Five new species of the genus Paromphacodes (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Geometrinae) from High Andes in Ecuador Lindt, Aare Tasane, Tõnis Õunap, Erki Viidalepp, Jaan Zootaxa 2017 4303 3 395 406 Lindt, Tasane, Ounap & Viidalepp Lindt & Tasane & Õunap & Viidalepp 2017 [151,881,1183,1210] Insecta Geometridae Paromphacodes Animalia Lepidoptera 3 398 Arthropoda species alticola sp. nov.    Holotype: ♂, Ecuador, [ Cotopaxi prov.], Cotopaxi,  3560 m,  16.iv.2007, 00°38’59”S, 78°30’41”W(the  HolotypeID:  IZBE0122051, DNAvoucher  33v, BIN: BOLD: ACZ 1306 (slide 8324). The holotypeis deposited in the collection of IZBE, Tartu, Estonia. Paratypes: 10 ♂, Ecuador, [ Cotopaxi prov.], Cotopaxi  3560 m,  16.iv.2007, 00°38'59”S, 78°30'41”W, (slides 357, 358);  3 ♂, Ecuador, [ Carchiprov.], El Angel  3430 m,  05.v.2007, 00°38’49”S, 77°53’33”W(slide 202) (A. Lindt);  1♂, Ecuador[ Chimborazoprov.], Alao,  3560 m,  17.iv.2007, 01°52’55”S, 78°28’31”W, DNAvoucher  31v, BIN: BOLD: ACZ 1306, (slide 204);  2♂, Ecuador, [ Imbaburaprov.], Carolina  1200 m,  09.v.2007, 00°41’28”N, 78°12’10”W( A. Lindt) (slide 209 (A. Lindt).  1 ♂, “ Ecuador/ Vorbach  2/6 29” (slide 6707) (coll. ZMUC, Copenhagen). The paratypesare deposited in the collections of IZBE, ZMUCand EMNH, and in the private collection of A. Lindt. One paratypewill be analysed in addition by G. Brehm, for his global project on phylogeny of Geometridae.   Diagnosis.Moths with straight distal margins of forewings, with straight row of postmedial spots or streaks and marginal line on forewings contrasting with white hind wings. This species,  P. alpha  sp. nov.and  P. onae  sp. nov.are similar one to another in their wing shape and markings.  P. alticolahas forewing vein-spots and marginal line red-brown,  P. alpha  sp. nov.and  P. onae  sp. nov.have their markings darker, blackish brown, and  P. onae  sp. nov.has discal spots on hindwings, while discal spots are lacking on hindwings of  P. alticola  sp. nov.and  P. alpha  sp. nov., which are described below. The male genitalia are characterized by the broad, bidentate costal expansion to valva and heart-shaped sclerotization to the posterior edge of the last abdominal sternite.   Description.Wing span 25–26 mm(Fig. 2). The frons is white in the lower three-fourths, red in the upper onefourth; the interantennal fillet is white, the vertex green, a red-brown line in between. The palpi are red-brown, slightly projecting beyond the frons. The pectinations of male antennae are 2.5 times longer than the diameter of the shaft. The thorax and dorsum of abdomen are green, the abdomen mottled reddish anteriorly, a white spot at the tergite A1 is edged dark brown, while the white spots at tergites A2 and A3 are surrounded light brown. The forewings are deep green, the hind wings white. The costal edge of the forewing is white, lined with yellowish, while the marginal line, the discal and postmedial spots are red-brown. The postmedial spots on veins are in a straight row. The fringe is dark red-brown basally, shining white distally, chequered with reddish against vein ends; the tornus and nearby fringe bear a green patch. Male genitalia (Fig. 8): The uncus is thin filiform, the socii triangular, tapering to the tips, almost a half-length of the uncus. The gnathos is a loop with a distal process (cochlear) tapered and hooked. The valva is provided with a broad, flat, dorsally bidentate costal plate. The ventral margin of the costal plate is slightly raised as a fold. The juxta is a small roundish plate. The aedeagus is pointed distally, with a rounded anellar plate. The last abdominal sternite is markedly shorter than the corresponding tergite, roundly bilobed and sclerotized distally, with the midrib tapering towards the anterior edge of the sternite. Female and preimaginal stages unknown.  Genetic data.Two analysed specimens barcode sharing. Nearest neighbour on BOLD  P. alpha(KP2 minimum pairwise distance 14.6%). Genetic difference from P. summita14.7%, from  P. spina15.5%.   Derivatio nominis.  alticola= living in high altitude.   Discussion.The male genital armatures of  P. alticola  sp. nov.,  P. onae  sp. nov.and  P. alpha  sp. nov.are similar to that in  P. perpulchrafigured by Pitkin (1996: fig. 116)but the costal plate of the valva is dilating proximally in  P. alticola  sp. nov.,  P. onae  sp. nov.and  P. alpha  sp. nov., while it is the broadest distally in  P. perpulchra. The posterior edge of the sternite A8 is shallowly emarginated in  P. perpulchra, and more deeply heart-shaped in  P. alticola  sp. nov.and  P. alpha  sp. nov.; the emargination of the sternite is the broadest in  P. onae  sp. nov.   Biology.The typeseries was collected in April and early May. Most collecting sites are located above the timberline, in the grass-parámo belt (following the vertical zonation of the Andean vegetation by Sklenař & Jørgensen, 2004; Morrone, 2014), but two specimens appeared at light in Carolina site at 1200 maltitude. The last site is probably a secondary one for a high altitude species on burned and grazed slopes (Suarez & Galo Medina, 2001), or a relict of Holocene vertical shifts of forest and parámo vegetation belts (Van der Hammen, 1995). On the other hand, Sklenař & Jørgensen, 2004have shown that the species with the widest geographical ranges also have a wide altitudinal distribution.   Distribution.The species was collected in four sites of western Andes, between 0–3° S. The Cotopaxi, El Angel and Alao collecting sites are characterized by a parámo vegetation above the timberline, the Carolina site by a secondary vegetation. The specimen illustrated by Piñas (1996) as fig. 149, "  Nemoriasp? 1" is probably  P. alticolacollected on " Cotopaxi" in January, and the specimen collected by Vorbach lacks detailed data. Genetically homogenous, DNA barcode sharing; nearest neighbour on BOLD  Paromphacodes alpha  sp. nov.described below (KP2 minimum pairwise distance 14.5%).   FIGURE 1.Neighbour-joining tree for the  Paromphacodesspecies from Ecuador, and  Lissochlora latuta(Dognin, 1898)as the outgroup species.  PLATE 1. Figs 1–6.  Paromphacodesmoths. 1,  P. perpulchraWarren; 2,  P. alticola  sp. nov.(Paratype); 3,  P. alpha  sp. nov.(Holotype), 4,  P. onae  sp. nov.(Holotype); 5,  P. spina  sp. nov.(Holotype); 6,  P. summita  sp. nov.(Holotype). Scale bar, 10 mm.   PLATE 2. Figs 7–12.  Paromphacodes, male genitalia: armature, aedeagus and sternite A8. 7,  P. perpulchraWarren; 8,  P. alticola  sp. nov.; 9,  P. spina  sp. nov.; 10,  P. summita  sp. nov.; 11,  P. alpha  sp. nov.; 12,  P. onae  sp. nov.Scale bar, 1 mm. 1585970304 1933-05 2007-04-16 1933-05 IZBE, DNA, BOLD Holotype ID Ecuador Cotopaxi prov. 3560 -0.6497222 Tartu 21 -78.51139 The 3 398 IZBE0122051 11 11 Cotopaxi holotype 1585970298 2007-05-05 Lindt Ecuador 3430 -0.64694446 El Angel 21 -77.892494 3 398 3 3 Carchi holotype 1585970324 1931-05 2007-04-17 1931-05 DNA, BOLD Ecuador 3560 -1.8819444 Alao 21 -78.47528 3 398 1 1 Chimborazo holotype 1585970296 2007-05-09 A. Lindt & Lindt Ecuador 1200 0.6911111 Carolina 21 -78.202774 3 398 2 2 Imbabura holotype 1585970299 1929-06-02 ZMUC, IZBE, EMNH Vorbach & Copenhagen & The & A. Lindt. One Ecuador Brehm 3 398 1 1 paratype