Epicauta Macrobasis America ( Pinto, 1991 ) Gnathospasta Apterospasta Macrobasis Epicauta Acrididae Epicauta The Old World genera of Meloidae (Coleoptera): a key and synopsis Bologna, M. A. Pinto, J. D. Journal of Natural History 2002 2002-12-31 36 17 2013 2102 Kaszab 1952 [179,292,492,516] Insecta Meloidae Denierella GBIF Animalia Coleoptera 48 2059 Arthropoda genus  (Werner, 1945). Ca381 spp. ( ca 110 inthe Old World).  Geographic distribution.Occurring on all of the major land masses except  Australia, New Zealandand Madagascar. Widespread throughout the Old World except at extreme N latitudes.  References  Taxonomy.Haag-Rutenber g (1880 partial key); Reitter (1905); Péringuey (1909 key to South African spp.); Denier (1935a, 1935b); Werner (1945 key to USand Canadian spp., 1954); Kaszab (1952b key to the Palaearctic and Oriental species, 1953c key to the Afrotropical species, 1960b, 1978); Tan (1958); Anand (1977); Saha (1979); Selander and Mathieu (1969 partial catalogue of American spp.); Adams and Selander (1979 partial catalogue of American spp.); Pinto (1980, 1984b, 1991revision North American species including key to spp.); Bologna (1991a); Dvorak (1996c). 2014 February 13 15: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded 2060 M. A. Bologna and J. D. Pinto  Bionomics.Beauregard (1890); Roepke (1917); Verbeek (1932); Jannone (1935); Cros (1937); Görnitz (1937); Horsfall (1941, 1942, 1943); Church (1967); Nagatomi (1967); Selander and Mathieu (1969); Selander and Weddle (1969, 1972); El Rayah (1973); Adams and Selander (1979); Selander (1981, 1982); Pinto (1973, 1991); Gahukar et al. (1989); Bologna (1991a, 1994b).  Larvae.Beauregard (1890); Bréthes (1901, 1917); Cros (1937); Horsfall (1941); MacSwain (1956); Berr ǵos-Ortiz and Selander (1972); Pinto (1972a, 1991); Selander and Aga tei (1982).  Anatomy.Beauregard (1890); Gupta (1971, 1978); Ferreira and Mesa (1977); Berr ǵos-Ortiz and Selander (1979); Dey et al. (1985); Berr ǵos-Ortiz (1986).  Physiology.Cohen and Pinto (1977).  Pharmacology.Cornalia (1865); Beauregard (1890); Théodoridès (1950); Hammouda and Salama (1974); Inagaki et al. (1983).  Fossils.Werner (1970).  Notes    Epicautaincludes two subgenera. The geographic distribution of the nominate subgenus coincides with that of the genus itself.  Macrobasis( ca70 species) is restricted primarily to North America ( Pinto, 1991). Among the synonyms listed above,  Gnathospastaand  Apterospastaare junior synonyms of  Macrobasisat the subgeneric level. Keys by Kaszab (1952b, 1953c, 1960b, 1978) are available for the Old World species although they are incomplete and diYcult to use especially for females. A modern revision is available only for the North American species ( Pinto, 1991).   Epicautaare parasitoids of grasshopper eggs, primarily of the family Acrididae. Selander (1981, 1982) provides evidence that certain species feed on the eggs of other  Epicauta.