Urophonius transandinus Acosta, 1998: 157–164 Ojanguren-Affilastro et al., 2010: 2 Urophonius brachycentrus : Kraepelin, 1894 Urophonius granulatus : Kraepelin, 1899 Urophonius corderoi Mello-Leitão, 1931 Urophonius sp. brachycentrus Acosta, 1988: 25 mondacai U. transandinus Acosta, 1998 U. tumbensis Cekalovic, 1981 U. mondacai Urophonius exochus (Penther, 1913) Urophonius mahuidensis Maury, 1973 Urophonius martinezi Ojanguren-Affilastro and Cheli, 2009 Urophonius iheringii Pocock, 1893 Urophonius mondacai Urophonius pizarroi Ojanguren-Affilastro et al., 2010 Urophonius somuncura Acosta, 2003 Urophonius transandinus Acosta, 1999 Urophonius tregualemuensis Cekalovic, 1981 Urophonius tumbensis Cekalovic, 1981 U. tregualemuensis Urophonius transandinus U. pizarroi U. tregualemuensis U. tumbensis U. transandinus U. pizarroi U. tregualemuensis U. tumbensis New data on Chilean Urophonius Pocock, 1893 (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae), with description of a new species Ojanguren-Affilastro, Andrés A. Pizarro-Araya, Jaime Prendini, Lorenzo American Museum Novitates 2011 2011-10-28 2011 3725 1 44 7DXPG Acosta, 1998 Acosta 1998 [446,897,1457,1484] Arachnida Bothriuridae Urophonius Animalia Scorpiones 15 16 Arthropoda species transandinus      Urophonius transandinus Acosta, 1998: 157–164;  Ojanguren-Affilastro et al., 2010: 2, 3.   Urophonius brachycentrus: Kraepelin, 1894(part): 221 [ZMH specimen from Valparaíso; misidentfied]; Cekalovic, 1983 (part): 51 [reference to Kraepelin, 1894].   Urophonius granulatus: Kraepelin, 1899(part): 194 [presumably same ZMH specimen from Valparaíso, with corrected determination label; misidentified]; Cekalovic, 1983a(part): 52 [reference to Kraepelin, 1899].   Urophonius corderoiMello-Leitão, 1931: Cekalovic, 1981(part): 200; 1983b: 189; 1983a: 52 [misidentified].    Urophoniussp.[  brachycentrusgroup]:  Acosta, 1988: 25( Fig. 4), 28.   TYPE MATERIAL:  HolotypeƋ ( ZMH),  CHILE: Región V( Valparaíso) :   Valparaíso Province: Valparaíso[ 33°03′S 71°38′W],  15.v.1893, J. Michelsen.  Paratypes:  CHILE: Región V( Valparaíso) :   Valparaíso Province: Roadfrom Casablancato Algarrobo,  15.vii.1966, J. Solervicens, 1 Ƌ ( MACN 9602), allotype ♀( MACN 9601), 1 ♀( CDA); El Arrayan[ 33°37′26.5″S 71°36′40.1″W,  19 m],  4.ix.1963, Ecología Animal, 1 Ƌ ( MZUC 392); El Canelo[ 33°08′11.2″S 71°39′54.2″W,  212 m],  3.x.1967, G. López, 1 ♀( MZUC 608).   NEW RECORDS:  CHILE: Región   V( Valparaíso):  Marga-Marga Province: “La Campana” National Park, Granizosector, 32°58′53.1″S 71°07′38.2″W,  446 m,  16.vii.2009, A.A. Ojanguren- Affilastro, J. Pizarro-Araya, M. Izquierdoand F.M. Alfaro, 1 Ƌ, 3 ♀, 5 juv.( AMNH), 1 Ƌ, 3 ♀, 5 juv.( MHNS), 1 Ƌ, 3 ♀( MACN),   22–23.vii.2010, A.A. Ojanguren-Affilastro, J. Pizarro-Araya, D. Valdivia, L. Piacentiniand E. Soto, 5 Ƌ, 12 ♀( MACN), 4 Ƌ, 14 ♀( MNHNS),  1 ♀( AMNH[ LP 10614]).   Región Metropolitana de Santiago:  Santiago Province: Cerro Manquehue[ 33°20′S 70°35′W],  viii.1979, Jacobsohn, 1 ♀, ( MACN);  Farellones[ 33°20′38.98″S 70°22′38.44″W],  12.xi.1973, Valencia, 2 ♀, 1 juv.( MZUC);  Río Clarillo[ 33°43′50.47″S 70°27′59″W],  vii.1983, Lewin, 1 ♀( MACN).   Región   VI( Libertador Bernardode O’Higgins):  Colchagua Province: La Palmilla de Reto[ 34°30′37.71″S 71°34′07.92″W],  1.vi.2002, Cornejo, 1 ♀, ( MHNS); Rancagua- Machali[ 34°11′11.64″S 70°41′46.9″W],  viii.2007, Castro-Martínez, 1 Ƌ, 4 ♀( MHNS); “Río los Cipreses” National Reserve, “Las Arpas” sector, 34°16′52.1″S 70°27′4.2″W,  1066 m,  20.vii.2010, A.A. Ojanguren-Affilastro, J. Mondaca, J. Pizarro-Araya, D. Valdivia, L. Piacentini, and E. Soto, 5 Ƌ, 12 ♀( MACN), 5 Ƌ, 12 ♀( MNHNS), 1 Ƌ, 1 ♀, 2 subad., 1 juv.( AMNH[ LP 10669]).   RegiónVII ( Maule):  Curico Province: Los Niches, Curico, 35°03′47.4″S 71°07′22.3″W,  299 m,  19.vii.2009. A.A. Ojanguren-Affilastro, J.E. Barriga-Tuñón, J. Pizarro-Araya, M. Izquierdoand F.M. Alfaro, 1 Ƌ, 10 ♀( AMNH), 1 Ƌ, 10 ♀( MACN),  12 ♀( MNHNS),   18.vii.2010, A.A. Ojanguren-Affilastro, J.E. Barriga-Tuñón, J. Pizarro-Araya, D. Valdivia, L. Piacentiniand E. Soto, 5 Ƌ, 12 ♀( MACN), 5 Ƌ, 12 ♀( MNHNS),  2 ♀( AMNH[ LP 10653]);  Yacal, 35°10′23.9″S 71°07′25.1″W,  421 m,  19.vii.2010A.A. Ojanguren-Affilastro, J. Pizarro-Araya, D. Valdivia, L. Piacentini, and E. Soto, 4 Ƌ, 11 ♀( MACN), 4 Ƌ, 13 ♀( MNHNS).  DIAGNOSIS:  Urophonius transandinusis most similar morphologically to  U. tumbensisand occurs in sympatry with  U. mondacai, n. sp.,  U. pizarroi, and  U. tregualemuensis. It may be separated from these species by the presence of two macrosetae (M1, M2) associated with the dand etrichobothria of the pedipalp femur, only one (M1) of which is present in the other species. Additionally, the pedipalp chela manus of  U. transandinusis more robust, with length/ width ratio of 2.53–3.08 ( n= 20; mean = 2.78) in Ƌ and 3.27–3.77 ( n= 20; mean = 3.51) in ♀, than that of  U. mondacai, n. sp., with length/width ratio of 4.36 Ƌ, and 5.07 in ♀.   Urophonius transandinuscan be further separated from  U. mondacai, n. sp., and  U. tregualemuensisby the shape of the hemispermatophore. In  U. transandinus, the proximal part of the basal lobe is well developed, situated proximal to the capsular concavity, and the basal lobe terminates in a conspicuous elongated structure, whereas in  U. mondacai, n. sp.,    mondacai, n. sp., holotypeƋ (AMNH). B.  U. transandinus Acosta, 1998, Ƌ (MACN). C.  U. tumbensis Cekalovic, 1981, Ƌ (MACN). D.  U. mondacai, n. sp.,    paratype ♀( MACN). E.  U. transandinus,  ♀( MACN). F.  U. tumbensis, ♀ (MACN). Scale bars = 1 mm.  TABLE 1. Measurements (mm) of  Urophonius mondacai, n. sp.,  Urophonius transandinus Acosta, 1998, and  Urophonius tumbensis Cekalovic, 1981. Institutional acronyms as follows: AMNH: American Museum of Natural History, New York; MACN: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia,” Buenos Aires, Argentina; ZMH: Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg, Germany.    Specimen:   U. mondacai   U. transandinus   U. tumbensis  Type Holotype Paratype Holotype Paratype  Sex Ƌ ♀ Ƌ ♀ Ƌ ♀  Collection AMNH MACN ZMH MACN MACN MACN  Carapace:  length 3.20 3.24 4.19 3.90 2.96 3.64  anterior width 2.40 2.48 2.91 3.09 2.40 2.80  posterior width 3.76 3.80 4.51 4.58 3.28 4.40  Chela:  length 5.49 5.38 7.96 6.96 5.77 5.65  width 1.26 1.06 2.84 2.01 1.76 1.60  height 1.24 1.12 2.92 2.04 1.84 1.72  movable finger length 3.60 3.40 4.87 4.30 3.40 1.04  Patella:  length 3.40 3.20 4.30 3.90 2.96 3.28  width 1.24 1.24 1.62 1.45 1.04 1.28  Femur:  length 3.00 2.80 3.98 3.65 2.92 3.24  width 0.92 0.88 0.97 1.30 0.92 1.00  Mesosoma:  length 9.29 11.41 9.89 9.41 8.32 10.43  Metasoma I:  length 1.60 1.60 2,43 2.13 1.44 1.80  width 2.16 2.16 2.76 2.91 1.76 2.32  Metasoma II:  length 1.80 1.80 2.92 2.48 1.76 1.92  width 1,92 1.92 2.60 2.66 1.64 2.16  Metasoma III:  length 2.00 1.89 3.33 2.78 1.92 2.24  width 1.84 1.88 2.52 2.60 1.60 2.08  Metasoma IV:  length 2.60 2.40 4.14 3.40 2.68 2.68  width 1.80 1.80 2.52 2.60 1.60 2.04  Metasoma V:  length 4.28 3.88 5.93 4.83 3.60 3.60  width 1.88 1.64 2.51 2.44 1.52 1.92  height 1.64 1.50 1.95 2.04 1.28 1.60  Metasoma:  total length 12.28 11.56 18.75 15.62 11.40 12.24   Telson:  total length 4.56 - 7.23 6.19 4.40 4.72  vesicle length 3.52 2.80 6.08 4.58 3.52 3.28  vesicle width 1.68 1.28 2.43 2.29 1.60 1.68  vesicle height 1.40 1.02 2.03 1.79 1.28 1.44  aculeus length 1.04 - 1.22 1.61 0.88 1.04  Total length 29.33 29.01 40.06 35.12 27.08 31.03  TABLE 2. Currently recognized species of  Urophonius Pocock, 1893, species groups to which assigned, and countries, provinces (Argentina), states (Brazil), regions (Chile), or departments (Uruguay) in which they have been recorded. Group A   Urophonius eugenicus(Mello-Leitão, 1931) ARGENTINA: Santa Cruz    Urophonius exochus(Penther, 1913)  ARGENTINA: Mendoza, Neuquén,  Río Negro  Urophonius mahuidensis Maury, 1973 ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires   Urophonius martinezi Ojanguren-Affilastro and Cheli, 2009 ARGENTINA: Chubut Group B    Urophonius achalensisAbalos and Hominal, 1974 ARGENTINA: Córdoba   Urophonius brachycentrus(Thorell, 1876)  ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, Córdoba, La Pampa,  La Rioja, Río Negro, San Juan, San Luís, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán   Urophonius granulatus Pocock, 1898 ARGENTINA: Chubut, Santa Cruz;  CHILE: Magallanes    Urophonius iheringii Pocock, 1893  ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires;  BRAZIL: Río Grande do Sul;  URUGUAY: Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Tacuarembó   Urophonius mondacai, n. sp. CHILE: Metropolitana de Santiago, Valparaíso   Urophonius pizarroi Ojanguren-Affilastro et al., 2010 CHILE: Metropolitana de Santiago   Urophonius somuncura Acosta, 2003 ARGENTINA: Río Negro   Urophonius transandinus Acosta, 1999 CHILE: Metropolitana de Santiago, Valparaíso, LibertadorBernardo de O’Higgins, Maule   Urophonius tregualemuensis  Cekalovic, 1981 CHILE: Araucanía, Bío-Bío, Maule, LibertadorBernardo de O’Higgins   Urophonius tumbensis Cekalovic, 1981 CHILE: Bío-Bíoand  U. tregualemuensis, the proximal part of the basal lobe is less developed, situated in line with or distal to the capsular concavity, and the proximal part of the basal lobe terminates in a short laminar structure.   Urophonius transandinuscan be further separated from  U. pizarroi,  U. tregualemuensis,and  U. tumbensisby the orientation of the VSM carinae on metasomal segments I and II or I–III. The VSM carinae are subparallel in the posterior two-thirds of the segment, diverging in the anterior third, in  U. transandinusbut subparallel along its entire length in  U. pizarroiand  U. tregualemuensis, and they form a transverse carina in  U. tumbensis.    Urophonius transandinuscan be further separated from  U. pizarroiand  U. tregualemuensisby the pigmentation pattern on the ventral surface of metasomal segments I–IV.  Urophonius transandinusexhibits paired VL and VSM stripes, and occasionally a single VM stripe, whereas  U. pizarroiand  U. tregualemuensisexhibit a single VM and paired VL stripes. DESCRIPTION: Based on Ƌ and ♀specimens (AMNH, MACN, MZUC).  Total length: 33–43 mm( n= 20; mean = 37.77 mm) in Ƌ; 36.5–47 mm( n= 34; mean = 41.21 mm) in ♀.  FIGURE 13.  Urophonius mondacai, n. sp., habitus. A, B.Holotype Ƌ (AMNH). C, D.paratype   ♀( MACN).  A, C.Dorsalaspect.  B, D.Ventralaspect. Scale bars = 10 mm.  Color: Base color yellowish, with dark brown spots of pigmentation (fig. 16). Cheliceral fingers densely pigmented; manus densely pigmented at base of fixed finger and articulation of movable finger, with reticulate pigmentation elsewhere. Carapace, anterior two-thirds densely pigmented; anterior margin pigmented medially; lateral ocelli, anteromedian longitudinal sulcus, median ocular tubercle, and anterior margin of postocular sulcus densely pigmented; posterior two-thirds of postocular sulcus unpigmented; paired broad, dark stripes extending laterally from anterior margin to posteromedian longitudinal sulcus, complete or nearly so in densely pigmented specimens but disappearing near anterior margin in faintly pigmented specimens; paired dark spots laterally and posterolaterally. Tergites I–VII, each with paired dark spots laterally, leaving unpigmented stripe medially, but not reaching lateral margins, spots restricted to posterior two-thirds or posterior half of segment in faintly pigmented specimens, but occupying most of lateral surface, reaching anterior part of segment in densely pigmented specimens; median unpigmented stripe complete on I–III, lateral spots usually contiguous at anterior margins of IV–VII. Sternum, genital opercula, and pectines unpigmented. Sternite III with faint sparse spots; IV–VI each with small spot at anterolateral margin and additional faint sparse spots; VII, lateral margins densely pigmented in anterior half, with three dark stripes ventrally, usually connected by reticulate pigmentation in median part of segment, two broad stripes laterally, usually restricted to posterior half of segment, and narrow stripe medially, usually extending entire length of segment. Metasomal segment I, dorsal surface with paired dark spots at articulation points, paired triangular spots (very faint in less pigmented specimens) submedially, not contiguous medially, and paired spots at posterior margin, not contiguous medially, leaving unpigmented stripe medially; lateral margins densely pigmented, each with dark spot in posterior two-thirds of segment, ventral to LSM carinae, reaching VL carinae and dorsal spots posteriorly; VL stripes restricted to posterior half of segment, contiguous with ventral part of lateral spot; VSM stripes absent or reduced to faint pigmentation in median part of segment; VM stripe very narrow, faint, and restricted to median part of segment in specimens from northern populations (fig. 3C), well developed, extending entire length of segment in specimens from southern populations (fig. 3D). Metasomal segments II and III as for I, except dorsal surface with median spots contiguous, forming single triangular spot that may be faint in less pigmented specimens; lateral surfaces each with dark lateral spot restricted to posterior third of segment, remainder of lateral margin reticulate; VL stripes extending entire length of segment, posterior margins contiguous with dark lateral spot; VSM stripes well developed, occupying most of segment in specimens from northern populations. Metasomal segment IV as for II and III, except dorsal margin with median spot reduced to narrow stripe; lateral margins with lateral spot restricted to posterior third of segment; VL stripes extending entire length of segment, VSM stripes well developed, contiguous with VL stripes in posterior third of segment, and connected to VM stripe in anterior half by reticulate pigmentation. Metasomal segment V, dorsal surface with dorsolateral margins densely pigmented, especially in posterior half of segment, leaving unpigmented area medially; lateral margins densely pigmented at posterior margin, with reticulate pigmentation elsewhere; VL and VSM stripes extending entire length of segment, VL stripes becoming wider and more diffuse in posterior two-thirds, VSM stripes contiguous with VL stripes in posterior two-thirds; VM stripe extending entire length of segment, connected to VSM stripes in posterior half by reticulate pigmentation. Telsonvesicle, dorsal surface unpigmented; ventral and lateral surfaces densely pigmented, except for VM stripe and paired VSM and lateral unpigmented stripes; aculeus reddish brown, apex dark brown. Pedipalps, trochanter with dark reticulate pigmentation dorsally; femur densely pigmented dorsally, especially near articulation points, external surface densely pigmented near articulation with patella, unpigmented elsewhere; patella densely pigmented dorsally, externally and dorsointernally, unpigmented ventrally; chela with reticulate pigmentation and seven dark longitudinal stripes, internal surface less pigmented and with two faint stripes, area near articulation of fixed and movable fingers, and base of fingers densely pigmented. Legs, coxa unpigmented; trochanter with dark spot; femur, external surface with two dark spots medially and near articulation with patella; patella, dorsoexternal surface with two dark spots near articulation with femur and tibia; tibia with two dark spots, medially and near articulation with basitarsus; basitarsus with spot medially; telotarsus unpigmented. Carapace: Surfaces finely granular in ♀, more coarsely granular in Ƌ. Anterior margin with very shallow median notch. Anteromedian longitudinal, interocular, posteromedian longitudinal, and posterolateral sulci well developed. Median ocular tubercle well developed, superciliary carinae more pronounced FIGURE 14.  Urophonius mondacai, n. sp., and median ocelli larger in Ƌ; ocelli approximately two holotypeƋ (AMNH), dextral pedipalp patella. A.Dorsal aspect. B.External diameters apart, each with one microseta situated ante-  aspect.  C.Ventralaspect. Scalebar = 1 riorly and one macroseta situated posteriorly, anterior mm. microsetae replaced by macrosetae in some specimens. Threepairs of small lateral ocelli on each side of carapace, anterior and median ocelli situated very close together, in same horizontal axis, posterior ocellus situated slightly dorsal to others, one diameter apart.  Tergites: Surfaces I– VIsmooth; VII with paired submedian and lateral carinae, comprising medium-sized granules, lateral carinae restricted to posterior two-thirds of segment, submedian carinae to posterior half. Tergite Iwith four posterior macrosetae, II– VIeach with six posterior macrosetae; III–VII each with paired submedian macrosetae in anterior half of segment.  Sternites: Surfaces III– VIsmooth, each with small elliptical spiracles; VII, anterior half smooth, posterior half granular, with four carinae, paired VSMand VL, well developed in ♀, obsolete in Ƌ; posterior margin with well developed carina. Metasoma: Metasomal segment I, dorsal surface smooth to sparsely granular; DLcarinae granular, more coarsely so near posterior margin, extending entire length of segment, with one pair of DLmacrosetae; LSMcarinae granular, extending entire length of segment, with one pair of LSMmacrosetae; surface between DLand LSMcarinae sparsely granular; LIMcarinae restricted to posterior two-thirds of segment, with one pair of LIMmacrosetae; VLcarinae subparallel, VSMcarinae diverging obliquely at anterior margin, subparallel at posterior margin, anterior part almost always oblique, VSMcarinae creating V-shape in northern populations (fig. 8A, B), but forming transverse anterior carina in southern populations (fig. 9A, B); three pairs of VLmacrosetae; four pairs of VSMmacrosetae, anterior pair situated on anterolateral margin of VSMcarina, not in same axis as other pairs. Segment IIas for I, except with slightly less granular carinae; LIMcarinae restricted to posterior third of smooth, with (Ƌ) or without ( ♀) elliptical median depression, corresponding to telson gland; ventral surface slightly granular. Aculeus short, shallowly curved.  FIGURE 16.  Urophonius transandinus Acosta, 1998, habitus. A, B.Ƌ (MACN). C, D.♀ (MACN). A, C.Dorsal aspect. B, D.Ventral aspect. Scale bars = 10 mm.  Pedipalps: Femur with DI, DE, and VI carinae granular (Ƌ) or obsolete, reduced to slight curvature of surface ( ♀), extending entire length of segment; two dorsal macrosetae (M1, M2) associated with dand etrichobothria (fig. 2C); trichobothrium esituated proximal to macroseta M 1 insome specimens and distal to M 1 inothers. Patella with DI and VI carinae granular, extending entire length of segment; DE and VE carinae obsolete, reduced to slight elevation of surface along entire length of segment (fig. 17). Chela manus robust (Ƌ) or slender ( ♀), length/ width ratio 2.53–3.08 ( n= 20; mean = 2.78) in Ƌ, 3.27–3.77 ( n= 20; mean = 3.51) in ♀; length/ height ratio 2.33–2.79 ( n= 20; mean = 2.56) in Ƌ, 2.88–3.31 ( n= 20; mean = 3.12) in ♀; E, VM, DS, DM, DI, D, and IM carinae obsolete, more developed in Ƌ than in ♀(fig. 18); internal surface with slight bulge near articulation of movable finger ( ♀) or with pronounced, subtriangular projection, shallow depression, and group of 4 or 5 granules near base of fixed finger, with one or two additional granules between this group of granules and median denticle row of fixed finger (Ƌ); fingers elongated, median denticle row uneven medially, forming double row, with five or six pairs of internal and external accessory denticles; fixed finger, median denticle row with basal denticles usually fused.  Legs: Surfaces smooth. Basitarsi each with two well-developed, equal-length pedal spurs. Telotarsi elongated, shallow, each with well-developed ventromedian row of hyaline spinules and paired pro- and retroventral rows of spiniform macrosetae; spinules similar in length to spiniform macrosetae near base of telotarsus, twice their length at distal margin; spiniform macrosetae with following counts in pro- and retroventral rows on telotarsus I: 1/1, II: 2/2, III: 5–6/6–7, IV: 6–7/7–8; only pair of spiniform macrosetae on I and first pair on II–IV subspiniform, others stout spiniform (fig. 19). Ungues curved, equal in length (fig. 19C, E, G). Pseudonychium well developed, apex curved. Median dorsal lobe protruding approximately 20%–30% length of unguis.  Pectines: Tooth count: 14–17 ( n= 29; mode = 16) in Ƌ; 12–16 ( n= 74; mode = 13) in ♀.  Hemispermatophore: Basal portion very well developed. Distal lamina well developed, elongated, similar in length to basal portion; distal crest almost straight, oriented in same direction as frontal margin on distal lamina; frontal crest (distal posterior flexure) barely distinguishable from frontal margin; internal lobe with two well-developed denticles forming bicusp, not connected to distal lamina (fig. 5H), external denticle slightly larger than internal denticle. Lobe region well developed (fig. 5G), basal lobe very well developed, protruding, internal surface forming deep, concave excavation. Genital plug well developed, with internal longitudinal flexure and median longitudinal excavation.  DISTRIBUTION: According to Acosta (1998),  U. transandinusis restricted to a narrow area extending from the Región Metropolitana de Santiagoto Región V ( Valparaíso), central Chile. Based on additional material examined in Chilean collections and collected during several winter expeditions to central and southern Chile, this species is more widely distributed, however. In the present contribution,  U. transandinusis recorded from four regions of Chile(table 2). The specimens described by Acosta (1998)appear to represent the northernmost populations of this species.  ECOLOGY: The habitat in central Chile, where the typematerial was collected, is a mixture of forests and shrub steppes ( Gajardo, 1993). In this area, we collected  U. transandinusin dry woods at “La Campana” National Park. We also collected this species further south, in shrub steppe at approximately 1100 min the foothills of the Andes, at “Río los Cipreses” National Reserve. The ground surface on this occasion was covered by a layer of snow, approximately 5 cmdeep, accumulated several hours earlier. Based on observations with UV light detection, we found that scorpions were active on the surface, in spite of the weather conditions, but avoided snow-covered areas by climbing over small rocks instead. We also collected  U. transandinusnear Curicó, in Region VII ( Maule), the southernmost record of the species, more than 200 kmsouth of the typelocality and other records listed by Acosta (1998). These specimens were collected on plains and small hills, in a mixed grass/shrub steppe. VARIATION: Based on the additional material available, several morphological differences are evident among northern and southern populations of  U. transandinus. Specimens from northern populations exhibit two dark VSM stripes and, in some specimens, traces of a VM stripe on the ventral surface of metasomal segments I–III (fig. 3C) whereas those from southern populations exhibit a welldefined VM stripe and traces of VSM stripes (fig. 3D). The VSM carinae on metasomal segments I and II are oblique and diverging in the anterior FIGURE 17.  Urophonius transandinus Acosta, 1998, Ƌ (MACN), dextral pedipalp patella. A.third of the segment in northern populations (fig. Dorsal aspect. B.External aspect. C.Ventral 8A), but form a transverse carina in the anterior aspect. Scale bar = 1 mm. third in most specimens from southern populations (fig. 9A). Finally, the denticles of the internal lobe of the hemispermatophore are slightly less developed in some males from southern populations. None of these differences appear to be fixed within the respective populations, however. We therefore consider these populations to be conspecific. [376,1016,347,374] ZMH, V Chile Region 16 17 1 Valparaiso holotype 1893-05-15 J. Michelsen Chile -33.05 Valparaiso Province 1207 -71.63333 16 17 1 Valparaiso holotype V Chile Region 16 17 1 Valparaiso paratype 1963-09-04 1967-10-03 1963-09-04 CDA J. Solervicens & El Arrayan & Ecologia Animal & El Canelo & G. Lopez Chile Road 19 -33.136448 Algarrobo 1 -71.665054 Casablanca 16 17 MACN 9602, MACN 9601, MZUC 392, MZUC 608 3 3 Valparaiso allotype [168,553,571,598] NEW, RECORDS Chile Region 16 17 1 2009-07-16 V, AMNH Affilastro & J. Pizarro-Araya & M. Izquierdo & F. M. Alfaro Chile Marga-Marga Province 446 -32.98142 Granizo 1 -71.12728 National Park 16 17 8 3 Valparaiso MHNS Chile 16 17 8 3 [304,523,683,710] MACN Chile 16 17 3 3 2010-07-22 2010-07-23 2010-07-22 MACN Ojanguren-Affilastro & Pizarro-Araya & Valdivia & L. Piacentini & Soto Chile 16 17 12 12 [807,1060,720,748] MNHNS Chile 16 17 14 14 AMNH Chile 16 17 LP 10614 1 1 1979-08 MACN Jacobsohn Chile -33.333332 Cerro Manquehue 1205 -70.583336 16 17 1 1 Region Metropolitana 1973-11-12 MZUC Valencia Chile -33.34416 Farellones 1 -70.37735 16 17 3 2 1983-07 MACN Lewin Chile -33.730686 Rio Clarillo 12 -70.466385 16 17 1 1 [375,461,870,897] Chile Region 16 17 1 2002-06-01 VI, MHNS Cornejo Chile Bernardo -34.510475 La Palmilla de Reto 1 -71.56886 Colchagua Province 16 17 1 1 Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins 2007-08 MHNS Castro-Martinez Chile -34.18657 Machali 1 -70.696365 16 17 4 4 2010-07-20 MACN A. A. Ojanguren-Affilastro & J. Mondaca & J. Pizarro-Araya & D. Valdivia & L. Piacentini & E. Soto Chile 1066 -34.28114 National Reserve 1 -70.451164 16 17 12 12 [377,639,1056,1084] MNHNS Chile 16 17 12 12 [652,1220,1056,1084] AMNH Chile 16 17 LP 10669 4 1 2009-07-19 AMNH Ojanguren-Affilastro & J. E. Barriga-Tunon & J. Pizarro-Araya & M. Izquierdo & F. M. Alfaro Chile Region 299 -35.063168 Los Niches 1 -71.12286 Curico Province 16 17 10 10 Maule [542,793,1168,1196] MACN Chile 16 17 10 10 [807,1010,1168,1195] MNHNS Chile true 16 17 12 12 2010-07-18 MACN Ojanguren-Affilastro & Barriga-Tunon & Pizarro-Araya & D. Valdivia & L. Piacentini & Soto Chile 16 17 12 12 [382,648,1243,1271] MNHNS Chile 16 17 12 12 [663,978,1243,1270] AMNH Chile 16 17 LP 10653 2 2 2010-07-19 MACN Ojanguren-Affilastro & Pizarro-Araya & D. Valdivia & L. Piacentini & Soto Chile 421 -35.173306 Yacal 1 -71.12364 16 17 11 11 [648,906,1318,1345] MNHNS Chile 16 17 13 13 [277,719,1643,1667] MACN 18 19 1 1 paratype [736,1043,1643,1667] MACN 18 19 1 1 paratype [713,1034,417,439] Argentina Mendoza 20 21 1 Mendoza Argentina Rio Negro 20 21 1 Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires [713,1169,651,673] Argentina Buenos Aires 20 21 1 Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires [339,460,742,764] Argentina Chubut 20 21 1 Chubut [1038,1213,742,764] Chile true Chubut 20 21 1 Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena [713,976,780,802] Argentina Buenos Aires 20 21 1 Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires Brazil Rio Grande do Sul 20 21 1 Rio Grande do Sul Uruguay Lavalleja 20 21 1 Lavalleja [360,477,985,1006] Chile Santiago 20 21 1 Region Metropolitana [386,531,1049,1071] Chile Araucania 20 21 1 Araucania [197,964,1337,1361] MACN A, C. Dorsal & B, D. Ventral 21 22 1 1 VI, II, III, VSM, VL, DL, LSM, LIM C. Ventral & Scale & Three & Tergites & Surfaces I & Tergite I & Sternites & Surfaces 25 26 23 24 2 2