Keyserling, 1891 : 172 Coryssocnemis togatus Moenkhaus 1898 : 95 Keyserling, 1891 : 171 Blechroscelis coruleus Moenkhaus 1898 : 101 Psilochorus fluminensis Mello-Leitão, 1918: 98 Mesabolivar in Huber 2000: 191 Mello-Leitão, 1940c : 210 Mesabolivar in Huber 2000: 191 Mesabolivar togatus : Huber 2000: 219 Blechroscelis coerulea Mesabolivar togatus : Machado 2007: 85 M. baianus M. baianus M. togatus M. baianus M. togatus Pholcus coeruleus Keyserling, 1891 Psilochorus fluminensis Mello-Leitão, 1918 The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits Huber, Bernhard A. Zootaxa 2018 2018-03-19 4395 1 1 178 3ZXF9 (Keyserling, 1891) Keyserling 1891 [151,631,222,248] Arachnida Pholcidae Mesabolivar GBIF Animalia Araneae 38 39 Arthropoda species togatus     Pholcus togatus  Keyserling, 1891: 172, pl. 5, figs 118, 118a–c (♂, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro).    Coryssocnemis togatus/-a:  Moenkhaus 1898: 95. Mello-Leitão 1918: 103. (Both authors just translated Keyserling’s original description; Mello-Leitão added poorly specified records; see Notes below).    Pholcus coeruleus  Keyserling, 1891: 171, pl. 5, figs 116, 116a (♀, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro). Synonymized in Huber 2000: 219.    Blechroscelis coruleus/  coerulea:  Moenkhaus 1898: 101. Mello-Leitão 1918: 108. (Both authors just translated Keyserling’s original description).   Psilochorus fluminensisMello-Leitão, 1918: 98–99, figs 10–11 (♂♀, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro). Transferred to  Mesabolivarin Huber 2000: 191. First synonymized in Machado 2007: 84 (not formally published). New synonymy(see Notes below).    Blechroscelis aurantia  Mello-Leitão, 1940c: 210(♀, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro). Transferred to  Mesabolivarin Huber 2000: 191. First synonymized in Machado 2007: 84 (not formally published). New synonymy(see Notes below).   Mesabolivar togatus: Huber 2000: 219–222, figs 851–863 (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro). Machado 2007: 85 (Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, São Paulo). Huber & Rheims 2011: 281 (Rio de Janeiro).  Possible and probable misidentifications   Blechroscelis coerulea/-us: Mello-Leitão 1940a: 21 (Brazil: Pará). Mello-Leitão 1947b: 233 (Brazil: Paraná). See Notes below.  Mesabolivar togatus: Machado 2007: 85(Brazil: Bahia, Sergipe) (see  M. baianusbelow). Astrin et al.2006: 444 (specimens from Taiobeiras only; see  M. baianusbelow).  Notes.I have not seen Mello-Leitão’s (1918) specimens from Rio de Janeiroand São Paulo. His records may be correct but no locality data beyond states are given. On the other hand, his later records from Paráand Paraná( Mello-Leitão 1940a, 1947b) are here considered dubious. Extensive recent collections from along the entire Brazilian Atlantic Forest from Rio Grande do Sulto Rio Grande do Norteas well as from Parádo not include  M. togatussouth of São Paulostate and north of Espírito Santostate. Paráin particular is far from the confirmed range of this species. The Paranárecords might be valid but need confirmation. The specimens from Bahiaand Sergipelisted in Machado (2007) were not checked but are likely to represent the similar new species  M. baianusrather than  M. togatus( Fig. 726).  The synonymy of  Psilochorus fluminensisMello-Leitão, 1918(from Rio de Janeiro, Pinheiro, 22.52°S, 44.00°W) with  Mesabolivar togatuswas first suggested by Machado (2007), based on the apophyses of the male chelicerae. The types are apparently lost ( Silva Moreira et al.2010) but the distribution data of  M. togatusand its most similar congeners ( Figs 726, 727) further support this synonymy. The situation is more complicated with  M. aurantius(Mello-Leitão, 1940), originating from Rio de Janeiro, Goytacazes [ 21.83°S, 41.27°W]. In a previous revision I reported on a vial in MNRJ with the correct collection number 58250 (Huber 2000: 191); it contained a penultimate female. Later, Machado (2007) reported on a vial with the same collection number, containing an adult female that he found to be identical to  M. togatus. Even though Mello-Leitão described a very different epigynum (“muito alto, bicorne” = “very high, with two horns”), Machado (2007) considered this discrepancy to be overruled by the Code ( ICZN 1999, Art. 61). In 2010, the female holotypewas considered lost ( Silva Moreira et al.2010). The identity of the holotypeappears unsolvable, so I adopt Machado’s (2007) decision here as I did previously (Huber 2015). Finally,  M. nigridentis(Mello-Leitão, 1922)from Maranhão, Pindaré (3.664°S, 45.425°W), was also synonymized with  M. togatusin Machado (2007), based on Mello-Leitão’s description of the male chelicerae (the types are apparently lost; Silva Moreira et al.2010). However, the oblique pair of apophyses is not a character unique to  M. togatus, and distribution data of  M. togatusand its most similar congeners ( Figs 726, 727) strongly argue against this synonymy. Thus,  M. nigridentisis here considered a valid species.   Diagnosis.Distinguished from most known congeners by armature of male chelicerae (Huber 2000; fig. 860; Figs 150–152; two pairs of frontal apophyses, one oblique pair distally and one strongly projecting pair proximally), by shape of procursus (Huber 2000: figs 856–857, Figs 158–159; widely curved, distal prolateral process and membranous structures), and shape of epigynum (Huber 2000: figs 862–863, Figs 156–157; oval anterior plate with posterior margin divided into three lobes by whitish membrane); from the very similar  M. baianusby details of distal cheliceral apophyses (larger angle between outer margins in frontal view; barely visible in lateral view; compare Figs 150–155), and by shapes of lobes on anterior epigynal plate (median lobe wider; lateral lobes narrower; compare Figs 156, 157 and 162, 164).     Typematerial.  Pholcus togatus Keyserling, 1891: BRAZIL:  Rio de Janeiro: 2♂ syntypes, BMNH(1890.7.1.8328), Fazenda Sergio Potta de Castro[ Miracema, 21.413°S, 42.196°W?], leg. E.A. Göldi, examined ( Huber2000).     Pholcus coeruleus Keyserling, 1891: BRAZIL:  Rio de Janeiro: ♀ holotype, BMNH, no further locality data, leg. E.A. Göldi, examined ( Huber2000).   Psilochorus fluminensisMello-Leitão, 1918: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Unspecified number of ♂ and ♀ syntypes, apparently lost (see Notes above), Pinheiro [= Pinheiral according to Silva Moreira et al.2010; 22.52°S, 44.00°W], no further data.     Blechroscelis aurantiaMello-Leitão, 1940: BRAZIL:  Rio de Janeiro: ♀ holotype, apparently lost (see Notes above), Goytacazes [ 21.83°S, 41.27°W],  1936–1937( M. Rosa).   FIGURES 138–149.Live specimens,  Mesabolivar togatusgroup. 138–139.  M. togatus(Keyserling, 1891), males from Sooretama (with Arachnocorisbug; arrow) and Santa Maria Madalena. 140.  M. baianus  sp. n., male from Serra Bonita. 141– 142.  M. similis  sp. n., male and female from Morro de Pedra. 143–144.  M. buraquinho  sp. n., male from Bonito, female from Mata do Buraquinho. 145–146.  M. caiporaHuber, 2015, male and female from Serra da Itabaiana. 147.  M. inmanis  sp. n., male from Vargem Alta. 148–149.  M. cyaneomaculatus(Keyserling, 1891), males from Penedo.   FIGURES 150–155.Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 150–152.  Mesabolivar togatus(Keyserling, 1891), males from Guapiaçú (150–151; ZFMK Ar 19017) and Rio das Pedras (152; ZFMK Ar 19021). 153–155.  M. baianus  sp. n., males from Una (153–154; ZFMK Ar 19031) and Serra Bonita (155; ZFMK Ar 19038). Arrows point at distal cheliceral ledges. Scale line: 0.5 (all at same scale).    Newrecords. BRAZIL:  Rio de Janeiro: 18♂ 6♀, ZFMK( Ar19014), Cachoeiras de Macacu, Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçú(22°24.4’–25.3’S, 42°44.2’–44.3’W),  140–280 ma.s.l.,  23.ix.2009(B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi);  3♂ 1♀, ZFMK( Ar19015–16), same data but  25.ix.2009( B.A. Huber);  1♂ 1♀in pure ethanol, ZFMK( Br09-97), same data but  23–24.ix.2009( B.A. Huber);  7♂ 11♀, ZFMK( Ar19017), same locality at 22°24.3’S, 42°44.1’W, ~  300–400 ma.s.l.,  24.ix.2009( B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi);  1♂ 1♀, ZFMK( Ar19018), Cachoeiras de Macacu, forest fragment near Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçú(~ 22°24’S, 42°44’W), ~  300 ma.s.l.,  24.ix.2009( A. Giupponi);  8♂ 19♀, ZFMK( Ar19019–20), Santa Maria Madalena, forest fragment (21°58.9–59.1’S, 41°57.2– 57.6’W),  480–590 ma.s.l.,  30.ix.–1.x.2010( B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González).  3♂ 4♀, ZFMK( Ar19021), Reserva Ecológica Riodas Pedras( 22°59.5’S, 44°06.0’–06.8’W),  50–200 ma.s.l., day,  26.ix.2009( B.A. Huber);  1♀, ZFMK( Ar19022), same data but  26.ix.2009( A. Giupponi, A. Kury);  2♂in pure ethanol, ZFMK( Br09-111), same data but  25–26.ix.2009( B.A. Huber).  2♂ 4♀, ZFMK( Ar19023), Paraty, degraded forest near Morro do Forte( 23°11.7’S, 44°42.8’W), ~  10–30 ma.s.l.,  23.viii.2007( B.A. Huber);  3♀in pure ethanol, ZFMK( Br07/100-30), same data;  1♀, ZFMK( Ar19024), ~ 3.5 kmNW Paraty( 23°11.5’S, 44°43.9’W), degraded forest, ~  50 ma.s.l.,  21.viii.2007( B.A. Huber);  1♂ 3♀in pure ethanol, ZFMK( Br07/100-16), same data.  3♀in pure ethanol ZFMK( Br07/100-28), Cachoeira da Pedra Brancanear Paraty( 23°11.8’S, 44°46.0’W), forest near river, ~  230 ma.s.l.,  22.viii.2007( B.A. Huber).   FIGURES 156–164.  Mesabolivar togatus(Keyserling, 1891)(156–159), and  M. baianus  sp. n.(160–164). 156–157, 162, 164. Epigyna, ventral views, females from Guapiaçú (156; ZFMK Ar 19017), Sooretama (157; ZFMK Ar 19029), Una (162; ZFMK Ar 19031), and Serra Bonita (164; ZFMK Ar 19038). 158–161. Tips of left procursi, prolateral and retrolateral views (ZFMK Ar 19017 and 19031) (arrows point at slightly differing membranous dorsal flaps). 163. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view (ZFMK Ar 19031). Scale lines: 0.5 (156–157, 162–164; all epigyna at same scale); 0.3 (158–161; all procursi at same scale).    Espírito Santo: 13♂ 6♀, ZFMK( Ar19025), Mimoso do Sul, Finca Tacutinga, forest fragment ( 21°01.4’S, 41°23.4’W),  240 ma.s.l.,  4.x.2010( B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González);  1♂ 1♀ 1 juv.in pure ethanol, ZFMK( Br10- 92), same data.    São Paulo: 10♂ 7♀, ZFMK(Ar 19026), São Paulo, Jardim Zoológico de São Paulo( 23.65°S, 46.62°W),  13.xii.2003( B.A. Huber);  5♂ 3♀in pure ethanol, ZFMK( Br03/100-29), same data.    Assignedtentatively. BRAZIL:  Espírito Santo: 3♂ 7♀, ZFMK( Ar19027), Reserva Biológica Córrego do Veado, ‘site 1’ ( 18°22.1’S, 40°08.3’W), ~  80 ma.s.l.,  29.ix.2011( B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González);  3♂ 4♀, ZFMK( Ar19028), same data but ‘site 2’ ( 18°21.7’S, 40°10.0’W), ~  90 ma.s.l.  10♂ 15♀, ZFMK( Ar19029), Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, ‘site 1’ ( 19°03.3’S, 40°08.8’W), ~  90 ma.s.l.,  27.ix.2011( B.A. Huber, A. Pérez- González);  1♂ 1♀5 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK( Br11-128), same data;  4♂ 4♀, ZFMK( Ar19030), same data but ‘site 2’ ( 19°00.7’S, 40°06.5’W), ~  80 ma.s.l.,  28.ix.2011.  Description(amendments; see Huber 2000). Tibia 1 in72 newly examined males: 11.6–18.0 (mean 15.6); in 79 newly examined females: 9.1–14.7 (mean 11.7). Femora 2 and 3 inmost males much wider than other femora, in some barely wider (e.g.: male 1: tibia 1 16.7, femora 1–4 diameters 0.24, 0.39, 0.35, 0.24; male 2: tibia 1 17.9, femora 1–4 diameters 0.22, 0.25, 0.31, 0.22; male 3: tibia 1 13.5, femora 1–4 diameters 0.19, 0.20, 0.20, 0.19). Prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1. Slight variation in male chelicerae: distal apophyses sometimes proximally slightly wider ( São Paulo, male from forest fragment near Guapiaçú); proximal apophyses proximally sometimes thicker (Paraty, Rio das Pedras, Sooretama, Corrego do Veado; Fig. 152). Procursus tip varies slightly and may be indistinguishable from that of  M. baianus, but membranous dorsal flap appears to be consistently indistinct (arrow in Fig. 158). Epigynal median flap consistently wide, but slightly rounder in specimens from northern Espírito Santo(Córrego do Veado, Sooretama; Figs 157, 190). Lateral lobes in these specimens also slightly different (wider than usual); therefore, specimens from these two localities are assigned tentatively.  Natural history.This was often the seemingly most abundant pholcid species. In a quantitative survey at Pedra Branca State Park, Rio de Janeiro,  M. togatuswas the second most abundant spider species, outnumbered only by another pholcid species,  Carapoia lutea(Castanheira et al.2016). The spiders were collected from large webs (up to 60 cmdiameter) among tree buttresses, rocks, logs, and in cavities of road cuts, usually up to 50 cmabove the ground. There seemed to be no or a very limited tangle of lines above the sheet. During the day, the spiders were found resting on the rock/tree/soil surface, not in the dome.   Distribution.Widely distributed in the Brazilian states São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Espírito Santo( Fig. 726). For dubious records from other states, see Notes above. 1835975829 BMNH Miracema & E. A. Goldi & Huber Brazil -21.413 Fazenda Sergio Potta de Castro 75 -42.196 39 40 3 2 Rio de Janeiro syntype 1835975750 BMNH E. A. Goldi & Huber Brazil Rio de Janeiro 39 40 1 1 Rio de Janeiro holotype 1835975745 1936 1937 1936 M. Rosa Brazil -21.83 Rio de Janeiro 757 -41.27 39 40 1 1 Rio de Janeiro holotype 1835975845 2009-09-23 ZFMK Brazil New 210 Cachoeiras de Macacu Ar 40 41 24 6 18 Rio de Janeiro 1835975825 [281,1080,1732,1757] 2009-09-25 ZFMK B. A. Huber Brazil New 210 Ar Ar 40 41 4 1 3 Rio de Janeiro 1835975827 2009-09-23 2009-09-24 2009-09-23 ZFMK B. A. Huber Brazil New 210 Br Ar 40 41 2 1 1 Rio de Janeiro 1835975737 2009-09-24 2009-09-24 2009-09-23 ZFMK B. A. Huber & A. Giupponi Brazil New 350 -22.405 Ar 125 -42.735 Ar 40 41 18 11 7 Rio de Janeiro 1835975840 2009-09-24 ZFMK A. Giupponi Brazil Ar 300 -22.4 Reserva Ecologica de Guapiacu 1260 -42.733334 Cachoeiras de Macacu 40 41 2 1 1 Rio de Janeiro 1835975733 2010-09-30 2010-10-01 2010-09-30 ZFMK B. A. Huber & A. Perez-Gonzalez Brazil 535 Santa Maria Madalena Ar 40 41 27 19 8 Rio de Janeiro 1835975755 2009-09-26 ZFMK B. A. Huber Brazil Ar 125 -22.991667 Pedras Reserva Ecologica Rio 40 41 7 4 3 Rio de Janeiro 1835975770 2009-09-26 ZFMK A. Giupponi & A. Kury Brazil Ar 125 -22.991667 Ar Reserva Ecologica Rio 40 41 1 1 Rio de Janeiro 1835975754 2009-09-25 2009-09-26 2009-09-25 ZFMK B. A. Huber Brazil Ar 125 41 42 -22.991667 Br Reserva Ecologica Rio 40 41 2 2 Rio de Janeiro 1835975764 2007-08-23 ZFMK B. A. Huber Brazil Ar 20 -23.195 Morro do Forte 125 -44.713333 Paraty 41 42 6 4 2 Rio de Janeiro 1835975835 2007-08-23 ZFMK Br Brazil Ar 20 -23.195 Morro do Forte 125 -44.713333 Paraty 41 42 3 3 Rio de Janeiro 1835975744 2007-08-21 ZFMK B. A. Huber Brazil 50 -23.191668 Paraty 125 -44.731667 Ar 41 42 1 1 Rio de Janeiro 1835975839 [463,1120,260,285] 2007-08-21 ZFMK Br Brazil 50 -23.191668 Paraty 125 -44.731667 Ar 41 42 4 3 1 Rio de Janeiro 1835975850 2007-08-22 ZFMK B. A. Huber Brazil Br 230 -23.196667 Paraty 125 -44.766666 Cachoeira da Pedra Branca 41 42 3 3 Rio de Janeiro 1835975874 2010-10-04 ZFMK B. A. Huber & A. Perez-Gonzalez Ar 240 -21.023333 Finca Tacutinga 126 -41.39 Mimoso do Sul 42 43 19 6 13 Espirito Santo 1835975833 2010-10-04 ZFMK Br Ar 240 -21.023333 Finca Tacutinga 126 -41.39 Mimoso do Sul 42 43 3 1 1 Espirito Santo 1835975776 2003-12-13 ZFMK B. A. Huber -23.65 Sao Paulo 752 -46.62 42 43 17 7 10 Sao Paulo 1835975727 [449,1090,295,320] 2003-12-13 ZFMK Br -23.65 Sao Paulo 752 -46.62 42 43 8 3 5 Sao Paulo 1835975753 2011-09-29 ZFMK B. A. Huber & A. Perez-Gonzalez Brazil Assigned 80 -18.368334 Reserva Biologica Corrego do Veado 127 -40.138332 Ar 42 43 10 7 3 Espirito Santo 1835975734 2011-09-29 ZFMK B. A. Huber & A. Perez-Gonzalez Brazil Assigned 90 -18.361668 Ar 127 -40.166668 Ar 42 43 7 4 3 Espirito Santo 1835975761 2011-09-27 ZFMK B. A. Huber & Gonzalez Brazil 90 -19.055 Reserva Biologica de Sooretama 127 -40.146667 Ar 42 43 25 15 10 Espirito Santo 1835975832 [280,957,476,501] 2011-09-27 ZFMK Br Brazil 90 -19.055 Reserva Biologica de Sooretama 127 -40.146667 Ar 42 43 2 1 1 Espirito Santo 1835975848 2011-09-28 ZFMK Br Brazil 80 -19.011667 Ar 127 -40.108334 Ar 42 43 8 4 4 Espirito Santo