Stomorhina chapini Curran, 1931b: 16 Stomorhina guttata Villeneuve, 1914b: 384 The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea) Kurahashi, Hiromu Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H. Zootaxa 2006 2006-09-28 1322 1 1 131 9G2SM Rondani, 1861: 9 Rondani 9 1861 [352,681,507,532] Insecta Calliphoridae Stomorhina Animalia Diptera 80 81 Arthropoda genus    TYPESPECIES:  Musca lunataFabricius, 1805, by designation of Townsend (1916: 7) [junior homonym, preocc.  IdiaHübner, 1809].  NOTES:  Stomorhinais fairly well represented in the warmer parts of the Old World (Zumpt 1958a: 89).  Stomorhina discolor(Fabricius, 1794)has been recorded from Australiafrom nests of several termites and is known to be a predator in nests of ants and termites ( videFerrar 1987: 91, for references). In New Caledonia, Kurahashi and Fauran (1980) observed that a female fly deposited eggs on a rearing vessel where house flies were breeding. The hatched larvae grew and attacked the house fly larvae in the vessel. Several adults emerged.  Stomorhina lunatais recorded as a parasite of locust egg­pods in Africa ( vide infra). The biology, life histories, and immature stages of most species remain unknown.    Stomorhina chapiniCurran, 1931b: 16.  Fig. 82.    TYPE LOCALITY: Zaïre[= Democratic Republic of Congo].  DISTRIBUTION: Widespread West and East Africa: Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Liberia, Namibia*, South Africa(Natal), Tanzania, Ugandaand Zimbabwe.  MATERIAL: 1♀, Salambala forest, 23–29.xii.2002, Kirk­Spriggs(2) ( MT).  NOTES: Biology, life history, and immature stages unknown. In Namibiathe species has only been collected in a Malaise trap in December. The single Namibian record is from the ‘mesic’ savanna biome in north­eastern Namibia( Fig. 82).    Stomorhina cribrata(Bigot, 1874: 239) ( Rhinia).  Fig. 83.    TYPE LOCALITY: Sierra Leone.  DISTRIBUTION: Widespread Afrotropical Region: Botswana, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, Mali, Namibia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa( Cape, Natal, Transvaal), Tanzania, Zambiaand Zimbabwe. PUBLISHED RECORD: Warmbad [=Warmquelle nr. Sesfontein] [ 19°17'S, 13°82'E], ii.1925(Zumpt 1958a: 108).  MATERIAL:  1♂, Kwando River: Susuwe,  28.ix–2.x.1998, Kirk­Spriggs(1) ( MT)dry woodland;  1♂, Nova, 5 kmN,  16–18.xii.1999, Marais, Mann& Newman( MT);  1♂, same except: MMN8 ( MT);  1♂, Salambala forest,  23–29.xii.2002, Kirk­Spriggs(2) ( MT);  1♂, Salambalacampsite,  29.xii.2002, Kirk­Spriggs(2), hovering syrphid­like at dusk;  1♂, 3♀, Kubunyanacamp: Kwando River,  28–30.x.2003, Kirk­Spriggs(2) ( MT); 6♂, same except: hovering syrphid­like at dusk;  4♀, Hippo Lodge( Zambezi River),  6–7.ii.2004, Kirk­Spriggs(1), hovering at dusk.  NOTES: Cuthbertson (1933: 104) found adults (as  Rhinia tricincta) to be abundant on garden flowers in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, in March and May. Females were observed to oviposit in rich humus soil at the edge of cattle dung in the shade of trees in long grass. He studied the life history and noted that larvae live in soil at the bottom of Aardvark burrows, among dead termites. Later Cuthbertson (1938: 125) noted the hovering habits of males, stating that they hover several feet from the ground. He went on to suggest that larvae may also develop in grasshopper and locust egg pods, but this was pure supposition. In Namibiacollected in Malaise traps and hovering syrphid­like, usually at dusk at several localities, often around the margins of isolated trees. Swarms of both sexes have been recorded in Namibia. The extreme agility of their flight explains why they are so infrequently collected in Malaise traps. North­eastern and north­western Namibia; apparently restricted to the ‘arid’ and ‘mesic’ savanna biome ( Fig. 83). Recorded in February, October and December; most abundantly in October ( vide Table 2).    Stomorhina guttataVilleneuve, 1914b: 384.  Fig. 84.    TYPE LOCALITY: South Africa.  DISTRIBUTION: Southern Africa: Lesotho, Namibiaand South Africa( Cape, Natal, Transvaal). PUBLISHED RECORDS: Great KarasMountains [locality unknown], xi.1936; Warmbad [=Warmquelle nr. Sesfontein] [ 19°17'S, 13°82'E], ii.1935[ sic– 1925] (Zumpt 1958a: 103).    KNOWN RECORD: Regenstein,  15 milesSSW Windhoek[ 22°43'S, 17°01'E],  8.ii.1972, Southern Africa Expedition(NMSA).  MATERIAL: 1♀, Upper Panner Gorge, 13.iii–10.iv.1984, Irish(1) & Liessner, H5824; 1♂, Keimasmund 98, 16.iii.1988, Marais & Irish(1); 1♀, Claratal [18], 27.i.1971, [SMStaff]; 1♂, Duwisib 84, 28.i–1.iv.1995, Marais ( PT); 1♂, Skorpion area, 9–12.viii.1997, Marais & Kirk­ Spriggs(1) ( YP); 1♂, Dakota 424(1), 13–23.xii.1993, Pusch ( YP); 1♂, Hungorob ravine at(1): 2.xi.1999, Meakin/Raleigh Int. ( MT) Bberg Mal 2.  NOTES: Biology, life history and immature stages unknown. In Namibiacollected in yellow pans and pitfall traps. Occurring at low elevations on the Brandberg ( 700 m). The distribution pattern appears to largely follow that of the Namibian Escarpment, with records from all Namibian biomes ( Fig. 84). Recorded in January, March, August, November and December in low numbers ( vide Table 2).    Stomorhina lunata(Fabricius, 1805: 292) ( Musca).  Fig. 85.    TYPE LOCALITY: Madeira Is.  DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Afrotropical Region, southern Europe, Mediterranean subregion, eastwards to India, Bermuda. Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, RéunionIs., Rodriquez Is., South Africa( Cape, Natal, Transvaal), Tanzania, Yemenand Zimbabwe. PUBLISHED RECORD: Warmbad [=Warmquelle nr. Sesfontein] [ 19°17'S, 13°82'E], ii.1925(Zumpt 1958a: 98).  MATERIAL: 1♀, Wasserfallfläche(2), 7–10.iv.1999, van Noort & Compton ( YP) well vegetated valley below waterfall, Bushy Karoo­Namib shrubland, NA99–Y55; 1♀, Falls rock ravine at: 2.v.2000, Meakin/Raleigh Int. ( YP) Bberg pan 52; 1♂, same except: Bberg pan 54; 1♀, Upper Hungorob ravine at: 8.viii. 2000, 1170 m, Meakin/Raleigh Int. ( YP) Bberg pan 96.  NOTES: The life history is reviewed by Ferrar (1987: 91). Cuthbertson (1934: 40) notes that larvae are associated with the egg­pods of locusts and outlines the breeding habits of larvae. Later (Cuthbertson 1935: 19) noted that larvae are not exclusively associated with egg pods, as he reared the species from larvae found in the broken­down fungus beds of a termite nest; being associated with dead and dying termite workers and soldiers. The association with locust eggpods is discussed by Greathead (1962, 1963). In Namibiathe species has been collected in Malaise and yellow pan traps. Occurring at high elevations on the Brandberg ( 1170 m, 1920 m, 1960 m). Virtually restricted to the Brandberg Massif on the edge of the nama­karoo biome, with a single additional record further north in the ‘arid’ savanna biome ( Fig. 85). Recorded in April, May and August in low numbers ( vide Table 2). Cuthbertson (1935: 19) briefly describes the egg, all three larval instars and the puparium; illustrating: the egg, lateral aspect (Plate V: 19a); the posterior end of the larvae, from behind ( ibid, 19b); anal compartment, lat­ eral aspect ( ibid, 19c); posterior spiracles, from behind ( ibid, 19d); anterior spiracles ( ibid, 19e); cephaloskeleton (mature larvae) ( ibid, 19f); cephaloskeleton (‘young’ larvae) ( ibid, 19g); and posterior spiracles of ‘young’ larvae ( ibid, 19h).    Stomorhina rugosa(Bigot, 1888: 591) ( Rhinia).  Fig. 86.    TYPE LOCALITY: Sierra Leone.  DISTRIBUTION: Widespread mainland Afrotropical Region: Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia*, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa( Cape, Natal, Transvaal), Tanzania, Yemenand Zimbabwe.  MATERIAL: 1♀, B8 rest­stop at: 15.xii.1999, Marais, Mann & Newman, MMN3, termite nest;  2♂, 2♀, Simanya:  Okavango River,  23–24.i.1998, Kirk­Spriggs(1) & Marais( MT) primary woodland.  NOTES: Biology, life history, and immature stages unknown. Cuthbertson (1934: 40, as  S. mitis) records the species as abundant on daisies (Compositae) in Zimbabweand observed females ovipositing in newly excavated termite mounds. In Namibiacollected from a damaged termite mound and in Malaise traps in January and December ( vide Table 2). Apparently restricted to the ‘mesic’ savanna biome in north­eastern Namibia( Fig. 86). [264,877,956,979] LOCALITY Democratic Republic of the Congo Zaire 80 81 1 holotype [264,585,1276,1299] LOCALITY Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 80 81 1 holotype [389,1114,1467,1491] 1998-09-28 1998-10-02 1998-09-28 MT Kirk-Spriggs Susuwe Kwando 80 81 1 1 Rivers 1999-12-16 1999-12-18 1999-12-16 MT Marais & Mann & Newman Nova 80 81 1 1 Rivers MT 80 81 1 1 Rivers [385,1042,1531,1555] 2002-12-23 2002-12-29 2002-12-23 MT Kirk-Spriggs Salambala forest 80 81 1 1 Rivers 2002-12-29 Kirk-Spriggs Salambala 80 81 1 1 Rivers 2003-10-28 2003-10-30 2003-10-28 MT Kirk-Spriggs Kwando Kubunyana 80 81 4 3 1 Rivers [402,1285,1627,1651] 2004-02-06 2004-02-07 2004-02-06 Kirk-Spriggs Hippo Lodge 80 81 4 4 Zambezi [264,585,540,563] LOCALITY South Africa South Africa 81 82 1 holotype 1972-02-08 KNOWN, RECORD -22.716667 Regenstein 1258 17.016666 Southern Africa Expedition 81 82 1 [264,562,1148,1171] LOCALITY 81 82 1 holotype [264,585,476,499] LOCALITY Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 82 83 1 holotype 1998-01-23 1998-01-24 1998-01-23 MT Kirk-Spriggs & Marais Okavango River 82 83 4 2 2 Okavango River