Crematogaster torosa Mayr C. (Orthocrema) Crematogaster brevispinosa var. tumulifera Forel C. (Orthocrema) brevispinosa Crematogaster arizonensis Wheeler, W. M. C. (Orthocrema) Crematogaster brevispinosa subsp. tumulifera var. scurra Forel The Crematogaster (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) of Costa Rica. Longino, J. T. Zootaxa 2003 151 1 150 ZBWJ urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28451 Insecta Formicidae Crematogaster CoL Animalia Crematogaster torosa Mayr Hymenoptera 120 Arthropoda species torosa  Figure 4   Crematogaster torosa Mayr, 1870a:404.  Syntypeworkers: Colombia, Santa Fe de Bogota( Lindig) [ NMW](examined). Emery, 1922:136; Santschi, 1925:229: combination in C. (Orthocrema).  Crematogaster brevispinosa var. tumulifera Forel, 1899:84.  Syntypeworkers: Nicaragua, Chontales( Janson); and Costa Rica( Tonduz) [ MHNG](examined). Forel, 1908a:47: description of queen, male. Wheeler, G.C. and Wheeler, J. 1952:260: description of larva. Emery, 1922:134: combination in C. (Orthocrema). Forel, 1907a:25; Forel, 1908b:369; Forel, 1909:258; Forel, 1912:215: subspecies of brevispinosa. NEW SYNONYMY  Crematogaster arizonensis Wheeler, W. M.1908b: 482, pl. 27, fig. 40.  Syntypeworkers: USA, Arizona, Tucson and Phoenix, running on cottonwood trees ( Wheeler). Wheeler, W. M. 1912: 132: description of queen, male. Emery, 1922: 134: combination in C. (Orthocrema). NEW SYNONYMY  Crematogaster brevispinosa subsp. tumulifera var. scurra Forel, 1914a:615 (unavailable name). Worker:  Colombia( Gaige) [ MHNG](examined).  Range USA at least to Colombia, southern limit of species range not defined.  Description of worker (Costa Rica) Differing from crinosain the following respects: mesonotum shorter, promesonotal suture more often impressed, making promesonotal profile flatter; anteroventral petiolar tooth shorter, more often forming nearly right angle rather than long acute tooth; setae on fourth abdominal tergite less abundant, especially medially, such that erect setae more dense anterolaterally. Measurements HL 0.682, 0.578, 1.045; HW 0.763, 0.629, 1.179; HC 0.760, 0.598, 1.123; SL 0.488, 0.443, 0.706; EL 0.170, 0.130, 0.259; A11L 0.241; A11W 0.140; A10L 0.118; A10W 0.118; A09L 0.060; A09W 0.085; A08L 0.041; A08W 0.071; WL 0.789, 0.664, 1.269; SPL 0.080, 0.057, 0.142; PTH 0.165, 0.129, 0.280; PTL 0.232, 0.175, 0.380; PTW 0.246, 0.180, 0.373; PPL 0.171, 0.150, 0.265; PPW 0.224, 0.189, 0.371; CI 112, 109, 113; OI 25, 22, 25; SI 72, 77, 68; PTHI 71, 74, 74; PTWI 106, 103, 98; PPI 131, 126, 140; SPI 10, 9, 11; ACI 0.98. Queen A normal queen (dorsal face of propodeum drops steeply from postscutellum and much of propodeum appears ventral to scutellum and postscutellum, Fig. 1) with general shape, sculpture, and pilosity characters of the worker; size characters as in Figures 4 and 5.  Biology  Crematogaster torosahas a biology very similar to crinosaand rochai. It occurs primarily in open, seasonally dry areas, highly disturbed areas, and pasture edges, although it can also be found in the canopy of mature wet forest. In Costa Rica it is a common species in urban areas such as the various city parks in the capital, San Jose. Nests are large, polydomous, distributed in a wide variety of plant cavities. Dead branches and knots in living trees are most often used. In Guanacaste Province in Costa Rica they often occupy ant acacias, and may invade acacias already occupied by Pseudomyrmex. They often construct small carton baffles that restrict nest entrances and small carton pavilions that shelter Homoptera on surrounding vegetation. In some instances they may inhabit cavities in live stems. I found a large nest in the live stems of a Protiumbranch (Burseraceae) in Corcovado National Park, and I have found nests in live stems of myrmecophytic Acaciaand Triplaris. Nest chambers are sometimes filled with alate queens and males. Based on a sample size of two, colony founding is monogynous. In one case I dissected a small colony in south Texas and found a single physogastric queen in the center. In another case I found a lone foundress queen in a dead branch of a Triplaristree in Costa Rica. Foraging is primarily diurnal but occasional nocturnal foragers are seen. Workers are generalized scavengers and they frequently visit extrafloral nectaries. Often columns of workers move between nests.  Comments This is a member of the crinosacomplex and may not always be distinguishable from crinosaand rochai. See under crinosafor further discussion. I examined the type of torosaand compared it directly to Costa Rican material (Corcovado National Park, Sirena, JTL30May82/0830). Museum notes on one of the syntypes were as follows: HL 0.88, HW 0.97, SL 0.61; mandible striate; clypeus feebly striate; fine striae on genae, between antennae and eyes, rest shiny; pronotum with transverse fingerprint-like swirl anteriorly, grading to fine longitudinal striae posteriorly, fading to shiny mesonotum (variable within series), grading to fine striae again near propodeal suture; dorsal face of propodeum short, irregularly striate/punctate; anteroventral petiole sharply angulate, but not produced into a projecting tooth; one flexuous short seta on frons; anterior row of four erect setae on pronotum, two on mesonotum, one each on propodeal spines, two each on petiole, postpetiole, about 11 on fourth abdominal tergite, not including row of 13 on posterior margin; setae on fourth abdominal tergite clustered laterally, leaving median bare; setae on pronotum thinner and longer, rest shorter, flattened; color light orange brown on head, pronotum, grading to dark brown on gaster. I examined the syntypes of Forel's tumuliferaand the additional Costa Rican material on which he based his description of the queen and male. They matched Mayr's torosain every respect. Specimens of torosafrom the northern end of the range, in southeast Texas and in Arizona, are somewhat smaller and less polymorphic than Costa Rican material, but this seems to gradually change as one moves northward in Mexico. Specimens from Baja California are bicolored, with reddish head and mesosoma, and black gaster. However, the abundant material from Arizona and Costa Rica shows continuous variation in the degree of infuscation of the head and mesosoma, and some material may be clearly bicolored like the Baja material. Specimens from Baja nearly always have a long, acute anteroventral petiolar tooth. Specimens from the state of Arizona in the USA and Sonora and Sinaloa states in Mexico (former arizonensis) usually have a short but sharply acute tooth as an average condition, but the tooth form varies from long and spine-like to short and right angled. Specimens from southeastern Texas and Costa Rica show a great deal of variability, but usually have a right-angle tooth and less often a short, sharply acute tooth. They never have a long spine-like tooth. For the time being I interpret all this material as torosa, differing from crinosaand rochaiby the somewhat flatter promesonotum and the usually shorter petiolar tooth, and with a gastral setal pattern intermediate between crinosa, which has a uniform covering of flattened setae, and rochai, which has no erect setae. 1058481299 NMW Lindig Colombia Santa Fe de Bogota Syntype 1058481302 MHNG Janson Nicaragua Chontales Syntype 1058481315 MHNG Tonduz Costa Rica Syntype 1058481310 Wheeler USA Tucson and Phoenix Arizona Syntype 1058481304 MHNG Gaige Colombia Colombia