Souza Lopes & Mangabeira, 1942 :340 Penny & Byers, 1979b :367 Penny & Arias, 1982 :269 Machado et al., 2009 :36 Willmann, 1983 :51 Collucci & Amorim, 2000 :7 Collucci & Amorim, 2001 :2 Machado et al. , 2009 :37 Thyridates willmanni T. willmanni B. diversinervis T. willmanni B. diversinervis T. willmanni ( Collucci & Amorim 2001 ) B. diversinervis T. willmanni B. diversinervis T. willmanni B. diversinervis T. willmanni The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species Machado, Renato Jose Pires Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello Rafael, José Albertino Zootaxa 2018 2018-11-30 4526 3 303 330 LXRL Souza Lopes & Mangabeira, 1942 : Souza Lopes & Mangabeira 1942 [151,840,583,610] Insecta Bittacidae Bittacus GBIF Animalia Mecoptera 5 308 Arthropoda species diversinervis  ( Figs. 3a, 6a,  8g, 12b)     Bittacus diversinervis:  Souza Lopes & Mangabeira, 1942:340;  Penny & Byers, 1979b:367;  Penny & Arias, 1982:269;  Machado et al.,2009:36, 2010:605; Machado, 2018.    Thyridates diversinervis:  Willmann, 1983:51;  Collucci & Amorim, 2000:7.    Thyridates willmanni:  Collucci & Amorim, 2001:2. New synonym.    Bittacus willmanni:  Machado et al., 2009:37.   Holotypemale of  B. diversinervis: MNRJ (examined). Probably destroyed in the fire of 2.ix.2018. Holotypemale of  B. willmanni: LMED (high resolution images examined). Species also known from: Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia(new record), Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso(new record), Mato Grosso do Sul(new record), Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rondônia, Roraima, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Tocantins(new record) ( Fig. 12b).   Bittacus diversinervisis the most common and widespread hanging fly in Brazil, with records for all regions of the country, except the southern states. The species has been collected in different habitats, including the Amazon and Atlantic rain forest, some dry areas in the Cerrado, and open grassy areas in Roraimastate.    Thyridates willmanniwas described based on a male specimen, which until today remains as the only known specimen ( Colluci & Amorim, 2001). On its original description the authors mentioned that  T. willmanniwas very similar to  B. diversinervis, but justified the description of a new species based on the different number of costal crossveins (three for  T. willmanniand two for  B. diversinervis), a character known to be very plastic for a long time as discussed by different authors (e.g. Esben-Petersen 1921; Navás 1929; Machado et al. 2009). Another diagnostic trait suggested by the authors is that the internal margins of the male epandrium are almost straight in  T. willmanni( Collucci & Amorim 2001); however, the study of the holotypeherein clearly indicates that this character was misinterpreted by the authors. The internal margins of the epandirum are divergent, as in all other specimens of  B. diversinervis. The image of the epandrium presented in the original description is inaccurate and suggests that the internal margins are almost straight, but it does not correspond with the actual shape in the specimen. Additionally, the holotypeof  T. willmannipresents the vein Rs 1forked in the forewing, one of the major characteristics of  B. diversinervis. For the reasons mentioned above, we are here synonymizing  T. willmanniunder  B. diversinervis. The two main characters used to distinguish  T. willmanniare not robust; the first is based on a historically known plastic character and the second is the result of a misinterpretation.   Examined specimens.  Brazil: Acre: Rio Branco,  24.ii.1979,  Maurício Mendonça( 1♀ INPA);  Amazonas: Humaitá,  22.ii.1980, Penny&  Brasil( 3♂, 5♀, 2? INPA);  Bahia: Aracatu, Fazenda Lagoa do Tamburi, RodoviaBA 262, km 400 sentido Vit. da Conquita/ Brumado, coletado na lâmpada da residência,  16.xii.2010, Ferreira, A.S.col.; (4 MZUEFS);  Vitória da Conquista, UFBA/IMS/CAT, LABZOO,  14.i.2012, Ferreira, A.S.col (1 MZUEFS);  Espírito Santo: Anchieta, Praia de Ubu,  i.2006, luz, SA Vanim( 1♀ MZSP);  Colatina,  20.i.1960, JH Guimarães( 1♀ MZSP);  Guarapari,  9.i.1981, Eloy Castellón( 1♀ INPA);  Minas Gerais: Governador Valadares,  28.xii.1990, Marcio M(1? MZSP);  Lagoa Santa,  12.i.1965, J.S. Morgante( 1♀ MZSP);  Muriaé,  31.xii.1977, Mirian A.S. Serrano( 1♂ INPA);  Mato Grosso: Nova Mutum, Fazenda Buriti,  15.xii.1996, HF Mendes( 1♂, 2♀ MZSP); idem—  14.i.1998( 1♂ MZSP);  Mato Grosso do Sul: Porto Murtinho,  21–30.i.2008, S. Sigeoet al ( 1♂ MZSP);  Pernambuco: Arco Verde,  vii.1974, N. Papavero( 2♂ MZSP);  Rio de Janeiro: Guaratiba,  iv.1960, JH Guimaraes( 1♂ MZSP);  Rondônia: Vilhena,  7.xi.1979, Norman D. Penny( 1♀ INPA);  Roraima: Boa Vista,  10.viii.1977, ND Penny( 8♂, 7♀ INPA);  Boa Vista, Passarão,  031202N—603508W,  8.vii.1996, F.F. Xavier, varredura ( 2♂, 1♀ INPA);  São Paulo: Barra Bonita,  iii.1957, A. Correia( 1♂ MZSP);  Barueri,  26.ii.1959, K. Lenko( 1♂ MZSP);  Campinas,  2.iii.1974, Buhrnheimcol. ( 2♂ 1♀ INPA);  Campos do Jordão, Parque Estadual,  2.xi.1985, CG Froehlich( 1♀ MZSP);  Salesópolis, Boracéia,  5–9.vi.1948, ( 1♀ MZSP);  Santo Amaro,  ii.1950, D. Lane( 1♀ MZSP);  São Paulo, Sumaré.  ii.1948, M. Carrera( 1♀ MZSP)idem—ii.1947 (1? MZSP);  Tocantins: Barrolândia,  24–25.xii.2013, TK Krolow( 2♀ CEUFT). 2029163367 [472,902,1710,1735] 1979-02-24 Brazil Rio Branco 5 308 1 Acre 2029165307 [918,1295,1710,1735] INPA Mauritius Mendonca 5 308 1 1 2029163837 1980-02-22 Penny Mauricio Humaita Amazonas 5 308 1 2029162697 [494,783,1746,1771] INPA Brazil Brasil 5 308 8 5 3 2029164923 2010-12-16 MZUEFS Ferreira, A. S. Brasil Aracatu Rodovia Fazenda Lagoa do Tamburi 5 308 1 Bahia 2029162883 [326,1432,1818,1843] 2012-01-14 MZUEFS Ferreira, A. S. Brasil Vitoria da Conquista 5 308 1 2029162884 [151,988,1854,1879] 2006-01 MZSP SA Vanim Brasil Praia de Ubu Anchieta 5 308 1 1 Espirito Santo 2029164433 1960-01-20 MZSP JH Guimaraes Brasil Colatina 5 308 1 1 2029164432 [248,777,1890,1915] 1981-01-09 INPA Eloy Castellon Brasil Guarapari 5 308 1 1 2029164820 1990-12-28 MZSP Marcio M Brasil Governador Valadares 5 308 1 Minas Gerais 2029163452 [325,904,1926,1952] 1965-01-12 MZSP J. S. Morgante Brasil Lagoa Santa 5 308 1 1 2029165304 1977-12-31 INPA Mirian A. S. Serrano Brasil Muriae 5 308 1 1 2029162289 [240,1233,1962,1987] 1996-12-15 MZSP HF Mendes Brasil Fazenda Buriti Nova Mutum 5 308 3 2 1 Mato Grosso 2029164921 1998-01-14 MZSP Brasil 5 308 1 1 2029164529 [304,1210,1998,2023] 2008-01-21 2008-01-30 2008-01-21 MZSP S. Sigeo Brasil Porto Murtinho 5 308 1 1 Mato Grosso do Sul 2029164035 1974-07 MZSP N. Papavero Brasil 6 309 Arco Verde 5 308 2 2 Pernambuco 2029163662 [673,1432,151,176] 1960-04 MZSP JH Guimaraes Brasil Guaratiba 6 309 1 1 Rio de Janeiro 2029164530 [151,829,188,213] 1979-11-07 INPA Norman D. Penny Brasil Vilhena 6 309 1 1 Rondonia 2029163836 1977-08-10 INPA ND Penny Brasil Boa Vista 6 309 15 7 8 Roraima 2029164626 [239,1301,223,248] 02-03-12 1996-07-08 02-03-12 INPA F. F. Xavier Brasil Passarao Boa Vista 6 309 3 1 2 2029162788 1957-03 MZSP A. Correia Brasil Barra Bonita 6 309 1 1 Sao Paulo 2029163951 [696,1181,260,285] 1959-02-26 MZSP K. Lenko Brasil Barueri 6 309 1 1 2029163949 1974-03-02 INPA Buhrnheim Brasil Campinas 6 309 3 1 2 2029162493 [542,1432,295,320] 1985-11-02 MZSP CG Froehlich Brasil Parque Estadual Campos do Jordao 6 309 1 1 2029164716 [151,695,332,357] 1948-06-05 1948-06-09 1948-06-05 MZSP Brasil Boraceia Salesopolis 6 309 1 1 2029163564 [707,1203,332,357] 1950-02 MZSP D. Lane Brasil Santo Amaro 6 309 1 1 2029163764 1948-02 MZSP M. Carrera Brasil Sumare. 6 309 1 1 Sao Paulo 2029163266 2013-12-24 2013-12-25 2013-12-24 CEUFT TK Krolow Brasil Barrolandia 6 309 2 2 Tocantins