Callithrix cinerascens Spix, 1823 Phitheciidae Russell A. Mittermeier Anthony B. Rylands Don E. Wilson PML7 Spix 1823 [406,809,265,311] Mammalia Pitheciidae Callicebus Animalia Primates 6 463 Chordata species cinerascens    13.    Ashy Tita    French: Titi cendré/ German: Dunkelgrauer Springaffe/ Spanish: Titi ceniciento   Other common names: Ashy Black Titi, Ashy Black Titi Monkey, Ashy Gray Titi   Taxonomy. Callithrix cinerascens Spix, 1823,   “Rio Putumayo or Ica, Peruvian border of Amazonas, Brazil.”  The type locality is not in the known distribution of C. cnerascens, and it seems likely, following M. van Roosmalen and coworkers in 2002, that the type specimen was from the right (south) bank of the Rio Madeira in the Amazonas State. Distribution of C. cinerascensis probably in contact, or intergrades, with distributions of C. hoffmannsiin the Rio Abacaxis area and C. bernhardior C. donacophilusin the Rio Guaporeéregion. C. cinerascensis a member of the C. molochspecies group. Monotypic.    Distribution.S Brazilian Amazon Basin on the right (S) bank of the Rio Madeira, between the rios Aripuana and Roosevelt in the W and the Tapajos-Juruena river system in the E, in the states of Amazonas, Mato Grosso, and Rondonia; NE limit of its distribution is unclear, but it may coincide partially with the Rio Abacaxis and S limit appears to be the right (E) bank of the Rio Guaporé in Mato Grosso.   Descriptive notes.Head-body 33-40 cm (males) and 32-38 cm (females), tail 39-48 cm (males) and 39-48 cm (females); weight 740-950 g. Body of the Ashy Titi is mainly grayish to dark gray agouti, with a contrastingly tawny agouti mid-dorsal region. Sideburns and throat are grayish or yellowish-agouti. Tail is blackish or grayish.   Habitat.Amazonian rainforest, including terra firma white-sand forest (“campinarana”) and riparian forests. The Ashy Titi can be found in both primary and secondary habitats, but it generally occurs in areas with dense understories and vine tangles. Its presence in areas of young secondary growth may indicate tolerance of habitat disturbance. It prefers lower levels of the forest canopy.   Food and Feeding.There is no information available for this species.   Breeding.There is no specific information available for this species, but all titis form monogamousbreeding pairs. The male provides parental care by carrying the single offspring.   Activity patterns.There is no information available for this species.   Movements, Home range and Social organization.Groups of 2-7 Ashy Titis have been observed at sites in Rondonia and Mato Grosso, which is consistent with the typical social organization oftitis, based on an adult breeding pair and their immature offspring. In one case, however, a group of twelve individuals, apparently containing nine adults, was observed in a 300ha forest fragment. It is unclearif this was a temporary agglomeration of individuals, but if not, the social organization of the Ashy Titi may be different from that of othertitis.   Status and Conservation.CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Ashy Titi is protected primarily by the remoteness of its geographic distribution in the southern Amazon Basin, although some areas in the southern part ofits distribution suffer from ongoing colonization. The Ashy Titi is present in a number of protected areas, most notably, Juruena National Park, Jatuarana National Forest, and Iqué and Rio Flor do Prado ecological stations.   Bibliography.Auricchio (2010), Ferrari et al. (2000), Hershkovitz (1988, 1990), Norconk (2011), Noronha, Spironello & Ferreira (2007), van Roosmalen et al. (2002), Rylands (1982), Silva & Noronha (2000), Veiga, Noronha et al. (2008). 3806466332 6 463