Two new Bent-toed Geckos of the Cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex from Peninsular Malaysia and multiple instances of convergent adaptation to limestone forest ecosystems Grismer, L. Lee Wood, Perry L. Anuar, Shahrul Grismer, Marta S. Quah, Evan S. H. Murdoch, Matthew L. Muin, Mohd Abdul Davis, Hayden R. Aguilar, César Klabacka, Randy Cobos, Anthony J. Aowphol, Anchalee Sites, Jack W. Zootaxa 2016 4105 5 401 429 [151,523,1342,1368] Reptilia Gekkonidae Cyrtodactylus Animalia Squamata 10 411 Chordata species hidupselamanya sp. nov.    Holotype.Adult male, LSUHC12163 collected on 19 March 2015at 2030 hrs by Shahrul Anuar from Felda Chiku 7, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia( 5° 03.318” N 102° 08.573” E; 110 melevation).   Paratypes. Paratypes LSUHC12158–62, 12164–65, 12173–75 bear the same collection data as the holotype.   Diagnosis.  Cyrtodactylus hidupselamanya  sp. nov.can be differentiated from all other species of  Cyrtodactylusby having the combination of the following characters: maximum SVL of approximately 199 mm; 8–12 supralabials; 9–12 infralabials; weak tuberculation on body; no tubercles on ventral surface of forelimbs, gular region, in ventrolateral body folds, or anterior one-third of tail; 39–48 paravertebral tubercles; 19–23 longitudinal tubercle rows; 26–33 ventral scales; 19–24 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; no femoral pores; 17–22 precloacal pores; deep precloacal groove in males; four dark dorsal body bands; body bands as wide or slightly wider than interspaces; no rostral chevron; body bands and nuchal loop edged with a thin white, tubercle bearing lines; no scattered white tubercles on dorsum; no banding on base of thigh; 8–10 dark caudal bands on original tail; white caudal bands generally immaculate; and hatchlings and juveniles bearing white tail tips. These characters are scored across all species of the  C. pulchelluscomplex in Table 5.   Description of holotype.Adult male, 97.5 mmSVL; head large, moderate in length (HL/SVL 0.30), wide (HW/HL 0.67), somewhat flattened (HD/HL 0.36), distinct from neck, triangular in dorsal profile; lores concave anteriorly, inflated posteriorly; frontal and prefrontal regions deeply concave; canthus rostralis rounded anteriorly; snout elongate (ES/HL 0.45), rounded in dorsal profile, laterally constricted; eye large (ED/HL 0.26); ear opening elliptical, moderate in size (EL/HL 0.07), obliquely oriented; eye to ear distance greater than diameter of eye; rostral rectangular, divided dorsally by an inverted Y-shaped furrow, bordered posteriorly by left and right supranasals, and one medial postrostrals (=internasals), bordered laterally by first supralabials; external nares bordered anteriorly by rostral, dorsally by large supranasal and smaller postrostral, posteriorly by two postnasals, ventrally by first supralabial; 11(R, L) rectangular supralabials extending to just beyond upturn of labial margin, tapering abruptly below midpoint of eye; first supralabial largest; 7(R) 8(L) infralabials tapering in size posteriorly; scales of rostrum and lores weakly raised, larger than granular scales on top of head and occiput, those on posterior portion of canthus rostralis slightly larger; scales on occiput intermixed with small tubercles; posterior interorbital region tuberculate; large, boney frontal ridges bordering orbit confluent with boney, transverse, parietal ridge; dorsal superciliaries elongate, smooth, largest anteriorly; mental triangular, bordered laterally by first infralabials and posteriorly by left and right, rectangular postmentals which contact medially for 70% of their length; single row of slightly enlarged, elongate chinshields extending posteriorly to fourth infralabials; small, granular to flat gular scales grading posteriorly into larger, flat, smooth, imbricate, pectoral and ventral scales. Body relatively short (AG/SVL 0.47) with well-defined, non-tuberculate, ventrolateral folds; dorsal scales small, granular, interspersed with low, regularly arranged, keeled tubercles, smaller intervening tubercles occasionally present; tubercles extend from top of head to caudal constriction and onto anterior one-fifth of tail; tubercles on occiput and nape small, those on body largest; approximately 22 longitudinal rows of tubercles at midbody; 44 paravertebral tubercles; 27 flat imbricate ventral scales between ventrolateral body folds; ventral scales larger than dorsal scales; precloacal scales large, smooth; deep precloacal groove. Forelimbs moderate in stature, relatively short (FL/SVL 0.18); scales on dorsal surfaces of forelimbs, small, juxtaposed, intermixed with large tubercles in near contact with one another; scales of ventral surface of forearm flat, subimbricate, tubercles absent; palmar scales weakly rounded; digits well-developed, inflected at basal, interphalangeal joints; subdigital lamellae rectangular proximal to joint inflection, only slightly expanded distal to inflection; digits more narrow distal to joints; claws well-developed, sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale; hind limbs more robust than forelimbs, moderate in length (TBL/SVL 0.20), larger tubercles on dorsal surface of legs separated by smaller subimbricate scales; ventral scales of thigh flat, smooth, imbricate, larger than dorsal granular scales; ventral, tibial scales flat, smooth, imbricate; single row of greatly enlarged, flat, rectangular, imbricate, femoroprecloacal scales extend nearly from knee to knee through precloacal region where they are continuous with enlarged, pore-bearing precloacal scales; 19 contiguous, pore-bearing precloacal scales forming an inverted T bearing a deep, precloacal groove in which six pore-bearing scales are found (three on left, three on right); postfemoral scales immediately posterior to enlarged scale row small, nearly granular, forming an abrupt union with postfemoral scales on posteroventral margin of thigh; plantar scales low, slightly raised; digits welldeveloped, inflected at basal, interphalangeal joints; subdigital lamellae proximal to joint inflection rectangular, only slightly expanded distal to inflection; digits more narrow distal to joints; claws well-developed, sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale; 23(R) 22(L) subdigital lamellae on 4th toe. Tail original 128.0 mm in length, 9.3 mmin width at base, tapering to a point; dorsal scales of tail flat, squarish; subcaudal region bearing large median row of transverse scales; no caudal furrows; base of tail bearing hemipenial swellings; three small, postcloacal tubercles on each hemipenial swelling; postcloacal scales smooth, flat, large, imbricate.  Coloration in life.Dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs, and tail light-brown, immaculate; no V-shaped line on rostrum; wide, dark-brown nuchal loop edged anteriorly and posteriorly by thin, white line bearing tubercles; four dark-brown body bands between nuchal loop and hind limb insertions edged anteriorly and posteriorly by thin white lines bearing tubercles; body bands as wide as interspaces; no markings on posterior margin of thigh; ventral surface of head, body, and limbs beige, immaculate except for black stipples in each scale; tail bearing eight dark bands separated by seven, narrower, beige (anteriorly) to white (posteriorly) bands; subcaudal region tan.   FIGURE 3.  Cyrtodactylus hidupselamanya  sp. nov.from Felda Chiku 7, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. Upper left: male paratype LSUHC12175. Upper right: female paratype LSUHC 12173. Lower left: hatchling paratype LSUHC 12177. Lower right: juvenile paratype LSUHC 12176.  Variation ( Figs. 3, 4).The paratypesare remarkably similar to the holotypein overall coloration and pattern, likely due to substrate matching. The posterior section of the tail in the hatchling (LSUHC 12177) and the juvenile (LSUHC 12176) is whitish with faint bands—a condition found in the vast majority of cave-adapted  Cyrtodactylusthroughout Southeast Asia and all other limestone ecosystem adapted species in the  C. pulchelluscomplex (Grismer et al.2012, 2014a). However, unlike all other of the latter, the white coloration remains into adulthood when unstressed ( Fig. 4). Like other species in the  C. pulchelluscomplex, hatchlings of  C. hidupselamanya  sp. nov.bear bright-yellow dorsal interspaces ( Fig. 3) that fade to brown in adulthood. Meristic and additional color pattern differences are listed in Table 6.   Distribution.  Cyrtodactylus hidupselamanya  sp. novis known only from the typelocality at Felda Chiku 7, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia( Fig. 1). Another karst formation approximately 1 kmto the south was not surveyed. There are other isolated karst formations 5–10 kmaway that were also not surveyed.   Etymology.The specific epithet  hidupselamanyais a modification of the Malay words “ hidup selamanya” which, loosely translated means “live forever” and is in reference this species precarious future being that its limestone habitat is targeted to be completely quarried.  Natural history.All specimens of  Cyrtodactylus hidupselamanya  sp. nov.were collected at night between 2000 and 2400hrs inside a complex network of caves and caverns permeating and coursing through an isolated karst formation ( Fig. 5). A very narrow swath of undisturbed limestone forest closely surrounds the karst formation but the forest for several kilometers beyond this has been cleared for oil palm plantations ( Fig. 5). Some lizards were collected in open areas on the limestone walls near cavern entrances while others were found on walls much deeper within the cave systems. All specimens were found between 1–4 mabove the cave floor. One specimen observed during the day at 1730 hrs inside the cave was taking refuge deep within a crack approximately 25 mfrom the cave entrance. It is likely that  C. hidupselamanya  sp. nov.ventures outside the caves at night to forage on the exterior walls of the karst formation although none were found. One juvenile (LSUHC 12176), however, was found on the limestone vegetation next to an exterior wall. Of the four adult females sampled (LSUHC 12159, 12162, 12173–74), none were gravid although one hatchling was collected (LSUHC 12177). This would suggest that  C. hidupselamanya  sp. nov.does not breed year-round and that April is at the end of its reproductive season.   TABLE 6.Characters and measurements of the type series of  Cyrtodactylus hidupselamanya  sp. nov.from Felda Chiku 7, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia.M=male, F=female, /=data unavailable, R=regenerated, B=broken. Other abbreviations are listed in the Materials and Methods.     LSUHC  LSUHC  LSUHC  LSUHC  LSUHC  LSUHC  LSUHC  12173 12160 12158 12215 12161 12162 12163   paratype  paratype  paratype  paratype  paratype  paratype  holotype  sex F M M M M F M  supralabials 11 11 11 12 11 9 11  infralabials 8 9 9 11 9 9 8  tuberculation weak, moderate, strong Weak Weak Weak Weak Weak Weak Weak  tubercles on ventral surface of forelimbs tubercles in gular region No No No No No No No No No No No No No No  ventrolateral fold tuberculate No No No No No No No  no. of paravertebral tubercles 48 41 39 42 40 47 44  no. longitudinal rows of tubercles 22 21 24 20 21 21 22  tubercles on at least anterior 1/3 of tail No No No No No no no  no. of ventral scales 27 28 33 26 29 29 27  no. of subdigital lamellae on 4th toe 23 22 24 22 23 22 22  no. of femoropreloacal pores / 20 21 22 17 / 19  deep precloacal groove in males body bands / 4 Yes 4 Yes 4 Yes 4 Yes 4 / 4 Yes 4  body band/interspace width ratio 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.00  scattered white dorsal tubercles No No No No No No No  no. bands on original tail 8 / / 9 9 9 8  posterior portion of tail white in adults immaculate white caudal bands in adults Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes  SVL 96 92.8 102.0 102.7 83.3 100.1 97.5  TL 122 117 80R / 112 127 128.0  TW 7.6 8.3 9.5 8.5 7.1 7.9 9.3  FL 16.8 17.1 17.9 17.8 15.6 17.2 17.2  TBL 20.8 19.4 21.4 20.5 18.0 19.7 19.4  AG 50.1 45.1 48.7 46.6 39.9 47.8 46.3  HL 29.4 26.7 29.2 28.3 24.3 27.4 26.9  HW 19.1 17.9 20.2 18.5 15.7 19.6 18.1  HD 10.2 9.6 10.7 10.7 8.7 10.2 9.6  ED 7.0 6.9 7.5 7.3 5.8 6.3 7.0  EE 8.4 6.7 8.0 7.6 6.3 7.3 7.4  ES 12.2 12.1 13.3 12.8 10.8 12.0 12.1  EN 9.4 9.4 9.6 9.6 7.9 8.7 9.0  IO 7.5 7.8 7.3 7.3 6.7 6.4 6.4  EL 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.3 1.9  IN 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.8  ……continued on the next page   TABLE 6.(Continued)     LSUHC  LSUHC  LSUHC  LSUHC  LSUHC  LSUHC  LSUHC  12174 12165 12175 12159 12164 12176 12177   paratype  paratype  paratype  paratype  paratype  paratype  paratype  sex F M M F M F M  supralabials 10 12 12 11 10 12 10  infralabials 9 8 9 9 10 8 9  tuberculation weak, moderate, strong Weak Weak Weak Weak Weak Weak Weak  tubercles on ventral surface of forelimbs tubercles in gular region No No No No No No No No No No No No No No  ventrolateral fold tuberculate No No No No No No No  no. of paravertebral tubercles 43 40 39 46 48 43 39  no. longitudinal rows of tubercles 23 23 22 21 21 23 19  tubercles on at least anterior 1/3 of tail no no no no no no no  no. of ventral scales 28 27 28 27 28 27 27  no. of subdigital lamellae on 4th toe 22 22 23 21 22 19 22  no. of femero-precloacal pores / 21 19 / 19 / /  deep precloacal groove in males / Yes Yes / Yes / Yes  body bands 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  body band/interspace width ratio scattered white dorsal tubercles 1.25 No 1.25 No 1.25 No 1.00 No 1.25 No 1.25 No 1.25 No  no. bands on original tail 10 10 8 N/A 9 8 10  posterior portion of tail white in adults Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes  immaculate white caudal bands in adults Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes  SVL 87.3 84.9 94.9 86.6 95.0 67.5 43.4  TL 117 115 109 19B 121 88 115  TW 6.7 6.4 8.3 6.6 7.5 5.3 3.1  FL 15.3 15.1 17.6 15.4 16.7 12.1 7.6  TBL 17.9 17.3 19.7 17.9 19.2 13.4 8.7  AG 42.9 39.7 47.9 40.0 45.2 32.3 19.3  HL 24.8 25.0 26.7 24.5 27.1 19.4 13.5  HW 16.2 16.2 16.8 16.1 17.2 12.4 8.4  HD 8.9 8.7 10.8 8.9 10.3 7.3 5.3  ED 5.5 5.9 5.7 5.5 6.3 4.7 2.9  EE 6.5 6.3 7.1 6.2 7.1 4.8 2.9  ES 11.3 10.6 11.5 10.4 11.8 8.2 5.4  EN 8.5 8.2 8.2 8.1 9.2 6.2 4.0  IO 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.2 3.1  EL 2.4 1.7 1.1 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.1  IN 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.3 3.0 2.2 1.3   FIGURE 4.Type series of  Cyrtodactylus hidupselamanya  sp. nov.from Felda Chiku 7, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. Voucher numbers are in the LSUHC series. LSUHC 12163 is the holotype. Lizards were quite common, generally unwary of our approach, and usually did not try to escape capture. We also noted that only two of 14 specimens(14%) collected had regenerated tails. This would suggest that predation within the cave systems is not high. This is in contrast to other karst ecosystem species that utilize the surrounding limestone vegetation such  C. gunungsenyumensisand  C. metropolis.Both species are far less numerous, extremely wary and difficult to catch, and have a high frequency of regenerated tails—nearly 100% in the former ( Grismer et al.2014c; 2016a).  Comparisons.  Cyrtodactylus hidupselamanya  sp. nov.is differentiated from all other species of the  C. pulchelluscomplex being that it is the only species with the exception of  C. jelawangensisin which the posterior caudal region is whitish in adults. It is further differentiated from all other species by having a combination of weak tuberculation on body; no tubercles on the ventral surfaces of the forelimbs, on the gular region, or in the ventrolateral body folds; 19–23 longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles; 39–48 paravertebral tubercles; 26–33 ventral scales; 19–24 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toes; no femoral pores but 17–22 precloacal pores; a deep precloacal groove; four body bands; body bands as wide or slightly wider than interspaces; body bands and nuchal loop edged with a thin white line bearing tubercles; no scattered white tubercles on the dorsum; 8–10 dark caudal bands on the original tail separated by immaculate (posteriorly) white caudal bands ( Table 5). Within the  C. pulchelluscomplex,  C. hidupselamanya  sp. nov.is the sister species of  C. jelawangensisbut separated from it on the basis of having low and rounded as opposed to prominent tubercles; lacking as opposed to having tubercles on the ventral surfaces of the forelimbs; and having fewer rows of longitudinal dorsal tubercles (19–23 versus 23–25) ( Table 5).   Remarks.The karst formation in which  Cyrtodactylus hidupselamanya  sp. nov.occurs is scheduled to be completely quarried for its limestone and other raw materials by ASN Cement Sdn Bhd. From what we currently know about this species, this will result in its extinction.