immature leaves), usually bright red. Flowershermaphrodite. Infructescences 10.5−14.8 cmlong, 5.4−9.9 cmwide, conical to widely conical in outline, lax to irregularly compact (only some berries touching each other); peduncle 2−4 cmlong; rachis glabrous, occasionally with sparse arachnoid pubescence; pedicels 4−6 mmlong. Berriesup to 50 or more per cluster, (8−)9−11(−12) mm in diameter, spheroidal, usually flattened at the poles (oblate), black with a thin layer of pruine; exocarp (“skin”) adherent to the mesocarp; mesocarp (“flesh”) yellowish. Flavorinitially sweet (as in cultigen V. vinifera), then decidedly sharp and astringent; sometimes only sweet or sharp. Seeds(1−)2(−4) per berry, (4.5−)5.0− 6.5 mmlong, 3.9−5.0 mm wide (including beak); body spheroidal to ellipsoidal-obovoid, apex roundish to slightly notched, brown; beak 0.5−1.1 mmlong, 1.2−1.8 mmwide (at seed base), usually obtrapezoidal in outline, brownish; chalaza 1.3−2.2 mmlong, 0.9−1.3 mmwide, ovate.
Etymology:—The specific epithet refers to “Golia”, the cultivar name given to one of the best known V. riparia× V. rupestris× V. viniferarootstock hybrids, obtained in Italy(see below). “Golia” is the Italian translation of the name “Goliath”, the biblical Philistine giant, whose legendary strength probably inspired the Pirovano’s in naming their hardy rootstock.
Ecology:—Compact and moderately moist soils; usually calciphile, heliophilous. Area of origin and distribution in Europe:—Artificial hybrid originating in Europe ( Galet 1988, Eynard & Dalmasso 1990). In the European continent, it is known as a casual or naturalized alien in Spain( Laguna 2004, 2005).
Distribution in Italyand habitat:— Lombardyand Tuscany(this paper). Mesic woodlands dominated by Robinia pseudoacacia, wasteland. Degree of naturalization:—Naturalized. Use:—In Italy, this fertile complex hybrid is exclusively employed as rootstock. The only cultivar listed in the national grape cultivars catalogue is ‘Golia’ (Ministero delle Politiche Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali 2015), a vigorous chlorosis-resistant rootstock obtained in 1913 by Italian agronomists Luigi and Alberto Pirovano (father and son) by crossing the hybrid ‘15.612 Castel’ (= V. vinifera‘Carignan’ × V. riparia) with V. rupestris‘du Lot’ ( Cosmo et al.1958, Fregoni & Bavaresco 1986, Galet 1988, Eynard & Dalmasso 1990). ‘Golia’ is employed mostly in northern and central regions, but is less widespread than other rootstock (Istituto centrale di statistica & Ministero dell’agricoltura e delle foreste 1972, Galet 1988). Its production decreased in the last five years (Ministero delle Politiche Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali 2015). ‘Golia’ has also been planted in Brazilby Italian immigrants ( Galet 1988, 2000). FIGURE 5. Vitis× goliath. Leaf blade variability: a −b, d −e) adaxial surface; c) abaxial surface. FIGURE 6. Holotype of V.× goliathArdenghi, Galasso & Banfi, parts A− D (MSNM). Outside Italy(e.g., France, Spain, Denmark, Switzerland, United States, and Canada), further cultivars with the same genetic composition are employed both as rootstock (e.g., ‘196-17 Castel’ and ‘4.010 Castel’, unisexual hybrids obtained by crossing V. rupestris× V. viniferawith V. riparia) and direct-producers (e.g., ‘Maréchal Foch’ and ‘Léon Millot’, originating from the crossing of V. riparia× V. rupestriswith V. vinifera) ( Galet 1988, Laguna 2004, Robinson et al.2012). Notes:—Hybrids between V. rupestrisand V. vinifera, featuring similar leaf morphology, may as well be present in the wild over the Italian territory. These artificial crossings, already recorded from Spain( Laguna 2004, 2005), were employed as rootstock mostly in central and southern Italy. One of the best known is ‘Aramon-Rupestris Ganzin n° 1’, one of the oldest Euro-American hybrids, obtained in Francein 1879. Successfully and largely used at the beginning of the phylloxera crisis for its hardiness and ease of grafting, it was then rejected for the low root-resistance to phylloxera, especially in warm climates ( Olivieri 1936, Cosmo et al.1958, Istituto centrale di statistica & Ministero dell’agricoltura e delle foreste 1972, Galet 1988, Eynard & Dalmasso, 1990, Ministero delle Politiche Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali 2015). Unisexual individuals of V.× goliathmay be found in the wild, since a number of male clones, such as ‘196-17 Castel’ and ‘4.010 Castel’, occur in cultivation ( Galet 1988).