Murina Francis et al . 2010: 6 Murina peninsularis : Matveev and Csorba 2007: 100 M. peninsularis Hill 1963 A review of tube-nosed bats (Murina) from Laos with a description of two new species Francis, Charles M. Eger, Judith L. Acta Chiropterologica 2012 2012-06-01 14 1 15 38 44N2V Francis & Eger, 2012 Francis & Eger 2012 [331,500,1867,1894] Mammalia Vespertilionidae Murina Animalia Chiroptera 18 32 Chordata species fionae sp. nov.  ( Figs. 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b; Tables 1, 2; Map Fig. 2c)     MurinaCMF sp. B:  Francis et al. 2010: 6     Murina peninsularis: Matveev and Csorba 2007: 100; not  M. peninsularis Hill 1963.     Holotype  ROM 106383 ♂(field number CMF 960407-04) collected  7 April 1996at Pha Deng, ≈  8 kmE of Ban Navang, Khammouan Province, Laos( 17°57’N, 105°23’E); altitude  1140 m.   Paratype  ROM106382 ♀(field number CMF 960407-03), same date and locality.  Referred material  ROM111292 ♀collected 15 March 1999at Ngoc Linh, 10 kmSW Nuoc Xa, Quang Nam, Vietnam( 15°12’N, 108°02’E), altitude  830 m. ZMMUS-167185 Ke Bang, Quang Binh, Vietnam( 17°40’N, 105°56’E).   Diagnosis Morphologically and dentally, this species resembles  Murina cyclotis, with both premolars similar in size to each other, with reduced mesostyles on M 1and M 2and with reduced talonids on the lower molars (M 1and M 2), but is substantially larger (FA 37–38, GSL 19.0–19.4), with pale-based fur and a large difference in mtDNA.   Description The fur of the dorsum is long with pale buff bases and orange-brown tips. Scattered longer guard hairs are pale to the tip, creating a frosted appearance; the hairs of the underparts are unicoloured, pale buff orange over most of the venter, but more whitish near the chin ( Fig. 6b). The ears are moderately large and rounded. The interfemoral membrane, legs, feet and tail are covered with long orange-brown hairs which are relatively dense on the legs and feet. The calcar is thick, with no keel, extending about 40% of the distance from the foot to the tail tip. The wing membrane is inserted on the side of the toe, near the base of the claw. The skull has a large, inflated braincase, well marked rostral depression, and deep rostrum ( Fig. 3b), with a well developed sagittal crest. The toothrows are roughly parallel. The upper incisors are nearly side by side, such that the inner incisor is largely obscured in lateral view ( Fig. 3b). The anterior upper premolar (P 2) is similar in size and height to the posterior premolar (P 4). The first and second upper molars (M 1and M 2) are relatively narrow, and their mesostyles (middle labial cusps) are greatly reduced, not visible from the side, and leaving a deep U-shaped indentation in the labial side of the molars when viewed from above ( Fig. 4b). In the lower toothrow, similar to  M. cyclotis, the posterior section (talonid) of the lower molars (M 1and M 2) is greatly reduced relative to the anterior section (trigonid; Fig. 5b). In lateral view, the cusps are slightly more than half the height of the anterior cusps, while viewed from above, on the lingual side, the length of the talonid is less than half the length of the trigonid ( Fig. 5b).   Etymology This species is named after Fiona Francis who, as a child, had to endure long periods without her father while he was surveying bats in Laos(although in 1998, at the age of 7, she did have the opportunity to participate in six weeks of surveys in Laos).   Morphological comparison with similar species Based on dental morphology, this species appears closely allied to  M. cyclotisbut differs in its larger size, pale bases to the fur and some details of dentition. The labial shelf of M 1and M 2is larger and more angular in  M. fionaethan in  M. cyclotis, while M 3has a relatively larger metacone (central cusp; compare Fig. 4b and 4d).   Despitea very large genetic difference (14% divergence), in overall size and morphology, it is similar to  M. peninsularis, but specimens that we have examined of the latter ( ROM  112308 ♀from Pahang; ROM 117929, 117930 ♂♂from Sabah) have a slightly shorter, less elongate skull; greater reduction of M 3which is not as wide as M 2(M 3is similar in width to M  2in  M. fionae), and has a small- er central cusp which tends not to protrude on the posterior edge; greater reduction of the talonid relative to the trigonid on M 1and M 2; and relatively narrower P 2. Furthermore, the specimens we have examined of  M. peninsularishave relatively darker bases to both the dorsal and ventral fur. In several characters,  M. fionaeis similar to  M. harrisoniincluding the fur colour and the indentation of the outer edge of M 1and M 2, but  M. harrisonistill has distinct mesostyles on those molars ( Fig. 4a), the talonids of the lower molars M 1and M 2are relatively larger, only slightly smaller than those of  M. huttoni(compare Fig. 5a, 5b, 5c), and  M. fionaehas a higher, more inflated braincase which rises more abruptly from the rostrum ( Fig. 3b).  Genetic analyses DNA barcodes are available through Genbank and BOLD for the paratype( HM540965) as well as the ROM specimen from Vietnam( HM540966). Neighbour joining trees based on DNA barcodes indicate that this species differs by at least 11% from any other known  Murina(figure 4 in Francis et al., 2010, labeled as ‘  MurinaCMF sp. B’). Unfortunately, this level of divergence is so great that it is not possible to ascertain relationships reliably with other species using just this gene. Based on morphology and the deep divergences, we can speculate that  M. fionae,  M. peninsularis, and  M. cyclotismay have evolved separately from an ancestor that resembled  M. cyclotis, but further genetic data from slower evolving genes are required to test that hypothesis.   Distribution and ecology Both the Lao and Vietnamese specimens were collected in wet, evergreen hill forest of the Annamite Mountains at altitudes of 830 mto 1140 m( Fig. 2c). The record from Cambodiais based on a cytochrome bsequence published in Genbank ( GQ168911) for a specimen (HNHM 2005.81.16) originally identified as  Murina peninsularis( Matveev and Csorba, 2007). The DNA sequence matches very closely to cytochrome bsequences of our specimens (J. L. Eger, unpublished data), and given the morphological similarity to  M. peninsularis, it seems likely that the Cambodian specimen represents this new species. That specimen was trapped on 9 July 2005in the Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area, Mondolkiri Province, Cambodiaat km 159 on the road between Seima and O’Rang, ( 12°10’49N, 106°58’55E) in semi-deciduous forest at an altitude of  290 m.The female specimen ROM 111292 from Vietnamhad two embryos, CR = 8 mmon 15 Mar 1999. 2813317310 1996-04-07 ROM Laos 1140 17.95 Pha Deng 1277 105.38333 18 32 ROM 106383 1 1 Khammouan Province holotype 2813317315 08-11-23 ROM Despite Pahang 19 33 ROM 117929, 117930 2 1 1 Pahang