Miers 1881 : 365 Holthuis 1951 : 74 Crosnier & Forest 1966 : 253 Chace 1972 : 69 Manning & Chace 1990 : 16 McClure 2005 : 150 Alves et al. 2008 : 49 Souza et al. 2011 : 46 De Grave et al. 2014 : 5 Brown 2015 : 59 Alpheus cf. paracrinitus Santos et al. 2012 : 152 Alpheus cf. rostratus A. rostratus Kim & Abele, 1988 Alpheus paracrinitus Alpheid shrimps (Decapoda: Caridea) of the Trindade & Martin Vaz Archipelago, off Brazil, with new records, description of a new species of Synalpheus and remarks on zoogeographical patterns in the oceanic islands of the tropical southern Atlantic Anker, Arthur Tavares, Marcos Mendonça, Joel B. Zootaxa 2016 4138 1 1 58 [151,636,1575,1601] Malacostraca Alpheidae Alpheus Animalia Decapoda 22 23 Arthropoda subSpecies paracrinitus sensu     Alpheus paracrinitus  Miers 1881: 365, pl. 16, fig. 6;  Holthuis 1951: 74;  Crosnier & Forest 1966: 253, fig. 15a–f;  Chace 1972: 69;  Manning & Chace 1990: 16;  McClure 2005: 150( partim, not fig. 19);  Alves et al.2008: 49;  Souza et al.2011: 46;   DeGrave et al.2014: 5;  Brown 2015: 59.    Alpheuscf. paracrinitus—Almeida et al.2012: 12, fig. 2D;  Santos et al.2012: 152, fig. 3I; Soledade & Almeida 2013: 104, fig. 6E.   Alpheuscf. rostratus—Soledade & Almeida 2013: 103, fig. 6B [not  A. rostratus Kim & Abele, 1988]. [a more complete synonymy will be provided in the revision of the  Alpheus paracrinitusspecies complex (Anker, in study)]   Material examined. Brazil: 1 female, MZUSP33271, Trindade Island, Enseada dos Portugueses, Ponta da Calheta, 20°30’18.7”S– 29°18’31.6”W, depth: 15.9 m, coll. J.B. Mendonça, 12.v.2014; 1 male, 1 ovig. female, MZUSP33402, Trindade Island, Enseada dos Portugueses, Praia da Calheta, 20°30’18.7”S– 29°18’31.6”W, depth: 9.9 m, coll. J.B. Mendonça, 26.x.2014; 1 male, 1 ovig. female, MZUSP33402, same collection data; 1 female, MZUSP34114, Trindade Island, Enseada dos Portugueses, Farol, 20°29’52.3”S– 29°19’15.6”W, depth: 12.6 m, ARS, coll. J.B. Mendonça, 06.vii.2015; 1 male, MZUSP30967, Trindade Island, Enseada da Cachoeira, Farrilhões, 20°31’22.4”S– 29°19’52.0”W, depth: 9.5 m, coll. J.B. Mendonça, 08.vii.2013; 1 male, 1 ovig. female, MZUSP30241, Trindade Island, Enseada da Cachoeira, Farrilhões, 20°31’22.4”S– 29°19’52.0”W, depth: 17.9 m, coll. J.B. Mendonça, 04.vii.2012; 2 males, 1 ovig. female, MZUSP30271, Trindade Island, Enseada da Cachoeira, Farrilhões, 20°31’22.4”S– 29°19’52.0”W, depth: 11.8 m, coll. J.B. Mendonça, 20.vi.2012; 1 female, MZUSP30287, Trindade Island, underwater boulder near Ponta Noroeste, 20°29’46.4”S– 29°20’35.4”W, depth: 11.6 m, coll. J.B. Mendonça, 04.vii.2012; 1 male, MZUSP30254, Martin Vaz Island, 20°28’26.9”S–28°51’20.9”, depth: 13 m, coll. J.B. Mendonça, 23.vii.2013. Size of largest male: cl 4.5 mm( MZUSP30254); largest female: cl 5.0 mm ( MZUSP30241).  Additional (extra-limital) material examined. Brazil: 2 males, 1 ovig. female, 1 juvenile, MNRJ17915, Atol das Rocas, Praia do Farol, in tide pools, coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva & A.A. Aguiar, 08.x.2000; 1 male, 1 female, 2 ovig. females, MNRJ17921, Atol das Rocas, between Ilhado Farol and Ilhado Cemitério, low tide, coll. C. Serejo and M.C. Rayol, 31.x.2001. Cape VerdeIslands: 2 specimens(sex not determined), NHMW19844, São Tiago Island, Bay north of Moia-Moia, sand and rubble, coll. D. Abed-Navandi, ix.1999.   Description. See Miers (1881)for original description and illustrations, and Crosnier & Forest (1966)for more detailed text and figures; Banner & Banner (1982)provided description and illustrations of the Indo-West Pacific material (but see below); Soledade & Almeida (2013) published colour photographs of two Brazilian species of the  A. paracrinituscomplex (as  A.cf. paracrinitusand  A.cf. rostratus).   Distribution. Pantropical species complex. Amphi-Atlantic: Cape VerdeArchipelago; Senegal; São Tomé & Príncipe; Ascension Island; Saint Helena Island; Gulf of Mexico; Florida; throughout Caribbean Sea; Bermuda; Brazil: Paraíba to Espírito Santo, Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, ( Chace 1972; Christoffersen 1979; Kim & Abele 1988; Manning & Chace 1990; McClure 2005; Soledade & Almeida 2013 and references therein; Brown 2015; present study). Eastern Pacific: Clipperton Island; Mexicoto Galapagos ( Kim & Abele 1988). Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea to Japan, Australiaand Hawaii ( Banner 1953; Banner & Banner 1973; Chace 1988).  Ecology. Coral and rocky reefs and associated habitats, also seagrass beds with abundant coral rubble and coralline algae; typically in crevices of coral rubble and coralline algae or under rocks; intertidal to at least 30 m(species complex, see below).   Remarks.  Alpheus paracrinitusis part of a large pantropical species complex, which is currently being revised by one of the authors (A. Anker, in study). Based on preliminary data, none of the Indo-West Pacific and eastern Pacific specimens is referable to  A. paracrinitus sensu Miers (1881), originally described from Senegal. However, at least three species seem to be present in the Atlantic Ocean and two of them are present in Brazil. One of the Atlantic species appears to be more closely related to the eastern Pacific  A. rostratus Kim & Abele, 1988(A. Anker, unpublished data; see also Williams et al.2001; Soledade & Almeida 2013: figs. 6B, E). In Brazil,  A. paracrinituswas previously known from several localities on the continental coast and Fernando de Noronha, and both species may co-occur, for instance in Bahia (Soledade & Almeida 2013). The present material represents the first record of at least one of the species (possibly  A. paracrinitus sensustricto) from Atol das Rocasand Trindade Island.