Bithynia vertiginosa Frauenfeld, 1862: 1152
Frauenfeld, 1865a: 527
Frauenfeld, 1865b: 659
Tate & Brazier, 1881: 563
Bithynia australis
Bithynia Schraderi Frauenfeld, 1862: 1153
Frauenfeld, 1865a: 527
Frauenfeld, 1865b: 645
Tate and Brazier, 1881: 563
Bithynia australis (Tryon))
Gabbia australis Tryon, 1865: 220
Baker, 1964: 171
Iredale, 1943: 206
Iredale, 1944: 116
Smith, 1992: 32
Bithinia hyalina Brazier, 1875: 9
Ponder & Stanbury, 1972: 45
Iredale, 1943: 206
G. australis Tryon
Smith, 1992: 32
G. australis Tryon
Bithinia vertiginosa
Smith, 1882: 266
Bithinia Schraderi
Smith, 1882: 267
Gabbia australis suspecta Iredale, 1944: 116
Smith 1992: 33
Smith, 1992: 33
Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea)
Ponder, Winston F.
Zootaxa
2003
2003-07-04
230
1
1
126
6K5FK
(Frauenfeld, 1862)
Frauenfeld
1862
[264,731,355,382]
Gastropoda
Bithyniidae
Gabbia
Animalia
Littorinimorpha
14
15
Mollusca
species
vertiginosa
Bithynia vertiginosa Frauenfeld, 1862: 1152. New Holland, ex Shuttleworth; Frauenfeld, 1865a: 527, pl. 8 ( Holotype, NHMV, no number); Frauenfeld, 1865b: 659; Tate & Brazier, 1881: 563(as a synonym of Bithynia australis[Tryon]). Bithynia Schraderi Frauenfeld, 1862: 1153. Cuming colln. Ex. Schrader, on the Novara, Sydney ( 2 syntypes, NHMV, no number; Frauenfeld, 1865a: 527, pl. 9; Frauenfeld, 1865b: 645; Tate and Brazier, 1881: 563(as a synonym of Bithynia australis(Tryon)). Gabbia australis Tryon, 1865: 220[ Lectotype(chosen Baker, 1964: 171) ANSP, 27225, 3 paralectotypesANSP, 375743; 1 probable paralectotype, AMS, C.110160. New South Wales, Wesley Newcomb, M.D.; Iredale, 1943: 206; Iredale, 1944: 116; Smith, 1992: 32; Ponder & DeKeyzer, 1998: 760, fig. 15.116BE (B. headfoot, C. penis, D. operculum, E. radula). Bithinia hyalina Brazier, 1875: 9(Eastern Ck (Sydney), NSW), SyntypesAMS, C110159 (4), MMS A69 (6) ( Ponder & Stanbury, 1972: 45); Iredale, 1943: 206(as synonym of G. australisTryon); Smith, 1992: 32(as a synonym of G. australisTryon). Bithinia vertiginosa; Smith, 1882: 266 Bithinia Schraderi; Smith, 1882: 267. Gabbia australis suspecta Iredale, 1944: 116, fig. 5 (part). Armidale, NSW. SyntypesAMS, C51675 (50+), AMS, C100600 (3), WAM 2229–69 (23) (fide Smith 1992: 33); Smith, 1992: 33(as incertae sedis).
Material examined Types: Holotypeof B. vertiginosa, syntypesof B. schraderi, lectotypeand paralectotypesof G. australis, syntypesof G. australis suspectaand B.hyalina. Other material Queensland: Wilsons Plains, near railway station, 27° 50’S, 152° 39’E, in pond, 1952 ( MV F54835, 12) New South Wales: WellingroveCk, 25 kmNW of Glen Innes, 4 kmN of Wellingrove, 29° 35.920'S, 151° 34.170'E, weeds in backwater, 19 DEC 1972, G.Witten( AMSC.308020, several); 10 kmSE Glen Innes, Lambs Valley Rd, 29° 45.460'S, 151° 48.770'E, rain water ponds, 26 NOV 1972, G.Witten( AMSC.308014, 15); 14 kmS Glen Innes, Grahams Valley Rd, 29° 51.930'S, 151° 43.530'E, small overflow pond in Ck, 01 JAN 1973, G.Witten( AMSC.308023, 1); 20 kmS Glen Innes Guyra, 2 kmN Glencoe, Barley Field Lagoon, 29° 54.620'S, 151° 43.830'E, amongst weeds, 18 DEC 1972, G.Witten( AMSC.308021, 20+); S of Wandsworth, Limestone Ck., TinghaGuyra Rd, 30° 4.050'S, 151° 31.030'E, 13 JAN 1972, G.Witten( AMSC.307878, 1); 7 kmS Ben Lomond, Reeves Rd, 30° 4.810'S, 151° 41.520'E, weedy pool in gully, 01 JAN 1973, G.Witten( AMSC.308027, 16); 13 kmENE Guyra, Aberfoyle R, Wards Mistake Rd, 30° 11.490'S, 151° 46.560'E, weedy stream, shallow swampy stream, 18 DEC 1972, G.Witten( AMSC.308013, 20+); 6 kmENE Guyra, tributary of Gara R, 30° 12.000'S, 151° 43.250'E, large overflow pond, and in stream, 18 DEC 1972, G.Witten( AMSC.308017, 20+); Illaroo Ck, ca. 1 kmSW of Wee Waa on Pillaga Rd, 30° 15.000'S, 149° 25.000'E, amongst grass & weeds along edge of pool, 17 SEP 1996, W.F.Ponder& A.Kornuishin( AMSC.319907, 20+); Narrabri, 30° 19.800'S, 149° 46.700'E, 1887, C.T.Musson( AMSC.307859, 7); same locality, 1940 ( QM MO57225, 1); Sutton Gully, 40 kmNW Armidale, near Longford, 30° 19.930'S, 151° 24.820'E, 23 JAN 1973, G.Witten& Gemmell( AMSC.308024, 7); Gara Ron Rockvale Rd, 30° 26.880'S, 151° 49.340'E, Stagnantpools, 03 OCT 1972, G.Witten( AMSC.308029, 20+); Yarrowyck(= Yarrowick), NW of Armidale, 30° 28.110'S, 151° 21.440'E, 1926, A.McKay( AMSC.51673, 5); 1 kmNE Brookside, NE Armidale, 30° 28.340'S, 151° 48.940'E, stagnant pools, 03 OCT 1972, G.Witten( AMSC.308030, 16); Armidale, 30° 31.510'S, 151° 39.630'E, 1926, A.McKay( AMSC.51672, 20+; AMS C.51675, 20+; AMS C.51688, 1; AMS C.100600, 3); same locality, 1926, B.Bradley( AMSC.51752, 11); same locality, 1988 ( AMSC.307886, 2); 5 kmE of Armidale, Grafton Rd, 30° 31.840'S, 151° 42.850'E, in dam, 22 OCT 1972, R. Simpson( AMSC.308015, 20+); Tributary of Macleay R, Commissioners Water, near Armidale, 30° 32.430'S, 151° 43.690'E, in mud and gravel, 12 MAY 1944, H.F.Consett Davis( AMSC.307852, 1); 5.5 kmS Armidale Kelly's PlainsRd, 30° 32.910'S, 151° 38.080'E, weedy pool, 09 NOV 1972, G.Witten( AMSC.308025, 20+); SW of Armidale, S of Uralla on Uralla Rd, Dangars(= Uralla) Lagoon, 30° 41.240'S, 151° 30.040'E, edge of lagoon, 10 APR 1973, R. Simpson( AMSC.332523, 7); Gostwyck Stn, SE Uralla, 30° 41.550'S, 151° 35.200'E, 16 SEP 1940, L.Whitten( AMSC.307865, 20+); 6 kmE Gostwyck, 33 kmS of Armidale, 30° 42.770'S, 151° 39.100'E, temporary weedy pond, 20 OCT 1972, G.Witten( AMSC.308016, 20+); Frizzly Ck(= Frizzly Swamp), 20 kmS Uralla, 30° 49.400'S, 151° 32.500'E, weedy pools, 11 NOV 1972, G.Witten( AMSC.308022, 20+); 13 kmNW WalchaWollun, 30° 53.970'S, 151° 30.140'E, weedy pools, 11 NOV 1972, G.Witten( AMSC.308019, 20+); 0.8 kmN of Emu Ck, E of Walcha, 30° 56.220'S, 151° 56.220'E, weedy pool in spring, top of dam, 03 FEB 1972, G.Witten( AMSC.332883, 14); Emu Ck, E of Walcha, 30° 56.570'S, 151° 42.340'E, under rock at edge of Ck, 03 FEB 1972, G.Witten( AMSC.332885, 20+); MacDonald R, 5 kmS Walcha Rd, 30° 59.550'S, 151° 23.000'E, weed bed of river ( Valisnen's), 11 JAN 1973, G.Witten( AMSC.308026, 1); Rocky Gully, 7.5 kmS of Walcha, 31° 3.050'S, 151° 35.000'E, small stream, 11 JAN 1973, G.Witten( AMSC.308028, 20+); Tamworth, 31° 6.120'S, 150° 55.490'E, 1891, C.T.Musson( AMSC.307867, 8); Scone, 32° 3.000'S, 150° 52.000'E, 1941 ( AMSC.307899, 20+), same locality, J. Brazier( ANSP, 27223, several); N of Riverstone, off Windsor Rd, 33° 38.700'S, 150° 51.300'E, 15 JUN 1980, M.Shea( AMSC.307889, 1); Windsor Rd, Box Hill, 33° 39.720'S, 150° 52.650'E, in Ck, 1971, N.J.Campbell( AMSC.307851, 15); South Hornsby, unnamed Ck, 33° 43.200's, 151° 6.000'e, 24 FEB 1975( AMSC.401250, 1); Eastern Ck, 33° 45.000'S, 150° 52.000'E, 1900 ( AMSC.307856, 16); Eastern Ck, Rooty Hill, 33° 46.000'S, 150° 50.000'E, 1875, J.Brazier( AMSC.110159, 4; Macleay Mus. A.69; AMS C.171073, 6); Rooty Hill, 33° 46.300'S, 150° 50.600'E, 1877 ( AMSC.307866, 3); Parramatta(and Eastern Ck), 33° 47.500'S, 150° 57.000'E, 1877 ( AMSC.307853, 12); near Eastern Ck, on Great Western Highway, 33° 47.530'S, 150° 51.730'E, in small, sluggish creek, 09 OCT 1975, W.F.Ponder& P.H.Colman( AMSC.412622, 20+); tributary of Eastern Ckon private rd to Wallgrove Quarry, off Old Wallgrove Rd, 33° 48.620'S, 150° 50.730'E, reeds, roots & substrate, 26 FEB 1997, A.C. Miller( AMSC.203392, 20+); Parramatta, 33° 49.000'S, 151° 1.000'E, 1900 ( AMSC.307860, 6); same locality, JAN 1905, A. P. Schrader( AMSC.307870, 11); SydneyW, Parramatta, 33° 49.000'S, 151° 1.000'E, in pond, 1912 ( AMSC.307874, 7); Mulgoa, 33° 50.000'S, 150° 39.000'E, in ponds, 1912 ( AMSC.307869, 20); Mulgoa Ck, Mulgoa, near bridge on Kings Hill Rd, 33° 49.950'S, 150° 39.490'E, in weeds, 17 APR 1988, G.A.Clark( AMSC.332866, 20+; AMS C.307863, 20+); Littlefields Ckat Mulgoa Rdcrossing, Mulgoa, 33° 50.000'S, 150° 39.200'E, 04 MAY 1980, M.Shea, O.L.Griffiths& C.Urquhart( AMSC.307855, 23); Mulgoa, Mulgoa Ckat road crossing, 33° 50.000'S, 150° 40.000'E, 04 MAY 1980, M.Shea( AMSC.346193, 20); same locality, FEB 1993, M.Shea( AMSC.320195, 5); Kemps Ck, Kemps Ck( Bonnyrigg), off Elizabeth Drive, under bridge, 33° 52.970'S, 150° 48.030'E, 12 APR 1975, C. Wallace( AMSC.332859, 20+); Lackey Rd Dam, St John's Park, Fairfield, W of Sydney, 33° 53.000'S, 150° 54.000'E, JAN 1956, Hamilton& Pearson( AMSC.307875, 20+); Duncans Ck, S of Wallacia, 33° 54.010'S, 150° 38.440'E, 06 MAR 1975( AMSC.332890, 20+); Cabramatta Ck, SW Sydney, 33° 55.350'S, 150° 54.300'E, 1950 ( AMSC.307868, 6); Ingleburn, SW Sydney, 34° 0.000'S, 150° 52.000'E, 21 JAN 1941( AMSC.202843, 16); Ingleburn, Myrtle Ck, 34° 30.000'S, 149° 50.000'E, 24 FEB 1975( AMSC.401249, 16); Georges Rnear Ingleburn, 34° 0.500'S, 150° 53.230'E, NOV 1952, F. E. Allen( AMSC.307871, 3); tributary of Bunbury Curran Ck, Ingleburn, 34° 59.840'S, 150° 52.080'E, 24 FEB 1975( AMSC.332871, 20+); Sydney, Blair Athol, approx 200mpast junction of Mossberry& The Kraal Drive, 34° 3.867'S, 150° 47.833'E, small dry creek, 25 JUL 2000, S.A.Clark( AMSC.401242, 6); Camden Park, 34° 5.430'S, 150° 43.070'E, 1912 ( AMSC.307854, 20+); Campbelltown, Menangle, 34° 7.700'S, 150° 44.700'E, waterhole, 28 JAN 1941( AMSC.381624, 16); Glenfield, unnamed creek, 33° 58.000'S, 150° 54.000'E, 24 FEB 1975( AMSC.401248, 2); Trib of Bargo R, ca. 4.1 kmfrom Picton Rd on Menangle Rd, 34° 10.720'S, 150° 40.880'E, in algal mat & base of reeds & on substrate, 26 FEB 1997, A. C.Miller( AMSC.352373, 20+); near intersection of Picton Rd& Menangle Rd, Maldon, 34° 11.510'S, 150° 37.930'E, edge of pond, 11 JUL 1995, M.V. Jones& S.M. Ridge( AMSC.309414, 1).
Description Shell ( Figs 1A, CH; 2AE, 3AE) of moderate size (up to 7.4 mmin length), conic to ovateconic, with up to 5 convex whorls. Protoconch of about 1.5 whorls, smooth except for traces of exceedingly fine spiral striae. Some specimens with 56 low, weak spiral ridges on last whorl (e.g., Fig. 2A). Teleoconch smooth except for fine collabral growth lines; base evenly convex; umbilicus very small and narrow or closed in adults and juveniles. Aperture broadly ovate; peristome thin; outer lip slightly prosocline. Opaque to semitranslucent; periostracum thin to welldeveloped, pale yellowishwhite to dark brown. FIGURE 1.Shells of type specimens: A, Bithynia vertiginosa Frauenfeld 1862, holotype, NHMV, shell length 6.79 mm; B, Gabbia iredalei Cotton 1942, holotype, SAM, D14098, shell length 6.97 mm; C, Gabbia australis suspecta Iredale 1944, syntype, AMS, C.51675, shell length 6.54 mm; D, Gabbia australis suspecta Iredale 1944, syntype, AMS, C.100600, shell length 4.65 mm; E; Bithynia schraderi Frauenfeld 1862, holotype, NHMV, shell length 6.46 mm; F, Bithinia hyalina Brazier 1875, syntype, AMS, C.110159, shell length 4.98 mm; G, Bithinia hyalina Brazier 1875, syntype, MMS A69, shell length 6.63 mm; H, Gabbia australis Tryon, 1865, probable paralectotype, AMS, C.110160, shell length 5.43 mm; I, Gabbia affinis Smith 1882, topotype, AMS, C.2515, shell length 4.44 mm; J, Bithinia australis Smith, 1882(= Gabbia smithii Tate 1882), lectotype, BMNH, 197748, shell length 3.20 mm; K, Gabbia microcosta n.sp., holotype, AMS, C.417677, shell length, 8.51 mm; L, Gabbia spiralis, n. sp., holotype, AMS, C.417682, shell length 4.56 mm. FIGURE 2.Shells: A – E, Gabbia vertiginosa, A, AMS, C.203392, B D, AMS, C.308015, E, AMS, C.332890; F, Gabbia iredalei, AMS, C.337418; G – K, Gabbia campicola, G, AMS, C.344345, H, holotype, C.417664, I, paratype, C.332829, J, K, MV, F.54869; LN, Gabbia kendricki, L, holotype, WAM S10877, M,N, paratypes, AMS C.203378; Scales: A – E, LN, 500 m, F, 2 mm, G – K, 1mm. FIGURE 3.Protoconchs and microsculpure: A – E, Gabbia vertiginosa, A, B, AMS, C.308015, C – E, AMS, C.332890; F – I, Gabbia campicola, F – H, paratype, AMS, C.332829, I, AMS, C.318702; J, Gabbia kendricki, paratype, AMS, C.203378; K, Gabbia pallidula, paratype, AMS, C.308007; L, M, Gabbia napierensis, paratype, AMS, C.337372; N, O, Gabbia rotunda, paratype, AMS, C.400134; A, B, F J, L N, protoconch, C E, K, O, microsculpture; Scales: A B, F J, L, 100 m, C D, N, 200 m, E, K, O, 20 m, M, 500 m. Dimensions. See Table 1for dimensions of typematerial and Appendix, Table 29, for summary shell dimensions and whorl counts. TABLE 1. Dimensions of type material of Gabbia vertiginosaand synonyms. Length Width Aperture length Aperture width Length of last whorl Number of whorls B. vertiginosaholotype 6.79 4.97 3.33 2.91 5.27 ca. 4.0 B. schraderisyntypes 6.48 5.25 3.80 3.22 5.42 ca. 3.7 6.53 5.11 3.58 2.99 5.29 ca. 3.5 G. australisLectotype (after Baker, 1964) probable paralectotype 5.7 4.0 (AMS C.110160) 5.43 4.15 2.72 2.45 4.26 ca. 4.0 G. australis suspectasyn types (AMS C.51675) 4.64 3.62 2.47 2.25 3.56 5.04 3.80 2.59 2.26 3.96 5.06 4.00 2.57 2.41 3.94 B. hyalinasyntypes (AMS C.110159 ) 4.29 3.43 2.38 2.05 3.55 3.75 5.38 3.98 2.77 2.38 4.10 4.5 4.96 3.72 2.47 2.19 3.74 4.0 B. hyalinasyntypes (MMS A.69) 6.14 4.43 3.14 2.86 4.71 4.25 6.63 4.74 3.27 2.91 5.23 4.7 6.80 4.88 3.28 2.93 5.33 4.7 6.84 4.89 3.33 2.9 5.33 4.55 6.94 5.11 3.26 3.02 5.34 4.5 6.97 4.97 3.33 2.98 5.33 4.5 Operculum ( Figs 4AE) typical of genus. Ovate, flat to very slightly concave, yellowishwhite to brown, sometimes slightly translucent, concentric growth ridges mainly indistinct, a few very distinct; inner surface with muscle scar weakly pustulose to pitted. Radula (Appendix Table 30; Fig. 5AF) typical of genus. Central teeth with 34 cusps on either side of median cusp which is about 1.5 longer than adjacent cusps and its base subequal to slightly wider; median cusp initially parallelsided or very slightly tapering, distally tapering to sharp point. Face of central tooth with 34 pairs of cusps that extend just inside lateral margin forming denticulate ridge, inner pair much larger than others, large (about 0.2 total height of tooth); lateral margins straight to slightly concave, at about 5060º; basal tongue narrow, long, prominent, usually with pointed end (sometimes rounded). Lateral teeth with cusp formula 2 + 1 + 34 (usually 3); with cutting edge about 0.350.47 length of lateral part of tooth; median cusp to about 1.5 length of adjacent cusps, pointed to rounded; upper edge of lateral part of tooth at about 5065º to cutting edge, lateral edge straight to slightly concave. Inner marginal teeth with about 1723 cusps, outer marginals with 1018 small cusps. FIGURE 4.Opercula: A E, Gabbia vertiginosa, A, B, AMS, C.203392, C, D, AMS, C.308015, E, AMS, C.332890; F, Gabbia iredalei, MV F.54870; G I, Gabbia campicola, paratype, AMS, C.332829; J L, Gabbia kendricki, AMS, C.337372; A, C, E H, J, K, outer side; B, D, I, L, inner side; Scales: 500 m. FIGURE 5.Radula: A – F, Gabbia vertiginosa, A, B, F, AMS, C.203392, C, AMS, C.332890, D, E, AMS, C.308015; G, H, Gabbia iredalei, MV, F.54870; A, C, D, H, central teeth, B,half rows of teeth, E, marginal teeth and lateral teeth, F, lateral teeth, G, half rows of teeth and second row of lateral teeth; Scales: 20 m. Headfoot with dark grey to black snout, tentacles grey to unpigmented, dorsal foot and opercular lobe dark grey, base of penis pale grey. Mantle roof black with small round white blotches giving it a mottled appearance, uniformly black or grey in some. Mantle edge grey to unpigmented. Visceral coil usually black dorsally. Anatomy. Gill ( Fig. 6A, E) with apices from very close to right edge in posterior two thirds, usually apices up to about third gill width in anterior third, sometimes up to about third gill width from right along entire gill; 4262 filaments (n=7). Osphradium opposite middle of gill to slightly posterior of middle. Penis ( Fig. 7I, J) with accessory lobe from about two thirds length of penial lobe to subequal in length, end of accessory lobe swollen, suckerlike;accessory gland long. Pallial oviduct with capsule gland narrower than, and slightly longer to nearly twice as long as, albumen gland. Bursa copulatrix on inner ventral wall of capsule gland, about quarter to nearly third height of capsule gland, extending to posterior pallial wall ( Fig. 8A) (AMS C.332866, AMS C.203392, AMS C.352373, AMS C.332885, AMS C.308028).
Distribution ( Fig. 9) and habitat. South east Queensland to mid NSW (south of Sydney), with most records from western Sydney and the New Englandtablelands, including the western slopes as far west as the vicinity of Narrabri ( 149º 46’E). Lives in mud in shallow water in ponds, farm dams, swamps and sluggish creeks, including temporary water bodies.
Remarks The long established name Gabbia australisTryonis, unfortunately, superseded by two Frauenfeld names. These two names were listed by E. A. Smith (1882), Tate and Brazier (1881: 563)and Tate (1896: 210211). Iredale (1943), surprisingly, did not list or comment on these names, and they have not appeared in Australian literature since, including the catalogue of nonmarine molluscs by Smith (1992). Tate and Brazier (1881)listed these names as dating from Frauenfeld 1865, although they cited the page numbers in the 1862 paper. Tate (1896: 210211)noted that “Mr Brazier has communicated to me his opinion that B. schraderi, Fld., and B. australisare one and the same; but as Frauenfeld's diagnosis, … 1862, was unaccompanied by figures and without comparison with any other species, except his B. vertiginosa, to which the same criticisms are applicable, and which may after all be only an elate form, of a composite species, the question of priority in respect to exact definition may reasonably be raised. Frauenfeld did not figure his two species till late in 1865, whereas the publication of Tryon's species is dated July, 1865.” Both species names were, however, validly introduced in 1862, before any other Australian bithyniids were named. Examination of the typematerial suggests that both species are conspecific with G. australisTryon. The populations in the vicinity of Armidale (New Englanddistrict) were separated as distinct by Iredale (1944: 116)because “the Sydney shell, measuring about a quarter of an inch [= 6.3 mm] in height and onesixth [ 4.2 mm] in breath, is smaller and narrower than the form figured from Armidale, which may be called Gabbia australis suspecta, subsp. nov., the typemeasuring 7 mm. by 5 mm.” [width/length ratios both 0.7]. Despite Iredale's subterfuge of resorting to different units of measurement, the differences are insignificant (see also Fig. 10A). Iredale’s observation that the New Englandform is broader than the Sydney form is generally true but there is no clearcut separation, even within the typematerial of suspecta(see Fig. 1C, D). The difference is also reflected when the measurement data is subjected to a discriminant function analysis, the specimens from the two areas being correctly classified with only 73% success. The Sydney and New Englandpopulations are also separated by a gap in the distribution records. There are no recent records from the Hunter Valley and no records between there and northern and western Sydney. Whether this gap is a collecting artefact or real is uncertain, as suitable habitats for bithyniids have not been particularly well sampled in the intervening area. While the differences between the Sydney and New Englandforms are not judged significant here, this conclusion requires further testing with molecular data. Specimens on the western slopes of the divide in the New Englandarea are sometimes difficult to separate from G. campicola n.sp.but the radulae of three such populations (AMS C.319907, AMS C.308017, AMS C.308020) are characteristic of G. vertiginosa. Two measured western populations near Guyra differ slightly from the other populations (Appendix, Table 29). One lot (AMS C.332890) from western Sydney is atypical and not included in the above description. The shell ( Fig. 2E, 3CE) has minute spiral wrinkles and, while the radula is similar in shape to other material of G. vertiginosaexamined, it has different cusp details: central teeth with 23 basal cusps (instead of 34), lateral teeth with 89 cusps (instead of 68); and the inner and outer marginal teeth with 1521 (cf. 1727) and 713 (cf. 1018) cusps respectively. Bithinia australis Smith, 1882was included in the synonymy of G. australisTryonby Tate (1896)and Smith (1992), along with the replacement names, B. smithii Tate, 1882and B. tryoni Smith 1887, although Iredale (1943)correctly listed smithiias a separate species (as Gabbia smithii). Smith (1992)included G. centralia Iredale, 1943as a synonym of G. australisTryonbut it is here considered a synonym of G. iredalei Cotton, 1942as indicated by Cotton (1943). This rather variable taxon (see Fig. 2AE) has a smooth ovateconic to conic shell, with convex whorls. A few specimens have weak spiral ridges on the last whorl and this character is variably developed within single samples, with other specimens being completely smooth. Several species described below have a similar shell to G. vertiginosaand are differentiated in the remarks under those taxa. The headfoot, penis, operculum and radula have been figured by Ponder & DeKeyzer (1998, fig. 15.116BE). McKay (1926)found that 25% of a laboratory population survived for more than 200 days out of water but, surprisingly, no other published information on the ecology and biology of this species is available.
3321535541
F54835
MV
-27.833334
Wilsons Plains
1235
152.65
14
15
12
1
Queensland
3321535395
1972-01-13
1996-09-17
1972-01-13
AMS, R, QM
G. Witten
Wellingrove Ck
-30.33
Lambs Valley Rd
1
149.77834
Wellingrove
14
15
MO57225, 1
1
New South Wales
3321535550
1972-01-13
1996-09-17
1972-01-13
AMS, R, QM
G. Witten
Wellingrove Ck
-30.33
Lambs Valley Rd
1
149.77834
Wellingrove
14
15
MO57225, 1
1
New South Wales
3321535430
1972-01-13
1996-09-17
1972-01-13
AMS, R, QM
G. Witten
Wellingrove Ck
-30.33
Lambs Valley Rd
1
149.77834
Wellingrove
14
15
MO57225, 1
1
New South Wales
3321535413
1972-01-13
1996-09-17
1972-01-13
AMS, R, QM
G. Witten
Wellingrove Ck
-30.33
Lambs Valley Rd
1
149.77834
Wellingrove
14
15
MO57225, 1
1
New South Wales
3321535564
1972-01-13
1996-09-17
1972-01-13
AMS, R, QM
G. Witten
Wellingrove Ck
-30.33
Lambs Valley Rd
1
149.77834
Wellingrove
14
15
MO57225, 1
1
New South Wales
3321535370
1972-01-13
1996-09-17
1972-01-13
AMS, R, QM
G. Witten
Wellingrove Ck
-30.33
Lambs Valley Rd
1
149.77834
Wellingrove
14
15
MO57225, 1
1
New South Wales
3321535526
1972-01-13
1996-09-17
1972-01-13
AMS, R, QM
G. Witten
Wellingrove Ck
-30.33
Lambs Valley Rd
1
149.77834
Wellingrove
14
15
MO57225, 1
1
New South Wales
3321535520
1972-01-13
1996-09-17
1972-01-13
AMS, R, QM
G. Witten
Wellingrove Ck
-30.33
Lambs Valley Rd
1
149.77834
Wellingrove
14
15
MO57225, 1
1
New South Wales
3321535383
1972-01-13
1996-09-17
1972-01-13
AMS, R, QM
W. F. Ponder & A. Kornuishin
Wellingrove Ck
-30.33
Lambs Valley Rd
1
149.77834
Wellingrove
14
15
MO57225, 1
1
New South Wales
3321535407
1972-01-13
1996-09-17
1972-01-13
AMS, R, QM
C. T. Musson
Wellingrove Ck
15
16
-30.33
Lambs Valley Rd
1
149.77834
Wellingrove
14
15
MO57225, 1
1
New South Wales
3321535385
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
G.Witten & Gemmell
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535488
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
G.Witten
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535458
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
A.McKay
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535486
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
G.Witten
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535461
[264,1246,564,590]
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
A.McKay
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535545
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535350
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
B.Bradley
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535390
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
R.Simpson
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535336
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
H.F.Consett Davis
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535522
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
G.Witten
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535318
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
R.Simpson
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535519
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
L.Whitten
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535333
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
G.Witten
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535446
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
G.Witten
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535394
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
G.Witten
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535448
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
G.Witten
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535418
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
G.Witten
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535428
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
G.Witten
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535415
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
G.Witten
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535497
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
C.T.Musson
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535574
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
J. Brazier
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535364
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
M.Shea
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535528
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
N.J.Campbell
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535404
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535538
[264,1093,1644,1670]
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535507
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
J.Brazier
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535441
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535374
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535325
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535368
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
W.F.Ponder & P.H.Colman
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
15
16
1
New South Wales
3321535530
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
A.C. Miller
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535380
[465,1254,364,390]
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535579
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
A. P. Schrader
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535569
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535475
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535482
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
G.A.Clark
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535474
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
M.Shea, O.L.Griffiths & C.Urquhart
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535485
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
M.Shea
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535464
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
M.Shea
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535319
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
C. Wallace
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535393
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Hamilton & Pearson
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535339
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535521
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535563
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535524
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535357
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
F. E. Allen
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535517
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535387
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
S.A.Clark
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535322
[264,1132,1204,1230]
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535478
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535320
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535469
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
A. C.Miller
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales
3321535454
1905-01
2000-07-25
1905-01
AMS, R, ANSP
M.V. Jones & S.M. Ridge
Sutton Gully
200
-34.191833
Gara
1
150.63217
Longford
16
17
1
New South Wales