Macquart 1851 : 276 Blanchard 1852 : 464 Cresson 1931 : 85 Hendel 1930 : 150 Dimecoenia chilensis Cresson 1935 : 350 Oliveira 1954a : 188 Wirth 1968 : 23 Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995 : 239 Neoephydra chilensis Mathis 2008 : 10 Coquillett 1901 : 377 Hendel 1930 : 150 Dimecoenia gilvipes Cresson 1935 : 353 Oliveira 1954a : 188 Wirth 1968 : 23 Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States Mathis, Wayne N. Marinoni, Luciane Zootaxa 2016 4116 1 1 110 Macquart Macquart [195,607,1052,1078] Insecta Ephydridae Neoephydra Animalia Diptera 52 53 Arthropoda species chilensis   Figs. 72–74, Map 15     Ephydra chilensis  Macquart 1851: 276.—  Blanchard 1852: 464[reference].—  Cresson 1931: 85[diagnosis and discussion].—  Hendel 1930: 150[list].    Dimecoenia chilensis.—  Cresson 1935: 350[generic combination].—  Oliveira 1954a: 188[list].—  Wirth 1968: 23[Neotropical catalog].—  Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 239[world catalog].    Neoephydra chilensis.—  Mathis 2008: 10[generic combination].    Ephydra gilvipes  Coquillett 1901: 377.—  Hendel 1930: 150[list].—Mathis 1995: 636 [synonymy].    Dimecoenia gilvipes.—  Cresson 1935: 353[generic combination; review].—  Oliveira 1954a: 188[list].—  Wirth 1968: 23[Neotropical catalog]; 1969: 593 [distribution and diagnosis].   Diagnosis.Specimens of  N. chilensisare distinguished from similar congeners of the  araucariagroup by the following characters: appearance generally gray, microtomentose; face moderately setose; gena moderately short; and structures of male terminalia with distinctive conformation. Medium-sized to moderately large shore flies, body length 3.40–5.00 mm; generally dull, grayish brown to gray with some subshiny areas dorsally.  Head:Head ratio 0.68–0.70; frontal ratio 0.53–0.56; mesofrons with dark greenish to greenish blue, metallic luster, pilose laterally; ocellar triangle and parafrons nearly concolorous, microtomentose, brownish gray to charcoal gray; parafrons becoming more charcoal colored anteriorly; fronto-orbits with narrow strip through insertions of fronto-orbital setae subshiny, with some metallic luster; number of fronto-orbital setae usually 2, sometimes with a large seta posterior to others. Antenna mostly concolorous, blackish brown. Facial ratio 0.95– 0.98; mostly moderately setulose particularly along oral margin and toward posteroventral portions of face; dorsum of interfoveal hump with subshiny area more or less concolorous with mesofrons, otherwise face densely microtomentose, mostly whitish gray, faintly brownish dorsally, paler ventrally. Eye ratio 0.87–0.90; gena-to-eye ratio 0.34–0.38; gena high, coloration gray to whitish gray but with faint tinges of olivaceous green posteriorly.  Thorax:Mostly microtomentose; scutum mostly brown, somewhat subshiny, darker posteriorly; anterior margin microtomentose, gray to bluish gray, subshiny luster concolorous with mesofrons; pleural areas paler, more gray colored ventrally; anepisternum with central area and dorsal margin brownish, otherwise becoming gray; other pleural areas including coxae mostly whitish gray, faintly olivaceous dorsally, paler ventrally. Wing length averaging 3.19–3.34 mm; mostly very faintly infuscate, very pale grayish brown; costal vein ratio 0.21–0.24; M vein ratio 0.80–0.83. Legs mostly pale colored, yellowish to reddish yellow; femora of some specimens thinly microtomentose, grayish to faintly greenish gray; tibiae and tarsi yellowish to reddish yellow.  Abdomen:Generally microtomentose and unicolorous, grayish olivaceous green to gray, becoming paler toward lateral margins, some specimens with faint bluish tinges of metallic luster; ventral surface of tergites frequently whitish gray. Tergite 5 of male somewhat trapezoidal, truncate apically. Maleterminalia ( Figs. 72–74): margins of epandrium in posterior view tapered very gradually, rounded dorsally; surstyli in posterior view roughly forming isosceles triangle, lateral margins long; surstylus in lateral view with posterior process moderately wide on basal 3/4, thereafter tapered to rounded, anteriorly curved apex; lateral process moderately long, bluntly rounded, with 2–3 long, medioapical setulae.    Typematerial.The lectotypemale of  Ephydra chilensisMacquart, here designated to stabilize and make more universal the use of this name, is labeled “8 [handwritten on white disk]/[a green disk, white on underside] 124 38 [1838][handwritten on underside]/ Ephydra Chilensis♀ [sic] Macq. n. sp. [handwritten on folded, white rectangle]/ LECTOTYPE Ephydra chilensis Macquartby W. N. Mathis [red, handwritten].” Two paralectotypes(1Ƌ, 1ex) are labeled with the same label data as the lectotypeexcept for the determination label. The lectotypeand paralectotypesare in the MNHN(number 1996). All specimens of the typeseries are pinned directly and are moldy; the head and abdomen of one of the paralectotypesis missing; the abdomen of the lectotypehas been removed and dissected, and the structures are in an attached microvial. The lectotypemale  Ephydra gilvipes(designated by Wirth 1969: 593) is labeled “Galapagos Is[lands] Albemarle [Isabela; 0°49.8'S, 91°08.1'W] 2-13-1899[ 13 Feb 1899]/ TypeNo. 4429 U.S.N.M. [red]/ Ephydra gilvipes Coq./ LECTOTYPE Ephydra gilvipes Coquillettby W. N. Mathis [red, handwritten].” In the original description, Coquillett listed one male and five female syntypes. We have studies three of these species and only one was a female. The best male specimen of the typeseries was selected as the lectotypeand is deposited in the USNM(4429). The lectotypeis pinned directly; the abdomen has been removed and dissected, and the structures are stored in an attached microvial.   Typelocality.“ Chile.” (ca. 30°S, 71°W).  Additional specimens examined.  ARGENTINA. La Rioja:Carrizal Bajo ( 28°53'S, 67°33'W), Oct 1958, L. E. Peña ( 6♂, 2♀; MZUSP).   CHILE. Antofagasta:Tocopilla ( 22°05'S, 70°12'W), 10 Apr 1931, D. S. Bullock ( 4♂, 5♀; USNM). Tarapaca:Azapa Valley ( 18°29'S, 70°14'W), Jun 1912, D. E. Porter ( 1♂, 1♀; USNM); Noasa ( 19°59'S, 69°08'W), 28 Sep 1951, L. E. Peña ( 13♂, 6♀; USNM); Pica ( 20°30'S, 69°21'W), 23 Sep–20 Nov 1966, M. E. Irwin, E. Medina ( 2♂, 5♀; USNM).   PERU. Lima:Huaura ( 16 miN; 11°04.1'S, 77°36'W), 15 Jan 1955, E. S. Ross, E. I. Schlinger ( 1♂, 1♀; CAS, USNM); Lima, Laguna de Villa ( 12°03.3'S, 77°03'W), 30 Aug 1988, W. N. Mathis ( 11♂, 1♀; USNM).   Distribution(Map 15). Neotropical: Argentina(La Rioja), Chile(Antofagasta, Tarapaca), Ecuador(Galápagos Islands), and Peru(Lima), between the equator and 23°S and 70°–91°W.   Remarks.This species is widespread, mostly west of the Andes Mountains, and throughout its known range color polymorphism is evident. The legs of most specimens are pale colored, mostly yellowish to reddish yellow, but occurring sympatrically are occasional specimens with dark colored femora. The femora of these specimens are actually pale colored, but their microtomentose vestiture is denser and darker, covering their pale coloration.  MAP 15.Distribution map for  Neoephydra chilensis(Macquart).