A revision of Xylopia L. (Annonaceae): the species of Madagascar and the Mascarene islands Johnson, David M. Murray, Nancy A. Adansonia 2020 2020-02-05 42 1 1 88 D. M.Johnson & N. A.Murray D. M. Johnson & N. A. Murray 2020 Magnoliopsida Annonaceae Xylopia Plantae Magnoliales 45 44 Tracheophyta species australis sp. nov. ( Figs 15L-U; 16A, G)  One of a group of  Xylopiaspecies in Madagascarwith short broad petals and clavate stigmas, distinguished by the strongly raised reticulation of the leaves, the secondary veins often joining to form a sinuous intramarginal vein, the narrowly oblong or elliptic-oblong to lanceolate shape of the leaf blades, the corrugated adaxial surface of the inner petals, and the oblong glaucous and glabrate monocarps.  TYPE. —   Madagascar. Prov. Toliara, Préfecture de Taolagnaro[“ Tôlanaro”] ( Fort-Dauphin), Petriky forest, c.  15 kmWSW of Taolagnaro[“ Tôlanaro”] ( Fort Dauphin), 25°04’S, 46°51’E,  0-10 m,  9.III.1989(fl.), Schatz et al. 2641(holo-, MO!;iso-, BR!; K!; WAG!).  PARATYPES. —   Madagascar. Prov. Toliara, forêt de Vinanibeprès Fort-Dauphin,  5-50 m,  2.IV.1947(fl.),  Humbert20767(P);  Région de l’Anosy, Bemangidy Forest, c.  3 kmW of Antsotso, along RN 12a, 65 kmN of Ft. Dauphin, E of Ivohibepeak, 24°35’02”S, 47°12’44”E,  100-250 m,  7.II. 2006(fl.),  Lowryet al. 6669( MO);  Anosy Region, ouest du village Malana, vers sommet entre Andohavola et Tanimena, FKT: Farafara Vatambe, CR: Mahatalaky, Dist.: Taolagnaro, Rég.: Anosy, 24°51’22”S, 47°00’27”E,  411 m,  16.XI.2009(fl., fr.), Rakotovao et al. 4575( MO); Fiv. Fort Dauphin, Com. Ampasinampoa, Fkt. Analambendranaà 4 km(vol d’oiseau) à l’ouest d’Ampasinapoa, 24°59’06”S, 46°57’37”E,  400 m,  24.XI.2002(fr.),  Randrianaivoet al. 838( MO);  Anosy Region, Fort-Dauphin, Iaboko, Antsotso, Forêt Ivohibe, 24°34’14”S, 47°12’04”E,  265 m,  28.XI.2005(fr.),  Razakamalalaet al. 2414( MO, P[P06901342]);  Anosy Region, Taolagnaro, Iaboko, AntsotsoAvaratra, 24°34’16”S, 47°12’06”E,  271 m,  8.XII.2007(fr.),  Razakamalalaet al. 3797( MO, P[P06490487]).  DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION STATUS. —  Xylopia australis, sp. nov., is restricted to a small area in southeastern Madagascar, where it occurs in humid forest, sometimes on forested dunes or sand, at elevations from sea level to c. 400 m( Fig. 28). Specimens with flowers have been collected from February to April and in November, and with fruits in November and December. With its small EOO and AOO values, 185 km2 and 24 km2, respectively,  X. australis, sp. nov., is given a preliminary conservation assessment of Endangered ( Table 2). Several of the collections come from the general area of the Tsitongambarika forest, an area of high endemism ( Razakamalala et al.2011), which was designated as a protected area in 2015. The forests there are tropical in structure ( Goodman et al.1997) but lie south of the Tropic of Capricorn.  LOCAL NAME. — Ovaria ( Rakotovao et al. 4575).  DESCRIPTION Tree or shrubup to 8 mtall; d.b.h. up to 10 cm.  Twigsglabrous to sparsely pubescent, the hairs 0.2-0.4 mmlong, soon glabrate; nodes with a single axillary branch.  Leaveswith larger blades 8.7-17.2 cmlong, 2.2-4.4 cmwide, subcoriaceous, discolorous, light gray to grayish green adaxially, orange-brown to brown abaxially, or concolorous, narrowly oblong or elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate, the acumen 4-20 mmlong, base rounded to broadly cuneate, short-decurrent on petiole, margin slightly revolute, glabrous adaxially, sparsely and finely appressedpubescent abaxially, the hairs sometimes restricted to the midrib; midrib pale yellow to brown or concolorous with blade adaxially, secondary veins distinctly brochidodromous, forming a wavy intramarginal vein, 14-17 per side, diverging at 60-90° from midrib, these and higher-order veins strongly raised and forming a conspicuous reticulum on both surfaces; petiole 2-9 mmlong, shallowly canaliculate to semi-terete, transversely wrinkled and longitudinally striate, glabrous to sparsely pubescent.  Inflorescencesaxillary, 1-flowered, not pedunculate, sparsely appressed-pubescent; pedicels 4.7-6.5 mmlong, 1.1-1.6 mmthick; bracts 3, evenly spaced along pedicel, caducous or persistent, 2.3-2.7 mmlong, triangular; buds ovoid to oblong, apex obtuse.  Sepalssomewhat spreading at anthesis, ¼-1/3-connate, 3-4.7 mmlong, 3.9-4.5 mmwide, coriaceous, broadly triangular, apex acute, appressed-pubescent abaxially.  Petalspale yellow to creamy white, the inner petals also red at the base in vivo; outer petals spreading at anthesis, 11-18.8 mmlong, 3-5.9 mmwide at base, 4.9-5.7 mmwide at midpoint, fleshy, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, flattened and some- what concave but keeled at apex adaxially, not keeled abaxially, apex obtuse, pubescent toward apex and glabrous toward base adaxially, appressed-pubescent abaxially; inner petals erect at anthesis, 13.1-15.2 mmlong, 2.5-3.9 mmwide at base, 2.0- 2.4 mmwide at midpoint, fleshy, lanceolate, keeled at apex, flat and corrugated in center adaxially, keeled abaxially, apex acute, base shallowly concave with undifferentiated margin, puberulent on distal ¼ on both surfaces.  Stamens200-250; fertile stamens 1.4-1.8 mmlong, narrowly oblong, anther connective apex 0.2-0.4 mmlong, shield-shaped, overhanging anther thecae, papillate, anthers 7-11-locellate, filament 0.3-0.4 mmlong; outer staminodes 1.4-1.7 mmlong, oblong, apex obtuse; inner staminodes 1.4-1.7 mmlong, clavate to oblong, apex obtuse; staminal cone 2.7-3.1 mmin diameter, 1.6-2.0 mm high, completely concealing the ovaries, rim irregularly laciniate.  Carpels5-7; ovaries c. 1.3 mmlong, narrowly oblong, pubescent, stigmas free or loosely connivent, 2.6-2.9 mmlong, clavate and somewhat falciform, sparsely pilose.  Fruitof up to 5 monocarps borne on a pedicel 4.5-7.3 mmlong, 2.5-3.3 mmthick, pubescent; torus 4.7-5.7 mmin diameter, 4.5-5.0 mm high, ovoid to globose; monocarps with glaucous-green exterior in vivo, 2.9-5.3 cmlong, 1.3-2.0 cm wide, 1.2-2.0 cm thick, ovoid to oblong, sometimes weakly torulose, apex rounded or with a blunt beak 2-4 mmlong, base sessile or contracted into a stipe 3-5 mmlong, 4-6 mmthick, finely verrucose and wrinkled, with a glaucous bloom, dull to slightly shiny, glabrate; pericarp 0.4-1 mmthick.  Seedsup to 4 per monocarp, in a single row, lying oblique to nearly perpendicular to long axis, 12-14.4 mmlong, 9-10.3 mmwide, c. 9.5 mmthick, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, somewhat quadrangular in cross-section, light brown, wrinkled and pitted, dull, perichalazal ring visible as a slightly raised line; sarcotesta not detected; aril absent.  NOTES   Xylopia australis, sp. nov., is readily identifiable by its relatively large, but narrow, long-acuminate subcoriaceous leaves, with the higher-order venation raised and forming a conspicuous reticulum on both surfaces. The secondary veins frequently unite to form a wavy intramarginal vein. The corrugated surfaces of the inner petals and the glaucous monocarps are unique characters among Madagascar  Xylopiaspecies. This southern distribution of the species in Madagascaris the basis for the specific epithet. The collection Lam & Meeuse 6013(L, WAG), Tamatave, Rés. Nat. Betampona, 450 m, 19.XII.1938(fr.), bears monocarps that resemble those of  X. australis, sp. nov., in the blunt apex, the glabrate surface, and the small number of large seeds. The leaves differ from those of  X. australis, sp. nov., in being elliptic to obovate, smaller (up to 9.4 cmlong), and chartaceous in texture. The monocarps are distinctly stipitate, with a flat truncate apical beak. It has not been re-collected, despite recent plant inventory efforts in the Betampona Reserve. 2632071717 1989-03-09 MO, WAG Madagascar 5 -25.066668 Tolanaro 1248 46.85 Prefecture de Taolagnaro 45 44 1 Prov. Toliara holotype 2632071321 1947-04-02 de Vinanibe Madagascar 28 Humbert Fort-Dauphin 45 44 1 Toliara paratype 2632071588 2006-02-07 MO Madagascar Region de l'Anosy 175 -24.583889 Ft. Dauphin 21 47.212223 Bemangidy Forest 45 44 1 Prov. paratype 2632071599 2009-11-16 MO Malana & Farafara Vatambe, CR & Mahatalaky & Dist. & Reg. & Anosy Madagascar 411 -24.856112 Taolagnaro 21 47.0075 Anosy Region 45 44 1 Prov. paratype 2632071430 2002-11-24 MO Com. Ampasinampoa & Fkt. Analambendrana Madagascar Fort Dauphin 400 -24.985 Randrianaivo 21 46.960278 d'Ampasinapoa 45 44 1 Prov. paratype 2632071621 2005-11-28 MO Fort-Dauphin & Iaboko Madagascar Anosy Region 265 -24.570557 Ivohibe 21 47.20111 Antsotso 45 44 1 Prov. paratype 2632071349 2007-12-08 MO Iaboko Madagascar Anosy Region 271 -24.571112 Antsotso 21 47.201668 Taolagnaro 45 44 1 Prov. paratype