Description of two new Carlia species (Reptilia: Scincidae) from north-east Australia, elevation of Carlia pectoralis inconnexa Ingram & Covacevich 1989 to full species status, and redescription of Carlia pectoralis (de Vis 1884) Hoskin, Conrad J. Couper, Patrick J. Zootaxa 2012 2012-11-12 3546 1 28 Hoskin & Couper, 2012 Hoskin & Couper 2012 [151,315,1830,1856] Reptilia Scincidae Carlia Animalia Squamata 10 11 Chordata species rubigo sp. nov.  ( Figs 1A & B, 2BN, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8B, 9B, 10D)     Holotype.QMJ90885, male, Magnetic Island, Gustav Ck( 19°08'50"S, 146°50'41"E), north-east Queensland, C. Hoskin,  13 February 2011.    Paratypes.QMJ78516-17 Survey Dam, Princess Hills, Girringun NP( 18°14' 14"S, 145°28' 34"E);  J90883-84 Magnetic Island, Gustav Ck ( 19°08'50"S, 146°50'41"E);  J76655, J76658-59 Nelly Bay, Magnetic Is( 19°10'S, 146° 51'E);  J90890 Cape Cleveland( 19°17'29"S, 147°01'22"E);  J65166 Shark Bay, Cape Upstart ( 19°44'S, 147°45'E);  J65165 Cape Upstart, on top ( 19°44'S, 147°49'E);  J90886-87 Lolworth Ck, near Dalrymple National Park( 19°51'37"S, 146°07'45"E);  J75179 Gloucester Island( 20°02' 30"S, 148°26' 30"E);  J89141-42,  J89145-47 Airlie Beach, Shute Harbour Rd, Mandalay( 20°17'S, 148°44' 21"E);  J83256 Clermont, 6.5 kmNNW ( 22°46' 06"S, 147° 37' 39"E);  J83279 Scotts Peak, Feez CreekStn ( 22°51' 44"S, 148°13' 31"E);  J88423 Valencia Station( 22°56' 14"S, 147°46' 18"E).  Additional material.  J60245, J60253 Mt Mulligan( 16°48' 56"S, 144°46' 12"E);  J75125 Forty Mile Scrub, 2.1 kmS of park boundary ( 18°07' 58"S, 144°48' 50"E);  J74273 Princess Hills, Girringun NP( 18°19' 23"S, 145°22' 41"E);  J74780 Shaft Cave, Fanning Caves( 19°48'S, 146°28'E);  J85004, J85006Rochford Scrub ( 20°07' 05"S, 146°37' 43"E);  J89148 Airlie Beach, Shute Harbour Rd, Mandalay( 20°17'S, 148°44' 21"E);  J44438, J44457, J44787 Warrawee Stn,  60kmSE Charters Towers( 20°20'S, 146°39'E);  J44696-98 St Pauls Stn ( 20°24'S, 146°58'E);  J44707-08 Mt Cooper Stn( 20°30'S, 146°51'E);  J44626 Natal Downs Stn( 21°05'S, 146°10'E);  J77971 Newlands Coal Mine( 21°13'S, 147°53'E);  J82977 Lord's Tablesummit ( 22°39' 17"S, 148°00' 55"E);  J78677 NairanaNP ( 21°43' 28"S, 146°53' 31"E);  J82997, J83006Coomburragee Stn, nr ( 22°53' 59"S, 148°20' 04"E);  J76759 CudmoreNP ( 22°56' 23"S, 146°17' 43"E);  J76866SF161 Condamine,  5.5kmSE of Wilgo Downs Stn( 26°57' 06"S, 150°15' 14"E);  J78641 Yalebone Ck.  6kmW Newingtonhstd, NW Surat( 27°07' 22"S, 148°57' 47"E);  J80137 Warrego Highway Stock Route,  27kmW of Mitchell( 26°28' 23"S, 147°39' 46"E).   Diagnosis.A moderate sized  Carlia(max SVL 44 mm) that can be distinguished from all its congeners by a combined suite of characters. Interparietal scale free. Dorsal scales tricarinate and hexagonally-shaped. Palpebral disc large. Ear aperture round to vertically elliptic with one or two rounded lobules on the anterior margin and sometimes with smaller, rounded lobules on other margins ( Fig. 8B). Supraciliaries usually five. Prefrontals usually narrowly separated or in point contact ( Fig. 9B). Upper preocular minute or a narrow, vertical sliver ( Fig. 10D). Breeding male with pale blue throat and broad orange or coppery flush on flanks; black speckling present on neck and jawline but no heavy black edging to scales on throat ( Figs 1C, 2B, 4B, 5B). Adult female with a white mid-lateral stripe that usually breaks up posteriorly into white flecks ( Figs 1D, 6B). Both sexes have a pale greyish tinge on the ventral surface.   Etymology.From the Latin  rubigo, meaning ‘rust'. In reference to the rusty orange colouration on this species, particularly on the flanks of males. The species epithet is treated as a noun in apposition.    Description of holotype( Fig. 7B).QMJ90885, male. Measurements (mm): SVL 39.3; tail (damaged); interlimb 18.7; HLL 20.1; TL 6.2; HW 6.7; HL 9.1. Scalation: Dorsal scale keels 3; midbody scale rows 30; paravertebrals 47; supralabials 7; infralabials 6; supraciliaries 5, subdigital lamellae (4 thtoe) 28; subdigital lamellae (3 rdfinger) 21. Upper preocular reduced to a narrow vertical sliver, well separated from posterior edge of 2 ndloreal scale; palpebral disc large; ear <palpebral disc, vertically elliptic with one large rounded lobule on anterior margin; postsupralabial divided; nasals widely spaced; prefrontals very narrowly separated, almost in point contact.  Colour pattern of holotypein preservative.Dorsal surfaces brown, faint indication of some darker and lighter markings. Lateral surfaces flushed with a coppery and greenish colouration. Iridescent sheen to scales. Neck and jawline pale blue, with black flecking to scales forming thin longitudinal rows. Throat pale with a blue tinge, some dark flecks towards sides of neck and jawline. Pale markings from nare, under eye, and to tympanum. Ventral surfaces creamy white. Prominent white spot at posterior base of hindlimb. Tail greyish brown with dark and light markings.  Description of typeseries.Body robust with keeled dorsal scales. Head barely distinct from neck. Snout rounded in profile. Limbs moderate; four fingers; five toes. Adult measurements and proportions: see Table 1. Scalation: Rostral in broad contact with frontonasal. Postsupralabial divided. Nasals widely spaced. Prefrontals large and usually narrowly separated (narrow separation 77%, moderate separation 19%, contacting 4%) ( Fig. 9B). Supraoculars 4, 1 and 2 incontact with frontal, 2, 3 and 4 incontact with frontoparietal. Frontoparietals fused, forming a single shield. Interparietal distinct. Enlarged nuchal scales 2. Loreals 2. Preoculars 2. Upper preocular very small, either a narrow vertical sliver (70%) or minute (30%) ( Fig. 10D). Presubocular single. Supraciliaries 5, very rarely 4 or 6. Lower eyelid movable with clear window; palpebral disc large, occupying more than half of lower eyelid. Ear aperture smaller than palpebral disc. Ear opening vertically elliptic (86%) or round (14%), with a rounded lobule present on anterior margin ( Fig. 8B); additionally often also small, low lobules present on the other margins of the ear (48% of specimens). Supralabials 7, with the fifth below the eye. Infralabials 6. Three scales between the nasal scale and the presubocular. Midbody scale rows 30–32 (mean = 31); dorsal scales with tricarinate keels (very rarely 2). Paravertebral scale rows 45–48 (mean = 47). Subdigital lamellae under 3 rdfinger 17–21 (mean = 19). Subdigital lamellae under 4 thtoe 23–29 (mean = 27).  Colour pattern in preservative.Males ( Figs 3B, 4B, 5B, 7B): dorsal surfaces rusty brown, generally with black and white dots on the back half of the dorsum and continuing along the tail. Top of head generally lighter brown; often with fine black dots. Lateral surfaces washed with orange or copper colouration, sometimes with a greenish tinge. Iridescent sheen to scales. Neck, throat and jawline pale blue or white. Black speckling and edging to scales of sides of neck and jawline, generally forming fine longitudinal rows. Usually no dark markings on throat. Often white line or markings from nare to beneath eye. Ventral surfaces cream-grey or cream. Prominent white spot at posterior base of hindlimb. Tail brown with black and white flecks. Females ( Fig. 6B) dorsal surfaces brown, often rusty towards the anterior half and flecked or spotted with black and white towards the posterior half and tail. Top of head generally lighter brown; often with fine black dots. Thin white line from snout, under eye, through tympanum, and extending as a mid-lateral line to above forelimbs or mid flank before breaking up into white flecks or an indistinct ragged line. In a few specimens white mid-lateral line extends to groin. Flanks brown or grey and heavily flecked with white; upper flanks sometimes tawny brown. Ventral surfaces grey tinged or creamy grey. White spot at posterior base of hindlimb. Tail brown with black and white flecks.   Colour pattern in life( Figs 1C, 1D, 2B).Dorsum of both sexes coppery brown with black and white paravertebral dots or flecks on posterior half. Ventral surfaces greyish white. Breeding males with pale blue throats and black speckling on jawline and neck. The throat is generally clean but grey or black speckling sometimes extends onto the throat. Speckling of the neck and throat is sometimes arranged coarsely as thin transverse lines. A broad coppery/orange flush extends from forelimb along flank. At maximum breeding extent orange can extend onto the back and forelimbs, and blue can extend over entire head. Parts of the flanks and head can sometimes have a greenish tinge. Adult females have a white mid-lateral stripe that extends from nostril to forelimb or mid flank, before breaking up into a series of pale flecks.  Comparison.Only likely to be confused with  C. decora  sp. nov.,  C. pectoralisand  C. inconnexa.  Carlia rubigo  sp. nov.is readily distinguished from  C. inconnexaby tricarinate versus mixed bicarinate/tricarinate middorsal scales, smaller size, lower midbody, paravertebral and lamellae scale counts, and colour pattern (see  C. inconnexaComparisonsection; Table 1). From  C. decora  sp. nov.and  C. pectoralis,  C. rubigo  sp. nov.is distinguished most easily by breeding male colouration ( Figs 1–5). The flanks of male  C. rubigo  sp. nov.are broadly flushed with orange or copper colouration whereas orange is confined to upper and lower lateral lines on the flanks of male  C. decora  sp. nov.and  C. pectoralis. The orange on the flanks of  C. rubigo  sp. nov.is sometimes concentrated towards the upper and lower flanks but it is nonetheless suffused over the entire flank to some extent. Breeding male  C. rubigo  sp. nov.are further distinguished from male  C. pectoralisby the lack of heavy black edging (scalloping) on the scales of the throat. Female  C. rubigo  sp. nov.and  C. pectoralisare of similar pattern but  C. decora  sp. nov.females have a bold white mid-lateral line that always extends to the groin ( vs. less distinct white line that generally breaks up to white speckles on posterior flank in  C. rubigo  sp. nov.and  C. pectoralis) ( Figs 1, 6).  Carlia rubigo  sp. nov.is further distinguished from  C. decora  sp. nov.by higher midbody scale count (30 or more vs.30 or less), generally smaller body size (75% of  C. rubigo  sp. nov.specimens measured < 42 mm vs.75% of  C. decora  sp. nov.> 42 mm), upper preocular minute or a narrow vertical sliver ( vs.broadly triangular) and prefrontal spacing generally narrow or very narrow ( vs.moderate) ( Table 1; Figs 9, 10).  Carlia rubigo  sp. nov.is further distinguished from  C. pectoralisby usually having a vertically elliptical ear opening ( vs. round), with one low, rounded anterior lobule and sometimes also low lobules on other margins ( vs. more prominent rounded or bluntly pointed lobules on all margins) ( Fig. 8).  Carlia rubigo  sp. nov.also tends to have more subdigital lamellae under the 4 thtoe (mean: 27 vs. 25; 75% of  C. rubigo  sp. nov.specimens examined have 26 or more, 75% of  C. pectoralishave 26 or fewer) ( Table 1).  Genetics.  Carlia rubigo  sp. nov.is approximately 10% divergent (ND4 mtDNA) from  C. inconnexaand  C. pectoralisand approximately 16% divergent from  Carlia decora  sp. nov.(C. Hoskin, unpublished data). A representative ND4 mtDNA sequence for this species from the typelocality is JX291973(GenBank accession number).   Distribution.  Carlia rubigo  sp. nov.is found in inland eastern Queensland, from close to the New South Walesborder in the south (Texas, St George areas), to west of Cairns in the north, and throughout central eastern Queenslandincluding coastal areas between approximately Mackay and Townsville and on associated offshore islands (e.g. Magnetic Island, Gloucester Island) ( Fig. 11).  Habitat and habits.  Carlia rubigo  sp. nov.is found in dry open forests, grasslands and rocky habitats, particularly in areas with a complex ground cover of grass tussocks, leaf litter and rocks ( Fig. 12B). It is an active, ground-dwelling skink. QMJ90885 2011-02-13 C. Hoskin -19.147223 Gustav Ck 21 146.84471 Magnetic Island 10 11 1 Queensland holotype QMJ78516 [199,1307,151,176] Princess Hills & Girringun NP -18.237223 Survey Dam 21 145.4761 11 12 1 paratype J90883 -19.147223 Magnetic Island 21 146.84471 11 12 1 paratype J76655, J76658 Magnetic Is -19.166666 Nelly Bay 1273 146.85 11 12 1 paratype J90890 [220,771,223,247] -19.291388 Cape Cleveland 21 147.02277 11 12 1 paratype J65166 [781,1348,223,248] -19.733334 Shark Bay 1271 147.75 11 12 1 paratype J65165 -19.733334 Cape Upstart 1271 147.81667 11 12 1 paratype J90886 -19.86028 Lolworth Ck 21 146.12917 Dalrymple National Park 11 12 1 paratype J75179 [316,937,295,319] -20.041666 Gloucester Island 21 148.44167 11 12 1 paratype J89141 [955,1071,295,319] 11 12 1 paratype J89145 Mandalay -20.283333 Airlie Beach 925 148.73917 11 12 1 paratype J83256 [680,1347,332,356] -22.768333 Clermont 21 147.6275 11 12 1 paratype J83279 -22.862223 Scotts Peak 21 148.22527 Feez Creek 11 12 1 paratype J88423 [772,1340,367,391] -22.937222 Valencia Station 21 147.77167 11 12 1 paratype J60245, J60253 [448,1096,404,428] -16.815556 Mt Mulligan 21 144.76999 11 12 1 J75125 Forty Mile Scrub -18.132778 21 144.81389 11 12 1 J74273 Princess Hills & Girringun NP -18.323057 21 145.37805 11 12 1 J74780 [235,883,476,500] -19.8 Shaft Cave 1270 146.46666 Fanning Caves 11 12 1 J85004, J85006 -20.118055 21 146.62862 11 12 1 J89148 [334,1232,511,535] Airlie Beach -20.283333 Mandalay 925 148.73917 11 12 1 J44438, J44457, J44787 -20.333334 Warrawee Stn 1268 146.65 11 12 1 J44696 -20.4 1268 146.96666 11 12 1 J44707 [279,807,583,607] -20.5 Mt Cooper Stn 1267 146.85 11 12 1 J44626 [823,1343,583,607] Natal Downs Stn -21.083334 1265 146.16667 11 12 1 J77971 Newlands Coal Mine -21.216667 1264 147.88333 11 12 1 J82977 [659,1338,620,644] Lord's Table -22.654722 21 148.01527 11 12 1 J78677 Nairana -21.724445 21 146.89194 11 12 1 J82997, J83006 [644,1431,655,679] -22.899721 21 148.33444 11 12 1 J76759 [151,734,692,716] Cudmore -22.939722 21 146.29529 11 12 1 J76866 Condamine -26.951668 5.5 km SE of Wilgo Downs Stn 20 150.25389 11 12 1 J78641 Yalebone Ck. India -27.122778 6 km W Newington 20 148.96306 11 12 1 J80137 [231,1239,764,788] Warrego Highway Stock Route India -26.473057 27 km W of Mitchell 20 147.66277 11 12 1