Lygaeus Pyrrhocoris Fall. Platynotus Schill. gutta Burmeister, 1834: 30 Pyrrhocoris gutta : Burmeister (1835: 285) Physopelta bimaculata Stål 1855: 186 Physopelta guttata Physopelta guttata Physopelta guttata A taxonomic review of the genus Physopelta (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Largidae) from Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, with a new record of Ph. parviceps from China Souma, Jun Ishikawa, Tadashi Zootaxa 2021 2021-04-07 4951 3 461 491 7KMPR gutta (Burmeister, 1834) gutta (Burmeister 1834 Burmeister 1834 [151,865,1321,1348] Insecta Largidae Physopelta GBIF Animalia Hemiptera 4 465 Arthropoda subSpecies gutta Neophysopelta gutta  ( Figs. 1A, B, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A, 9A, 10A, 11A, 12A, 13A, 14A)     Lygaeus(  PyrrhocorisFall.,  PlatynotusSchill.)    gutta Burmeister, 1834: 30. Syntype(s): macropterous ♂, Philippines: Manilaenv; ZMHB ( Stehlík 2013: 528).   Pyrrhocoris gutta: Burmeister (1835: 285)(new combination).   Physopelta bimaculata Stål 1855: 186. Syntype(s): macropterous sex unknown; Indonesia: Java; NHRS ( Stehlík 2013: 528).  Synonymized by Stål (1861: 195).   Physopelta gutta: Stål (1861: 195)(new combination).    References. Walker (1873: 18)(distribution); Scott (1874: 291)(distribution); Esaki (1926: 157)(distribution); Hussey (1929: 30)(distribution); Blöte (1931: 99)(distribution); Kato (1940: 704)(distribution); Esaki (1952: 230)(distribution); Takara (1957: 54)(distribution); Miyamoto (1965a: 89)(monograph); Sawada & Watanabe (1969: 7)(distribution); Watanabe & Sohma (1972: 8)(distribution); Yamaguchi et al. (1973: 90)(distribution); Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology (1980: 24) (pest); Tomokuni (1981: 108)(distribution); Urata (1981a: 429)(distribution, as  Physopelta guttata); Urata (1981b: 738)(distribution); Ahmad & Abbas (1987: 137)(distribution); Higuchi & Sato (1988: 84)(distribution); Hatada (1991: 28)(distribution); Lee & Kwon (1991: 50)(distribution); Yasunaga et al. (1993: 197)(monograph); Ehira (1996: 53)(distribution); Tomokuni et al. (2000: 43)(distribution); Kerzhner (2001: 246)(checklist: Palaearctic); Kwon et al. (2001: 300)(checklist: Korea); Hayashi (2002: 144)(distribution); Tomokuni & Ishikawa(2002: 175)(distribution); Hiromori (2003: 75)(distribution); Umeya & Okada (2003: 546)(biology); Stehlík (2004: 2)(distribution); Yang (2003: 200)(male genitalia, as  Physopelta guttata); Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology (2006: 59) (pest); Tomokuni (2005: 403)(distribution); Tomokuni & Hayashi (2006: 298)(distribution); Tomokuni (2006: 352) (distribution); Stehlík (2007: 117)(distribution); Yang (2007: 6)(male genitalia, as  Physopelta guttata); Miyamoto (2008: 155)(monograph); Komatsu et al. (2009: 82)(distribution); Rédei et al.(2009: 8)(monograph); Yazaki (2009: 32)(distribution); Kohno et al.(2012: 400)(monograph); Yano et al. (2012: 92)(distribution); Aukema et al. (2013: 401)(checklist: Palaearctic); Ito (2013: 42)(distribution); Stehlík (2013: 528)(monograph); Zheng & Lin (2013: 148)(distribution); Kanai & Moriyama (2014: 39)(distribution); Nozaki et al. (2015: 30)(distribution);  Ishikawa(2016: 477)(checklist: Japan); Komatsu (2016: 37)(distribution); Nozaki et al. (2016: 89)(distribution); Kanai (2017: 16)(distribution); Ahn et al. (2018: 203)(distribution); Hayashi & Kadowaki (2018: 313)(distribution); Souma et al. (2019: 71)(distribution); Ito et al. (2020: 116)(distribution); Okuda (2020: 47)(distribution).   Material examined.  Non-types, a total of 1,492 specimens (spec.) of macropterous morph deposited in ELKU, KUM and TUA from the following localities:  JAPAN: Honshu: Tochigi Pref.( 1 spec.);  Ibaraki Pref.( 1 spec.);  Saitama Pref.( 12 spec.);  Chiba Pref.( 2 spec.);  Tokyo Metropolis( 23 spec.);  Kanagawa Pref.( 223 spec.);  Shizuoka Pref.( 14 spec.);  Aichi Pref.( 3 spec.);  Wakayama Pref.( 10 spec.);  Tottori Pref.( 1 spec.);  Hiroshima Pref.( 3 spec.);  Yamaguchi Pref.( 2 spec.).   Izu Islands: Oshima Is.( 7 spec.);  Miyake Is.( 37 spec.);  Mikura Is.( 15 spec.);  Kozu Is.( 6 spec.);  Hachijo Is.( 22 spec.);  Aogashima Is( 9 spec.).   Shikoku: Ehime Pref.( 4 spec.);  Kochi Pref.( 2 spec.).   Kyushu: Fukuoka Pref.( 34 spec.);  Saga Pref.( 3 spec.);  Nagasaki Pref.( 3 spec.);  Oita Pref.( 2 spec.);  Kumamoto Pref.( 56 spec.);  Kagoshima Pref.( 22 spec.).   Iki Island( 6 spec.).   Tsushima Island( 17 spec.).   Danjo Islands: Onna Is.( 3 spec.).   Koshiki Islands: Kamikoshiki Is.( 3 spec.);  Shimokoshiki Is.( 12 spec.).   Ryukyu Islands:  Osumi Islands: Yaku Is.( 5 spec.).  Kuro Is.( 18 spec.).  Tokara Islands:Kuchinoshima Is. ( 1 spec.);  Taira Is.( 1 spec.).   Amami Islands: Amami-Oshima Is.( 31 spec.);  Tokunoshima Is.( 11 spec.);  Okinoerabu Is.( 1 spec.);  Yoron Is.( 1 spec.).   Okinawa Islands: Okinawa-Honto Is.( 108 spec.);  Iheya Is.( 17 spec.);  Noho Is.( 1 spec.);  Izena Is.( 1 spec.);  Ie Is.( 3 spec.);  Yabuchi Is.( 1 spec.);  Tonaki Is.( 2 spec.);  Kume Is.( 1 spec.);  Tokashiki Is.( 1 spec.).   Yaeyama Islands: Ishigaki Is.( 7 spec.);  Kohama Is.( 5 spec.);  Iriomote Is.( 95 spec.);  Yonaguni Is.( 9 spec.).   KOREA: Korean Peninsula:( 1 spec.);   Chejudo Island( 1 spec.).   TAIWAN:main island ( 610 spec).   Diagnosis.Recognized among other species of  Physopeltaby a combination of the following characters: only macropterous morph known; body 3 times as long as maximum width across fore wings ( Fig. 1A, B); calli and disc of pronotum brown ( Fig. 5A); scutellum dark brown, without pale callosities; membrane of fore wing dark brown ( Fig. 6A); abdominal sternite orange with black markings on sutures ( Figs. 3A, 4A); compound eye more than 0.3 times as wide as vertex in dorsal view; antennomere I shorter than antennomere II; antennomere II nearly clavate; calli in male convex; punctures of scutellum sparser in central part than in marginal part, smaller than punctures of pronotum; anterior margins of fore wings nearly parallel to each other in rest; procoxal projection straight, more than 1.5 times as long as its maximum width ( Fig. 7A); protrochanteral wrinkles present; male profemur more than 2 times as wide as mesofemur at widest part of each; male protibia lacking tooth at apex, with a single row of denticles throughout its length ventrally; peritreme of scent gland ostiole crescent-shaped, protruding posterolaterad ( Figs. 8A, 10A); infolding of ventral rim of genital capsule less convex in middle part ( Fig. 9A); outer margin of endophallic reservoir outgrowth not emarginate in apical part ( Fig. 11A); stem of paramere not emarginate in basal part ( Fig. 12A); crown of paramere at apex convex in posterior view; and inner margins of ring sclerites nearly parallel to each other ( Fig. 13A).   Description of genitalia.Genital capsule ( Fig. 9A) spherical, semicircular in ventral view, smooth on surface; infolding of ventral rim less convex in middle part. Phallus ( Fig. 11A) oblong; capitate process membranous; basal plate and phallotheca coriaceous; conjunctiva with two pairs of partly sclerotized conjunctival appendages; endophallic reservoir with a pair of outgrowths; outer margin of outgrowth not emarginate in apical part. Paramere ( Fig. 12A) longer than its maximum width across crown; stem not emarginate in basal part; crown at apex not convex in posterior view. Female terminalia ( Fig. 13A) triangular in anterior view; valvulae VIII and IX combining to form an ovipositor, fused with valvifers VIII and IX, respectively; ring sclerites coriaceous in marginal part, membranous in central part, protruding inward, with inner margins nearly parallel to each other. Spermatheca ( Fig. 14A) membranous; apical receptacle spherical; intermediate part in width uniform; spermathecal duct apically widened.   Remarks.  Physopelta( Neophysopelta) guttais divided into two subspecies, namely, Ph. ( N.) g.  gutta( Burmeister, 1834)and Ph. ( N.) g. famelica Stål, 1863, and the eastern Asian population corresponds to the nominotypical subspecies ( Stehlík 2013).   Distribution. Japan: Oshima-Oshima Island, Honshu, Izu Islands (Oshima Is, Toshima Island, Niijima Island, Miyake Island, Mikura Island, Kozu Island, Hachijo Island, Aogashima Island), Sado Island., Oki Islands, Shikoku, Kyushu, Iki Island, Tsushima Island, Goto Islands, Danjo Islands (Otoko Island, Onna Island), Amakusa Islands (Shimo Island), Koshiki Islands (Kamikoshiki Island, Shimokoshiki Island), Ryukyu Islands (Yaku Island, Kuchinoerabu Island, Kuro Island, Kuchinoshima Island, Nakanoshima Island, Taira Island, Akuseki Island, Takara Island, Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Okinoerabu Island, Yoron Island, Okinawa-Honto Island, Iheya Island, Noho Island, Izena Island, Aka Island, Ie Island, Yabuchi Island, Tonaki Island, Kume Island, Tokashiki Island, Iotorishima Island, Ishigaki Island, Kohama Island, Iriomote Island, Yonaguni Island) ( Scott 1874; Blöte 1931; Yasunaga et al. 1993; Kohno et al. 2012; present study, etc.); Korea(southern part of Korean Peninsula, Chejudo Island) ( Lee & Kwon 1991; Kwon et al. 2001; Kerzhner 2001; Ahn et al. 2018; present study); Taiwan(main island) ( Esaki 1926; Blöte 1931; Kerzhner 2001; Rédei et al. 2009; Stehlík 2013; present study); Afghanistan( Stehlík 2013); Bangladesh( Walker 1873); Bhutan( Stehlík 2013); Brunei( Stehlík 2013); Cambodia( Stehlík 2013); China( Stehlík 2013); India( Stehlík 2007, 2013); Indonesia( Blöte 1931); Laos( Stehlík 2013); Malaysia( Stehlík 2013); Myanmar( Stehlik 2013); Nepal( Stehlík 2004, 2013); Pakistan( Stehlík 2013); Philippines( Stehlík 2013); Singapore( Stehlík 2013); Sri Lanka( Stehlík 2013); Thailand( Stehlík 2013); Vietnam( Stehlík 2013).   Host plant.In Japan,  Mallotus japonicus(Euphorbiaceae)is a host plant for  Physopelta( Neophysopelta) gutta guttabecause nymphs have been observed to feed on the seeds in the field, whereas adults feed on various flowers and fruits from five plant families other than Euphorbiaceae, namely,  Acerspp. ( Sapindaceae),  Amygdalus persicaL. ( Rosaceae),  Callistemonsp. ( Myrtaceae),  Citrusspp. ( Rutaceae),  Fortunellaspp. ( Rutaceae),  Poncirus trifoliata(L.) Raf. ( Rutaceae),  Prunus domesticaL. ( Rosaceae), and  P. salicinaLindl.(Miyamoto 1965; Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology 1980, 2006; Yasunaga et al. 1993; Umeya & Okada; 2003; Miyamoto 2008; Kohno et al.2012; Komatsu 2016; present study). This species is found on various woody angiosperms belonging to Rosaceae, Rutaceae, and Sapindaceaein Korea(cf. Kwon et al. 2001) and on  Mallotusspp. and Poaceaespp. in Taiwan( Zheng & Lin 2013).  Biology.Adults and nymphs are attracted to artificial light (Miyamoto 1965; Tomokuni 1993; Miyamoto 2008; Kohno et al.2012; present study). In Japanproper, adults are collected in almost all seasons ( Yasunaga et al. 1993; Kohno et al. 2012; Nozaki et al. 2016; Okuda 2020; present study, etc.), suggesting that the overwintering stage is adult. Teneral adults were observed from August to September in Japanproper (present study). Nymphs were observed from August to September in Japanproper ( Kohno et al. 2012; present study). In Japanproper, host plant of  Physopelta( Neophysopelta) gutta gutta,  Mallotus japonicusblooms from June to July, and mature seed is fallen to ground surface from September to November ( Tomikawa et al. 2013). Due to one season blooming of its host plant and emergence time of teneral adult and nymph,  Ph. ( N.) gutta guttacould be univoltinism in Japanproper. Number of generations in other distribution areas is unknown. 3071281312 [640,1436,1426,1450] Philippines Manila 4 465 1 1 Manila syntype 3071281408 Honshu Japan Non-types 5 466 1 Tochigi 3071281360 [1178,1432,441,467] Honshu Japan true Non-types 5 466 1 Ibaraki 3071281398 [151,422,477,503] Japan Saitama Pref. 5 466 12 Saitama 3071281411 [433,666,477,503] Japan Chiba Pref. 5 466 2 Chiba 3071281325 [677,997,477,503] Japan Metropolis 5 466 23 Tokyo 3071281380 [1008,1321,477,503] Japan Kanagawa Pref. 5 466 223 Kanagawa 3071281316 Japan Shizuoka Pref. 5 466 14 Shizuoka 3071281353 [335,565,513,539] Japan Aichi Pref. 5 466 3 Aichi 3071281326 [576,881,513,539] Japan Wakayama Pref. 5 466 10 Wakayama 3071281414 [892,1135,513,539] Japan Tottori Pref. 5 466 1 Tottori 3071281338 [1146,1432,513,539] Japan Hiroshima Pref. 5 466 3 Hiroshima 3071281370 [151,450,549,575] Japan Yamaguchi Pref. 5 466 2 Yamaguchi 3071281352 [463,848,549,575] Oshima Is. Japan Izu Islands 5 466 7 Yamaguchi 3071281306 [861,1107,549,575] Japan Miyake Is. 5 466 37 Yamaguchi 3071281324 [1120,1362,549,576] Japan Mikura Is. 5 466 15 Yamaguchi 3071281331 Japan Kozu Is. 5 466 6 Yamaguchi 3071281441 [298,542,585,611] Japan Hachijo Is. 5 466 22 Yamaguchi 3071281382 [553,815,585,611] Japan Aogashima Is 5 466 9 Yamaguchi 3071281320 [826,1184,584,611] Japan Shikoku 5 466 4 Ehime 3071281430 [1196,1433,585,611] Japan true Shikoku 5 466 2 Kochi 3071281383 [151,544,621,647] Japan Kyushu 5 466 34 Fukuoka 3071281374 [556,781,621,647] Japan true Kyushu 5 466 3 Saga 3071281413 [793,1067,621,647] Japan Nagasaki Pref. 5 466 3 Nagasaki 3071281427 [1080,1298,621,647] Japan Oita Pref. 5 466 2 Oita 3071281393 Japan Kumamoto Pref. 5 466 56 Kumamoto 3071281363 [333,638,657,683] Japan Kagoshima Pref. 5 466 22 Kagoshima 3071281402 [647,866,657,683] Japan Iki Island 5 466 6 Kagoshima 3071281321 [875,1187,657,683] Japan Tsushima Island 5 466 17 Kagoshima 3071281394 Onna Is. Japan Danjo Islands 5 466 3 Kagoshima 3071281371 [296,785,693,719] Kamikoshiki Is. Japan Koshiki Islands 5 466 3 Kagoshima 3071281309 [797,1108,693,719] Japan Shimokoshiki Is. 5 466 12 Kagoshima 3071281384 Yaku Is. Japan Osumi Islands Ryukyu Islands 5 466 5 Kagoshima 3071281426 [432,642,729,755] Japan Kuro Is. 5 466 18 Kagoshima 3071281369 [1148,1343,729,755] Japan Taira Is. 5 466 1 Kagoshima 3071281366 Amami-Oshima Is. Japan Amami Islands 5 466 31 Kagoshima 3071281375 [604,915,765,791] Japan Tokunoshima Is. 5 466 11 Kagoshima 3071281303 [928,1206,765,791] Japan Okinoerabu Is. 5 466 1 Kagoshima 3071281356 [1218,1433,765,791] Japan Yoron Is. 5 466 1 Kagoshima 3071281423 [151,712,800,827] Okinawa-Honto Is. Japan Islands 5 466 108 Okinawa 3071281322 [724,941,801,827] Japan Iheya Is. 5 466 17 Okinawa 3071281372 [952,1156,801,827] Japan Noho Is. 5 466 1 Okinawa 3071281315 [1167,1369,801,827] Japan Izena Is. 5 466 1 Okinawa 3071281307 Japan Ie Is. 5 466 3 Okinawa 3071281389 [263,499,837,863] Japan Yabuchi Is. 5 466 1 Okinawa 3071281387 [510,731,837,863] Japan Tonaki Is. 5 466 2 Okinawa 3071281385 [743,955,837,863] Japan Kume Is. 5 466 1 Okinawa 3071281405 [967,1221,837,863] Japan Tokashiki Is. 5 466 1 Okinawa 3071281323 Ishigaki Is. Japan Yaeyama Islands 5 466 7 Okinawa 3071281308 [395,631,873,900] Japan Kohama Is. 5 466 5 Okinawa 3071281415 [643,895,873,900] Japan Iriomote Is. 5 466 95 Okinawa 3071281379 [906,1155,873,899] Japan Yonaguni Is. 5 466 9 Okinawa 3071281350 South Korea KOREA 5 466 1 3071281424 [350,642,909,935] South Korea Chejudo Island 5 466 1 3071281395 [652,1039,909,935] Taiwan TAIWAN 5 466 610