Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters OLIVEIRA, OTTO M. P. MIRANDA, THAÍS P. ARAUJO, ENILMA M. AYÓN, PATRICIA CEDEÑO-POSSO, CRISTINA M. CEPEDA-MERCADO, AMANCAY A. CÓRDOVA, PABLO CUNHA, AMANDA F. GENZANO, GABRIEL N. HADDAD, MARIA ANGÉLICA MIANZAN, HERMES W. MIGOTTO, ALVARO E. MIRANDA, LUCÍLIA S. MORANDINI, ANDRÉ C. NAGATA, RENATO M. NASCIMENTO, KARINE B. JÚNIOR, MIODELI NOGUEIRA PALMA, SERGIO QUIÑONES, JAVIER RODRIGUEZ, CAROLINA S. SCARABINO, FABRIZIO SCHIARITI, AGUSTÍN STAMPAR, SÉRGIO N. TRONOLONE, VALQUÍRIA B. MARQUES, ANTONIO C. Zootaxa 2016 2016-11-18 4194 1 1 256 5ZFPZ M. Sars, 1850 M. Sars 1850 [151,501,799,824] Hydrozoa Campanulariidae Clytia Animalia Leptothecata 161 162 Cnidaria species gracilis  Remarks: a common species with difficult taxonomy. A list of the different forms is in Lindner (2000) and Migotto et al.(2002). The record by Hartlaub (1905) of  Thaumantias inconspicuaForbes 1948from Cabulco, Chile, may represent this species, but the name given by Forbes (1948) is included in the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology (Opinion 1465) (Calder 1991), and most of their medusae were assigned to  C. hemisphaericaor  C. gracilis. However, we prefer to keep this specimen under the synonymy of  C. gracilisuntil more data is available. Distribution in SouthAmerica: polyp—Pacific Ocean, Colombia, at 5.99°N 77.36°Win Port Utria, at 2.99°N 78.19°Win Gorgona Island, Ecuador, from 0.3°Nto 1.5°Sin GalápagosArchipelago, at 0.56°N 80.01°Win San Francisco Bay, at 1.28°S 81.07°Win IslaLa Plata, at 2.18°S 80.90°Win La Libertad, Peru, at 12.01°S 77.21°Win Callao, at 14.25°S 76.17°Win BahiaIndependencia, at 15.25°S 75.24°Win BahiaSan Nicolás (Fraser 1938a, 1938b, 1939, 1948; Calder et al.2003); Chile, from 33.67°Sto 55°S (Hartlaub 1905 p. 583–586; Nutting 1915 p. 70–71; Galea et al.2009b p. 23); Atlantic Ocean, Colombia, from Santa Marta to Cabode la Vela coast, Venezuela, at IslaCoche, Brazilto Argentina, from 3°S to 4°S, at 8.71°S35°W, at 9.80°S 35.80°W, from 11.25°Sto 47°S (Leloup 1937; Vannucci Mendes 1946; Fraser 1947; Vannucci 1949, 1951a, 1951b, 1954; Blanco 1967a, 1968, 1994a; Wedler 1975; Genzano et al.1991, 2002, 2009a, 2011; Haddad 1992; Genzano 1994a, 1994b, 1998; Genzano & Zamponi 1997; Grohmann 1997, 2006, 2007, abstract; Grohmann et al.1997, 2003, 2011; Nogueira et al.1997; Rosso & Marques 1997; Calder & Maÿal 1998; Genzano & Rodriguez 1998; Haddad & Chiaverini 2000, abstract; Migotto et al.2001, 2002, 2004; Kelmo & Attril 2003; Marques & Migotto 2003; Oliveira 2003; Marques et al.2006;  Miranda& Marques 2006, abstract; Oliveira et al.2006; Shimabukuro & Marques 2006a, abstract; Bornancin 2008; Oliveira & Marques 2007, 2011; Shimabukuro 2007; Maronna et al.2008, abstract; Amaral et al.2009; Cangussu et al.2010; Cunha& Jacobucci 2010; Brandini & Silva 2011;  Miranda et al.2011, 2015; Silveira & Morandini 2011; Flynn & Valèrio-Berardo 2012; Marques et al.2013; Fernandez et al.2014, 2015; Meretta & Genzano 2015); medusa—Atlantic Ocean, Argentina, from 36ºS to 42.84ºS(Genzano et al.2008a; Guerrero et al. 2013).  Habitat: polyp—in estuarine regions and rocky shores, from intertidal zone to  164m, on algae, ascidians, barnacles, bryozoans, barnacles, corals, mussels, gastropods, hydroids, mud, polychaete tubes,  Rhizophora mangleroots, rocks, sand, shells, spines of  Eucidarissp., spongesfouling, wood ( Fraser1938a, 1938b, 1948; Haddad1992; Calder& Maÿal1998; Genzano1998; Genzano& Rodriguez1998; Haddad& Chiaverini2000; Migotto et al.2001; Genzano et al.2002, 2009a; Calder et al.2003; Kelmo& Attril2003; Marques& Migotto2003; Oliveira2003; Marques et al.2006; Oliveira et al.2006; Shimabukuro& Marques2006a; Bornancin2008; Grohmann2007; Oliveira& Marques2007, 2011; Shimabukuro2007; Galea et al.2009b p. 23; Cunha& Jacobucci2010;  Miranda et al.2011; Fernandez et al.2014, 2015; Meretta& Genzano2015). 1328365471 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Fraser 164 Calder Haddad 162 163 1 Miranda