A revision of Xylopia L. (Annonaceae): the species of Madagascar and the Mascarene islands
Johnson, David M.
Murray, Nancy A.
Adansonia
2020
2020-02-05
42
1
1
88
D. M.Johnson & N. A.Murray
D. M. Johnson & N. A. Murray
2020
Magnoliopsida
Annonaceae
Xylopia
Plantae
Magnoliales
45
44
Tracheophyta
species
australis
sp. nov.
( Figs 15L-U; 16A, G)
One of a group of Xylopiaspecies in Madagascarwith short broad petals and clavate stigmas, distinguished by the strongly raised reticulation of the leaves, the secondary veins often joining to form a sinuous intramarginal vein, the narrowly oblong or elliptic-oblong to lanceolate shape of the leaf blades, the corrugated adaxial surface of the inner petals, and the oblong glaucous and glabrate monocarps.
TYPE. — Madagascar. Prov. Toliara, Préfecture de Taolagnaro[“ Tôlanaro”] ( Fort-Dauphin), Petriky forest, c. 15 kmWSW of Taolagnaro[“ Tôlanaro”] ( Fort Dauphin), 25°04’S, 46°51’E, 0-10 m, 9.III.1989(fl.), Schatz et al. 2641(holo-, MO!;iso-, BR!; K!; WAG!). PARATYPES. — Madagascar. Prov. Toliara, forêt de Vinanibeprès Fort-Dauphin, 5-50 m, 2.IV.1947(fl.), Humbert20767(P); Région de l’Anosy, Bemangidy Forest, c. 3 kmW of Antsotso, along RN 12a, 65 kmN of Ft. Dauphin, E of Ivohibepeak, 24°35’02”S, 47°12’44”E, 100-250 m, 7.II. 2006(fl.), Lowryet al. 6669( MO); Anosy Region, ouest du village Malana, vers sommet entre Andohavola et Tanimena, FKT: Farafara Vatambe, CR: Mahatalaky, Dist.: Taolagnaro, Rég.: Anosy, 24°51’22”S, 47°00’27”E, 411 m, 16.XI.2009(fl., fr.), Rakotovao et al. 4575( MO); Fiv. Fort Dauphin, Com. Ampasinampoa, Fkt. Analambendranaà 4 km(vol d’oiseau) à l’ouest d’Ampasinapoa, 24°59’06”S, 46°57’37”E, 400 m, 24.XI.2002(fr.), Randrianaivoet al. 838( MO); Anosy Region, Fort-Dauphin, Iaboko, Antsotso, Forêt Ivohibe, 24°34’14”S, 47°12’04”E, 265 m, 28.XI.2005(fr.), Razakamalalaet al. 2414( MO, P[P06901342]); Anosy Region, Taolagnaro, Iaboko, AntsotsoAvaratra, 24°34’16”S, 47°12’06”E, 271 m, 8.XII.2007(fr.), Razakamalalaet al. 3797( MO, P[P06490487]).
DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION STATUS. — Xylopia australis, sp. nov., is restricted to a small area in southeastern Madagascar, where it occurs in humid forest, sometimes on forested dunes or sand, at elevations from sea level to c. 400 m( Fig. 28). Specimens with flowers have been collected from February to April and in November, and with fruits in November and December. With its small EOO and AOO values, 185 km2 and 24 km2, respectively, X. australis, sp. nov., is given a preliminary conservation assessment of Endangered ( Table 2). Several of the collections come from the general area of the Tsitongambarika forest, an area of high endemism ( Razakamalala et al.2011), which was designated as a protected area in 2015. The forests there are tropical in structure ( Goodman et al.1997) but lie south of the Tropic of Capricorn.
LOCAL NAME. — Ovaria ( Rakotovao et al. 4575).
DESCRIPTION Tree or shrubup to 8 mtall; d.b.h. up to 10 cm. Twigsglabrous to sparsely pubescent, the hairs 0.2-0.4 mmlong, soon glabrate; nodes with a single axillary branch. Leaveswith larger blades 8.7-17.2 cmlong, 2.2-4.4 cmwide, subcoriaceous, discolorous, light gray to grayish green adaxially, orange-brown to brown abaxially, or concolorous, narrowly oblong or elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate, the acumen 4-20 mmlong, base rounded to broadly cuneate, short-decurrent on petiole, margin slightly revolute, glabrous adaxially, sparsely and finely appressedpubescent abaxially, the hairs sometimes restricted to the midrib; midrib pale yellow to brown or concolorous with blade adaxially, secondary veins distinctly brochidodromous, forming a wavy intramarginal vein, 14-17 per side, diverging at 60-90° from midrib, these and higher-order veins strongly raised and forming a conspicuous reticulum on both surfaces; petiole 2-9 mmlong, shallowly canaliculate to semi-terete, transversely wrinkled and longitudinally striate, glabrous to sparsely pubescent. Inflorescencesaxillary, 1-flowered, not pedunculate, sparsely appressed-pubescent; pedicels 4.7-6.5 mmlong, 1.1-1.6 mmthick; bracts 3, evenly spaced along pedicel, caducous or persistent, 2.3-2.7 mmlong, triangular; buds ovoid to oblong, apex obtuse. Sepalssomewhat spreading at anthesis, ¼-1/3-connate, 3-4.7 mmlong, 3.9-4.5 mmwide, coriaceous, broadly triangular, apex acute, appressed-pubescent abaxially. Petalspale yellow to creamy white, the inner petals also red at the base in vivo; outer petals spreading at anthesis, 11-18.8 mmlong, 3-5.9 mmwide at base, 4.9-5.7 mmwide at midpoint, fleshy, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, flattened and some- what concave but keeled at apex adaxially, not keeled abaxially, apex obtuse, pubescent toward apex and glabrous toward base adaxially, appressed-pubescent abaxially; inner petals erect at anthesis, 13.1-15.2 mmlong, 2.5-3.9 mmwide at base, 2.0- 2.4 mmwide at midpoint, fleshy, lanceolate, keeled at apex, flat and corrugated in center adaxially, keeled abaxially, apex acute, base shallowly concave with undifferentiated margin, puberulent on distal ¼ on both surfaces. Stamens200-250; fertile stamens 1.4-1.8 mmlong, narrowly oblong, anther connective apex 0.2-0.4 mmlong, shield-shaped, overhanging anther thecae, papillate, anthers 7-11-locellate, filament 0.3-0.4 mmlong; outer staminodes 1.4-1.7 mmlong, oblong, apex obtuse; inner staminodes 1.4-1.7 mmlong, clavate to oblong, apex obtuse; staminal cone 2.7-3.1 mmin diameter, 1.6-2.0 mm high, completely concealing the ovaries, rim irregularly laciniate. Carpels5-7; ovaries c. 1.3 mmlong, narrowly oblong, pubescent, stigmas free or loosely connivent, 2.6-2.9 mmlong, clavate and somewhat falciform, sparsely pilose. Fruitof up to 5 monocarps borne on a pedicel 4.5-7.3 mmlong, 2.5-3.3 mmthick, pubescent; torus 4.7-5.7 mmin diameter, 4.5-5.0 mm high, ovoid to globose; monocarps with glaucous-green exterior in vivo, 2.9-5.3 cmlong, 1.3-2.0 cm wide, 1.2-2.0 cm thick, ovoid to oblong, sometimes weakly torulose, apex rounded or with a blunt beak 2-4 mmlong, base sessile or contracted into a stipe 3-5 mmlong, 4-6 mmthick, finely verrucose and wrinkled, with a glaucous bloom, dull to slightly shiny, glabrate; pericarp 0.4-1 mmthick. Seedsup to 4 per monocarp, in a single row, lying oblique to nearly perpendicular to long axis, 12-14.4 mmlong, 9-10.3 mmwide, c. 9.5 mmthick, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, somewhat quadrangular in cross-section, light brown, wrinkled and pitted, dull, perichalazal ring visible as a slightly raised line; sarcotesta not detected; aril absent.
NOTES Xylopia australis, sp. nov., is readily identifiable by its relatively large, but narrow, long-acuminate subcoriaceous leaves, with the higher-order venation raised and forming a conspicuous reticulum on both surfaces. The secondary veins frequently unite to form a wavy intramarginal vein. The corrugated surfaces of the inner petals and the glaucous monocarps are unique characters among Madagascar Xylopiaspecies. This southern distribution of the species in Madagascaris the basis for the specific epithet. The collection Lam & Meeuse 6013(L, WAG), Tamatave, Rés. Nat. Betampona, 450 m, 19.XII.1938(fr.), bears monocarps that resemble those of X. australis, sp. nov., in the blunt apex, the glabrate surface, and the small number of large seeds. The leaves differ from those of X. australis, sp. nov., in being elliptic to obovate, smaller (up to 9.4 cmlong), and chartaceous in texture. The monocarps are distinctly stipitate, with a flat truncate apical beak. It has not been re-collected, despite recent plant inventory efforts in the Betampona Reserve.
2632071717
1989-03-09
MO, WAG
Madagascar
5
-25.066668
Tolanaro
1248
46.85
Prefecture de Taolagnaro
45
44
1
Prov. Toliara
holotype
2632071321
1947-04-02
de Vinanibe
Madagascar
28
Humbert
Fort-Dauphin
45
44
1
Toliara
paratype
2632071588
2006-02-07
MO
Madagascar
Region de l'Anosy
175
-24.583889
Ft. Dauphin
21
47.212223
Bemangidy Forest
45
44
1
Prov.
paratype
2632071599
2009-11-16
MO
Malana & Farafara Vatambe, CR & Mahatalaky & Dist. & Reg. & Anosy
Madagascar
411
-24.856112
Taolagnaro
21
47.0075
Anosy Region
45
44
1
Prov.
paratype
2632071430
2002-11-24
MO
Com. Ampasinampoa & Fkt. Analambendrana
Madagascar
Fort Dauphin
400
-24.985
Randrianaivo
21
46.960278
d'Ampasinapoa
45
44
1
Prov.
paratype
2632071621
2005-11-28
MO
Fort-Dauphin & Iaboko
Madagascar
Anosy Region
265
-24.570557
Ivohibe
21
47.20111
Antsotso
45
44
1
Prov.
paratype
2632071349
2007-12-08
MO
Iaboko
Madagascar
Anosy Region
271
-24.571112
Antsotso
21
47.201668
Taolagnaro
45
44
1
Prov.
paratype