Checklist of Isopoda Oniscidea (Crustacea) of Bulgaria Beron, Petar Ecologica Montenegrina 2020 2020-12-24 38 227 244 7Q4T3 Budde-Lund, 1908 Budde-Lund 1908 [233,608,803,830] Malacostraca Trachelipodidae Trachelipus Animalia Isopoda 9 236 Arthropoda genus    Trachelipus nodulosus(C.L. Koch, 1838)(= balticusVerhoeff, 1907) - Medenik (Vr 18), Dragalevtsi (Vitosha) - Verhoeff (1926: 145); Borovets, 1460 m, Kolibata (Sf 12), Han Maara (Pv 1), General Toshevo - Vandel (1967: 338).   Trachelipus rathkei Brandt, 1833– Sofia, Vitosha, Kuklen, Bachkovski manastir, Shipka, Kazanlak, Lakatnik, Shtarkelovo gnezdo, Sandanski – Messner (1967: 23); Katsa peshtera (Rz 4) – Vandel (1967: 338); Vitosha, Bachkovska manastir, Malo Konare (Distr. Plovdiv), Tsrancha, Ognyanovo (Distr. Pazardjik), Uzana, Shipchenski prohod (Stara planina), Peshketo (Vr 68) – Andreev (1972: 184-185); Peshterata s dvata vhoda (Bs 13), Kaleto (Bs 16), Tsakalat (Bs 21), Mecha dupka (Bs 24) – Beron (1994: 17 - S. Andreevdet.); Deli Burun (Shn 11), Salievata peshtera (Bl 2), Mussinskata peshtera (Tn 12) – Andreev (2002: 69).   Trachelipus squamuliger(Verhoeff, 1907)(=  Trachelipus absoloni(Strouhal, 1939))- Haydushka dupka (Lv 2) – Verhoeff (1926: 145); Sozopol – Frankenberger (1941: 8 – sub “  Tracheoniscus bulgaricusVerh.”); Strouhal (1939: 201); Razhishka yama (Sf 55) - Guéorguiev & Beron, (1962: 299 – A. Vandel det., sub “  Trachelipus absoloni”); Haydushkata peshtera (Pn 2) - Vandel (1967: 267 – sub “  Trachelipus absoloni”); Skoka (Bl 32) – Beron et al. (2011: 594 – S. Andreev det.). Troglophile. According to Schmalfuss (2003), the species  T. bulgaricusVerhoeff, 1926with its two subspecies is synonymous also of  T. squamuliger. Below the localities of these possible subspecies are provided. [  Trachelipus bulgaricus bulgaricusVerhoeff, 1926] (  Tracheoniscus bulgaricus) - Haydushka dupka (Lv 2) – Verhoeff (1926: 145); Saeva dupka (Lv 18) – Verhoeff (1936: 11); Draganchovitsa (Lv 27) - Strouhal (1939: 199); “Cave without name near Karlukovo” – Vandel (1965: 266); Yarkovets (Sf 77), Bankovica (Lv 5), Temnata dupka (Lv 16), Cerovo – Vandel (1967: 339); Haydushka dupka (Pn 2), Devetashkata peshtera (Lv 37) - Beron (1994: 17, Andreev, 2002: 69). Troglophile (or trogloxene?). [  Trachelipus bulgaricus bureschiVerhoeff,1926] - Nirits (Sl 7) – Verhoeff (1926: 145); Dolnata Maaza (Sl 1), “Cave near Krushuna” – Verhoeff (1936: 11 as  Tracheoniscus bulgaricus bureschi); Saeva dupka (Lv 18) – Strouhal (1939: 199); Malkata Humba (Sl 13) - Vandel (1965: 266). Troglophile.   Figure 1. Distribution of troglobite Isopodain Bulgaria. 1 - Hyloniscus flammula, ■ - Cordioniscus bulgaricus, I - Bureschia bulgarica, Í - Cordioniscus schmalfussi,2 - Cyphoniscellus (Bulgaroniscus) gueorguievi, Ì -  Alpioniscussp., ♦ - Vandeloniscellus bulgaricus, ● - Bulgaronethes haplophthalmoides,3 - Tricyphoniscus bureschi, Å- Beroniscus capreolus.   Figure 2. Distribution of troglobite Isopodain Bulgaria. 1 –  Balkanoniscus corniculatus, ■ - Balkanoniscus minimus,2 – Rhodopioniscus beroni.   Figure 3. Distribution of troglobitic Isopodaof genus  Trichoniscusin Bulgaria. 1 -  Trichoniscus bononiensis, ¢ - T. semigranulatus,2 -  T. anophthalmus, ● – T. stoevi,3 - T. bureschi, Ï - T. petrovi,4 - T. garevi, • - T. raitchevi,5 - T. tenebrarum,6 - T. rhodopiense, ● - T. bulgaricus, Ì- T. beroni, ♦ - T. tranteevi, ■ - T. valkanovi.   Oniscideaincertae sedis Genus  MyrmekiocellioVerhoeff, 1936(endemic genus for Bulgaria, but according to Schmalfuss, 2003, with doubtful status) [  Myrmekiocellio squamatusVerhoeff, 1936– Skakavitsa - Verhoeff (1936: 18, with the ants  Tetramorium caespitum). Bulgarian endemic]. According to Sfenthourakis (in litt.), the description is based on a juvenile of  Porcellium recurvatumand is not valid.   Isopoda Oniscideain Bulgarian caves A substantial part of the list of Balkan Oniscideaconsists of cave dwellers, with many troglobitic species and endemic genera. If we consider only the inhabitants of Bulgariaand the neighbouring Serbia, Rep. N. Macedonia, Greece, Eastern Thrace and Northern Dobrudja, we find the following:    Bulgaria( Beron, 2015, with corrections) – Oniscideaare known from 185 caves. They belong to 9 families ( Ligiidae, Styloniscidae, mostly Trichoniscidae, Trachelipodidae, Chaetophilosciidae, Platyarthridae, Porcellionidae, Cylisticidae, Armadillidiidae), 24 genera and 49 species. The 26 troglobitic species belong to Trichoniscidae(24 –  Hyloniscus, Trichoniscus, Alpioniscus, Balkanoniscus, Rhodopioniscus, Bureschia, Bulgaronethes, Cyphoniscellus, Vandeloniscellus, Beroniscus) and Styloniscidae(2  Cordioniscus). See also Verhoeff (1926, 1929, 1936), Vandel (1965, 1967), Tabacaru (1993), and Andreev (1970, 1972, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 2000, 2002 and others).   Greece( Alexiou & Sfenthourakis, 2013; Beron, 2016) – the cave Oniscideaof Greece (Dodekanese excluded) belong to 11 families and 25 genera ( Beron 2016).  Buddelundiella sporadicabelongs to Trichoniscidaeand not to a separate family (Schmalfuss, 2003). The 34 troglobitic species belong to Styloniscidae(9  Cordioniscus), Trichoniscidae(18 -  Alistratia, Alpioniscus, Buddelundiella. Graeconiscus, Libanonethes, Trichoniscus), Scleropactidae(  Kithironiscus), Armadillidiidae(  Platanosphaera(=  Troglarmadillidium),  Schizidium). Unlike Bulgaria, members of  Cordioniscus, Alpioniscusand  Schizidiumprevail here. See also Andreev (1984, 1985, 1986, 1997, 2001, 2004, 2013), Schmalfuss (1979, 1995 and many others), Sfenthourakis (1996), Vandel (1955, 1958, 1959, 1964, 1968).   Serbia( Buturović, 1960; Pljakić, 1977; Ćurčić, 2014) - In Serbia (Kosovo included) Oniscideahave been analysed by Pljakić (1970, 1972, 1977) with descriptions of the new taxa  Hyloniscus stankovici, H. kossovensis, Microtitanethes licodrensis(n.g., n.sp.), and 10 new  Trichoniscus. Buturović (1960)added  Hyloniscus kopaonicensis. The list of the cave Oniscideain Ćurčić, Juberthie & Decu in Ćurčić (2014)contains 13 sp.(all Trichoniscidae, 12 described by Pljakić in 1970 and 1977). One genus (  Microtitanethes) and all  Trichoniscusare endemic to Serbia.  Macedoniscusis a synonyme of  Alpioniscus(see Schmalfuss, 2003). The cave Oniscideaof Serbia clearly remain understudied.  Rep. N. Macedonia( Komnenov, 2010; Sket et al., in Ćurčić, 2014) – The list of cave Isopodaterrestria of Komnenov (2010)contains 11 identified to species, including 10 troglobites and  Trichoniscus semigranulatus(troglophile, known also from Bulgaria).  Alpioniscus vejdovskiiis known also from Greece. The other nine (including five  Alpioniscus) are endemic troglobites and include the endemic genera  Macedonethesand  Mladenoniscus.  Vardaroniscusis a synonyme of  Cyphoniscellus(see Schmalfuss, 2003). The list of Sket et al. in Ćurčić (2014)contains only seven species (without  Mladenoniscus belavodae, Alpioniscus macedonicus,  Macedonethes skopjensis, and  M. stankoi) (see also Buturović, 1954, 1955 a, 1955b, I. Karaman, 2003, Karaman & Horvatović, 2008; M. Karaman, 1961, 1966).  Northern Dobrudja ( Romania)( Giurginca & Curčić, 2003; Tabacaru & Giurginca, 2013) – Among the 41 species of Isopodaterrestrial recorded from Northern (Romanian) Dobrudja there are 17 species recorded from caves and drills, including such interesting taxa like  Kithironiscusand  Caucasonethes. These and some other amazing troglobites like  Trachelipus troglobius, Armadillidium tabacaruiand others were described among the unique inhabitants of the “lost world” of the cave of Movile (see also Tabacaru, 1993; Tabacaru & Boghean, 1989).  Eastern Thrace (European Turkey)( Verhoeff, 1941) - from the cave Barut hane near Yarim Burgaz have been recorded  Haplophthalmus stygivagus, Trichoniscus provisorius, and  Kosswigius bilselii. Among the Oniscideaof European Turkey the genus  Kosswigius Verhoeff, 1941is notable as it is found only in this area and on Lesvos Island (N. Aegean Sea, Greece). In the monograph of Guéorguiev (1977) and in some of his earlier papers the origin of the troglobitic terrestrial isopods of the Balkans has been addressed. Many genera have been considered as having a Paleoaegeidian and Nordaegeidean origin, the genera  Balkanoniscus, Beroniscusand  Bureschiawere considered as of Mesoaegeidian and  Cordioniscuswas ranged among the most ancient Gondwanian relicts in the cave fauna of the Balkans. Meanwhile many new data have been published. The analysis of Guéorguiev has been updated and completed in the monographs on Bulgariaby Beron (1915) and on Greeceby Beron (2016). A remarqable finding was the many new species of  Cordioniscusin the caves of Bulgariaand Greece.  The fauna of Oniscideaof the neibouring territories In Northern (Romanian) Dobrudja 41 sp.of Oniscideahave been recorded ( Giurginca and Ćurčić 2003) in 10 families. The conclusion of these authors is that “..we may emphasize two main features of the Oniscideafrom Dobrudja: a high degree of endemicity resulting from the existence of an Euxinic glacial subrefugium and also the preponderance of the Mediterranean, Balkan-Central European, East-European and Holarctic species”. A remarkable finding in Dobrudja was a member of the genus  Kithironiscus, which “..marks an isolated northern point in the typically Gondwanian spreading of the Scleropactidaefamily”. The Oniscideain Bulgarian Dobrudja are much less well known and some of the interesting genera like  Kithironiscusor  Caucasonethescould be expected also from Bulgaria. The Greek fauna of Oniscideahas been analysed by Schmalfuss (1979), Sfenthourakis (2013) and Alexiou and Sfenthourakis (2013), after many papers of Strouhal, Vandel, Schmalfuss, Andreev and others. I myself spent many years collecting Isopodain Greek caves. The checklist of Alexiou and Sfenthourakis (2013)contains data on 238 species of 47 genera and 19 families. Again, many species and some peculiar findings (  Kithironiscus) are from caves. The presence of the mainly South American family Scleropactidaeis remarkable. Seven genera are Greek (and Balkanic) endemics:  ActeoniscusVandel,  AlistratiaAndreev, PaxodilliumSchmalfuss,  TrichodillidiumSchmalfuss,  XeroporcellioStrouhal,  ThrakosphaeraSchmalfuss, and  RodoniscusArcangeli, as well as 161 species. Best represented are the families Armadillidiidae( 88 sp.), Trichoniscidae(38), Porcellionidae(26), and Trachelipodidae(20). Remarkable are the 13 species of  CordioniscusGraeve( Styloniscidae), a genus distributed in the countries of Gondwanian origin, and in Mediterranean ( Vandel, 1968, Guéorguiev, 1977). The cause of this distribution is unclear ( Schmalfuss & Erhard, 1998). All of them are troglobitic and endemic to Greece. Many of them are living in Southern Greece, Creteor the Dodecanese, whose fauna is very different from that of Bulgaria. Regarding the Oniscideaof northern Greece, immediately bordering Bulgaria(the territory East of Struma, or Strymon River and the islands Thassos and Samotraki), according to the checklist of Alexiou and Sfenthourakis (2013)from this area are known at least 40 species. Some (mainly cave species) are endemic:  Cordioniscus graevei(cave of Alistrati),  C. vandeli(caves near Zygos),  Alistratia beroni(cave of Alistrati, endemic genus),  Alpioniscus thracicus(cave of Maronia),  Porcellium collicola(Greek Makedonia, Thrace),  Thracosphaera schawalleri(Thrace, endemic genus),  Armadillidium jerrentrupi(Nestos),  A. pangaionum(Pangaion),  A. peraccae(Thassos island),  A. petralonense(from Thessaloniki to Petralona),  A. phalacronum(Phalacron, Rhodopes),  A. tuberculatum(Kavala). Particularly interesting is the endemic genus  Thrakosphaera( Tendosphaeridae) and the species of  Alpioniscus, which could be expected also from Bulgaria. Other species are widespread, littoral or halophilic, or riparian (  Ligia, Ligidium, Tylos, Stenoniscus). Some species are also present in Bulgaria(  Monocyphoniscus bulgaricus,  Trachelipus squamuliger, Trichoniscus rhodopiensisand some widespread or myrmecophilous species). On the map in the paper of Sfenthourakis & Hornung (2018)we see that 132 species are known from continental Greece, 24 from Rep. N. Macedonia, 67 from Bulgaria, 49 from European Turkey, 25 from Albania, 45 from Montenegro, 44 from Serbia( Kosovoincluded), 65 from Bosnia and Herzegovina, 140 from continental Croatia, and 67 from Slovenia. The fauna of Rep. North Macedoniacontains endemic genera like  MacedonethesButurović. Ithas been studied mostly by Buturović (1954, 1955 a, 1955b), who described  Vardaroniscus(=  Cyphoniscellus) tetraceratus, Macedoniscus(=  Alpioniscus) vardarensis, Alpioniscus slatinensis, A. karamani, and others. Karaman (1961)recorded other Oniscideafrom North Macedonia. He recorded ( Karaman, 1966) also “  Tendosphaera verrucosa” near Skopje, but Schmalfuss rations that this is certainly a species of  Tendosphaera, but can neither be the  verrucosanor graeca”[these are the only known species of  Tendosphaera]. The family is not yet known from Bulgaria, but most probably occurs there. I. Karaman & M. Horvatović (2008) described the new (endemic) genus and species  Mladenoniscus belavodaefrom the cave Bela Voda near Demir Kapija.  Oniscideaof Serbiahave been explored by Buturović (1960), who described in 1970 – 1977 several more species (including some near the border with Bulgaria) –  Hyloniscus stankovici, H. kossovensis, Macedoniscus(now  Alpioniscus) metohicus, Microtitanethes licodrensis, Trichoniscus bogovinae, T. serbicus, T. buturovici, T. naissensis, T. serboorientalis, T. bononiensis timocensis, T. bononiensis sotirovi, T. pancici, T. licodrensis. Pljakić (1970) also reported some Oniscidea( Ligiidae, Mesoniscidae, Trichoniscidae).  Regarding Eastern (Turkish) Thrace Verhoeff (1941)published several species from the cave Baruthane near Yarim Burgazand some others from other Thracian places.   Isopoda Oniscideaexpected from Bulgaria On the Balkan Peninsula (the Alpine part of Sloveniaand the Dodecaneseexcepted) 20 families of Isopoda Oniscideaare known, in ca.80 genera. The Slovenian genera like  Moseriusand  Calconiscellusare rather part of the Italian or Apine fauna. Almost half of the genera belong to the family Trichoniscidae, 32 genera are endemic for the Peninsula (including the islands). Most of the endemics are troglobites. The following three families, known from the Balkans, but not yet found in Bulgaria.  Mesoniscidae–  Mesoniscus graniger(Friv.)is known from Serbiaand Romania.  Scleropactidae– the (relict?) genus  KithironiscusSchmallfuss, 1995of this mostly Neotropical family is known from Kithira Island (S. Greece) and from Northern Dobrudja.  Tendosphaeridae– the genus  ThrakosphaeraSchmallfuss, 1998is endemic for Thrace (the Greek province Thraki, not far from the Bulgarian border). Several genera of other families (  LeptotrichusBudde-Lundand others) could also be found in Bulgaria, as well as new species, mostly from caves. Several more species of  ArmadillidiumBrandtand  AlpioniscusRacovitzaare also to be expected from Bulgaria. [415,577,1174,1201] S. Andreev Sofia 9 236 1 Sofiya-Grad cave Barut 13 240 1 Burgas