Revisiting the Andean butterfly Eryphanis zolvizora group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): one or several species? Blandin, Patrick Bristow, Roger Neild, Andrew Sousa, Juan Carlos De Gareca, Yuvinka Huertas, Blanca European Journal of Taxonomy 2014 71 1 66 Blandin Blandin & Bristow & Neild & Sousa & Gareca & Huertas 2014 [493,986,267,294] Insecta Nymphalidae Eryphanis Animalia Lepidoptera 29 30 Arthropoda subSpecies zolvizora subsp. nov. chachapoya   Figs 3A 2, 4D-F, 7B, 9, 12, 15B-H    Diagnosis HW projection is strongly pronounced ( Figs 1a, 4D, F); on the DFW the R5-M1 orange patch is often missing or very reduced ( Fig. 4D-F); on the VFW the two white stripes are generally separated in the cell Cu2-2A, but the inner margin of the distal stripe forms a projection towards the outer black margin of the proximal stripe ( Fig. 4D-F); the dark brown lines on the VHW cell and the curved line above the Cu1-Cu2 ocellus are faint or absent ( Fig. 4D-F); the VHW costal ocellus is circled by a clear ring contrasting with the median area; in many specimens it is widely covered with white scales ( Fig. 4D-F); large VHW Cu1-Cu2 ocellus (average widest diameter: 10 mm). The valva axis has no swelling, or only a weak one; the ridge usually with a pronounced swelling, bearing 2-3 very strong spines; towards the extremity there is more often a gap, followed by a short distal row of short spines diminishing towards the extremity; gnathos is large and its ventral region is strongly developed ( Fig. 12).    Etymology Named after the pre-Inca Chachapoya civilization which existed in northern Peru, mainly in the present Amazonas and San MartínDepartments; the Chachapoyas were also called “Warriors of the Clouds”.    Type material( 23 specimens)   Holotype   PERU: ♂, a white label printed in black ink: // PERU, AM [Amazonas], Valle de Huamanpata, Lejia0620/7727 [ 6°20’S 77°27’W]  2150m  23.x.2005[  23 Oct. 2005] L. Campos// ( MJP).   Paratypes  PERU: ♂, // San Francisco, Chanchamayo, Junín, Pérou,  Jan. 1964, Mme Harris leg.// PBB 1407// ( MNHN, PBB); ♂, // Oxapampa, La Suiza  2180m Estado Pasco, Peru[10°36’S 75°29’W]  5.–13.Junio 2002[  5-13 Jun. 2002] Bernhard Wenczel// ( UFPC); ♂, // Huancabamba,  6800 ft, [10°23’S 75°33’W], Pasco[ Peru] // BMNH VIAL 8224 // BMNH (E)# 806245// ( BMNH); ♂, // Cushi[ Pasco, Peru],  1820 m, ( W. Hoffmans) // BMNH (E)# 806246; VIAL 8225 // ( BMNH); ♂, // Cushi[ Pasco, Peru],  1900 m, [9°58’S 75°42’W], ( W. Hoffmans) // ( BMNH); ♂, // Panao Huanuco-Peru  3.000 m, [9°54’S 75°58’W],  I-1982[  Jan. 1982] Schunke Leg// ( UFPC); ♂, // Carpish,  2300 m, Huánuco, Pérou,  Jan. 2006// PBB 2284// ( MNHN, PBB); ♂, // Cumpang, entre Tayabamba y Ongon,  2400-2700 m, [8°16’S 77°00’W],  21/10/79[  21 Oct. 1979], T. Parker, leg. ( La Libertad) [ Peru] // genitalia MJPZOLV 004PB// ( MJP); ♂, // Environs de Mendoza, [06°23’S 77°27W], Amazonas, Pérou,  Jun. 1994, B. Calderónleg.// PBB 1900// ( MNHN, PBB); ♂, // San José de Molinopampa,  2200-2400 m, [06°12’ 77°34’W], 2005, Amazonas, Pérou, B. Calderónleg. // PBGL 166// ( MNHN, CG); ♂, // San José de Molinopampa,  2200-2400 m, [06°12’ 77°34’W], 2008, Amazonas, Pérou// PBB 2309// ( MNHN, PBB); ♂, // Le long de l’alto río Nieva,  2250 m, [05°42’40”S 77°47’15”W],  4-9 Mar. 2009, Amazonas, Pérou, José Ananias Tafurleg. // PBGL 471// ( MNHN, CG); ♂, // Alto Nieva,  1900 m, [05°39’S 77°47’W], sans date [without date], Amazonas, Pérou// PBB 2157// ( MNHN, PBB); ♂, // Alto Nieva,  1900 m, [05°39’S 77°47’W],  Dec. 2012, Amazonas, Pérou, Joël Clever Pintadoleg. // PBGL 706// ( MNHN, CG); ♂, // Villa Hermosa,  1500 m, [05°36’S 77°47’W],  Dec. 2010, Amazonas, Pérou, Joël Clever Pintadoleg. // PBGL 594// ( MNHN, CG); ♀, // Cushi,  1900 m, [9°58’S 75°42’W], Prov. Pasco Peru( W. Hoffmans) // BMNH (E)# 806247VIAL 8226 // ( BMNH); ♀, // Carpish,  2300 m, Huánuco, Pérou,  Jul. 2005// PBB 2285// ( MNHN, PBB); ♀, // San José de Molinopampa,  2200-2400 m, [6°12’S 77°34’W],  5 Jan. 2007, Amazonas, Pérou, B. Calderonleg. // PBGL 198// ( MNHN, CG); ♀, // Alto Nieva,  1900-2000 m, [5°39’00”S 77°46’30”W],  Mar. 2010, Amazonas, Pérou, Joël Clever Pintadoleg. // PBGL 519// ( MNHN, CG); ♀, // Nieva,  1900 m, [5°40’S 77°36’W],  Sep. 2011, Amazonas, Pérou, Joël Clever Pintadoleg. // PBGL 596// ( MNHN, CG); ♀, río Jenesis[sic], env.  1400 m, [5°32-33’S 77°48-49’W], 11/2012 [  Nov. 2012], Amazonas, Peru, Joël Clever Pintadoleg. // ( MJP); ♀, // San Augustín,  1400-1500 m, [5°47’S 77°30’W], Setiembre 2012 [  Sep. 2012], San Martín, Peru, Joël Clever Pintadoleg. // ( MJP).   Other material examined Data on the 21 specimensnot included in the paratypesare given in Appendix 2. Among them, a male in MJP, labelled “Rio Perené (Junín)” (genitalia MJPZOLV 006PB) has an unreliable locality (Gerardo Lamas, pers. comm.). One of the syntypesof E. z. opimusfrom Chanchamayo (in ZMHB) has the HW projection as well developed as in E. z. chachapoyassp. nov. (estimated value of P index: 5.8). The inner projection of the distal white stripe on VFW is well developed. The ring of the VHW costal ocellus is whitish and contrasts strongly with the brown median area, and the diameter of the Cu1-Cu2 VHW ocellus is 10.5 mm. These features are comparable with E. z. chachapoyassp. nov., but not with E. z. incassp. nov.    Description  Male The FWL varies from 55 to 65 mm. The holotypeFWL is 61 mm. Average P = 5.5 (n = 27; cf. Table 3). On the DFW the R5-M1 orange patch is often missing or very reduced. The other orange marks are well separated; their size is very variable; the violet iridescence is less pronounced than in E. z. incassp. nov.; the androconial patch is a bright creamy, pale citrus yellow ( Fig. 4D-F). The background colour of the ventral surface is generally darker than in E. z. incassp. nov.; the isolated white spot in the VFW cell is of medium size, more or less oval, or irregular; there is no white spot in the angle formed by the cubital vein of the VFW cell and Cu2, or it is extremely small ( Fig. 4D-F). On the VFW the two white stripes are generally separated in the cell Cu2-2A; nevertheless, the inside margin of the distal stripe forms a marked inner projection, which often connects with the outside black margin of the proximal stripe ( Fig. 4E); exceptionally (3 of 35 specimens), the projection is filled with white scales and forms a complete bridge between the two white stripes, as in E. z. casagrandessp. nov. ( Fig. 2i). On the VHW, the white stripes extend far beyond the Cu1-Cu2 ocellus, notably the distal one, which reaches vein 2A. The dark brown lines on the VHW cell and curved line above the Cu1-Cu2 ocellus are very faint or even absent ( Fig. 4D-F). The VHW costal ocellus is circled by a clear ring contrasting with the median area; moreover, in many specimens it is widely covered with white scales ( Figs 2l, 4D-F). On average, the VHW Cu1-Cu2 ocellus (Φ average value: 10.0 mm; n = 31; cf. Table 5) is clearly smaller than in E. z. incassp. nov. ( Fig. 4D-F). The valva axis has no swelling, or only a weak one; the ridge more often has a pronounced swelling, bearing 2-3 very strong spines; towards the extremity, there is more often a clear gap, followed by a short distal row of short spines, the size of which reduces towards the extremity; gnathos is large, and its ventral region is strongly developed ( Fig. 12). Individual variations of the valvae have been observed within a local population, but diagnostic characters are not blurred (cf. Fig. 9).  Female The FWL varies from 61 to 67 mm. Diagnostic characters correspond to those of the males ( Fig. 7B). The violet iridescence is limited but bright. The underside is lighter than in males. The dorsal branches of the sterigma inner projections are generally shorter than in  E. z. zolvizoraand E. z. greeneyi, and they are more separated from the internal side of the arch; nevertheless, there are individual variations, and one specimen has the sterigma similar to that of  E. z. zolvizoraspecimens ( Fig. 15B-H).    Flight periods Specimens have been collected in January, March, June, July, September, October, November and December.    Distribution Peru. E. z. chachapoyassp. nov. is distributed from Junín Department (central Peru) to Amazonas and San Martín Departments (northern Peru).    Remarks This taxon is created for populations from central to northern Peru, which are clearly distinct from  E. z. zolvizoraand E. z. incassp. nov. considering wing characters as well as genitalia. Wing characters are closer to the Ecuadorian E. z. greeneyi, but the male genitalia are clearly distinct. 2620871306 2005-10-23 MJP L. Campos Peru 2150 -6.3333335 Valle de Huamanpata 1304 -77.45 Lejia 29 30 1 1 holotype