Anastatus dexingensis Sheng and Wang, in Sheng et al . 1997: 59 Anastatus kashmirensis Hu et al ., 2011: 483–484 Anastatus dexingensis Peng et al ., 2017: 4–6 Review of the species of Anastatus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) known from China, with description of two new species with brachypterous females Peng, Lingfei Gibson, Gary A. P. Tang, Lu Xiang, Jiawei Zootaxa 2020 2020-04-28 4767 3 351 401  Peng et al ., 2017: 4–6  DGYM Sheng and Wang, 1997 Sheng and Wang 1997 [151,861,1593,1620] Insecta Eupelmidae Anastatus Animalia Hymenoptera 12 363 Arthropoda species dexingensis Anastatus   Figs 4, 5      Anastatus dexingensisSheng and Wang, in Sheng et al. 1997: 59(Chinese description), 63 (English synopsis), figs 6–9. De- scribed: female.    Anastatus kashmirensis;  Hu et al., 2011: 483–484, fig. 1. Misidentification.    Anastatus dexingensis;  Peng et al., 2017: 4–6, figs 1–7.   Diagnosis.FEMALE. Macropterous ( Figs 4A, F, G). Fore wing with hyaline cross band behind marginal vein complete but often with at least a few dark setae medially within band ( Fig. 4H) and sometimes with more-or-less complete band of dark setae medially ( Fig. 4I); infuscate region basal of hyaline band with uniformly dark setae and variably broad relative to hyaline band depending on whether hyaline band with entirely white setae ( Fig. 4F) or with dark setae medially ( Figs 4H, I); basal region with basal cell, mediocubital fold and cubital and vanal areas uniformly setose, though basal cell with comparatively inconspicuous white setae ( Fig. 5B). Head ( Fig. 4C) with scrobal depression distinctly separated from anterior ocellus by distance at least equal to 2× longitudinal diameter of ocellus. Antenna ( Fig. 5A) with fl2 longer than pedicel, but not all funiculars longer than wide, with at least apical two funiculars quadrate to slightly transverse ( Fig. 5A, insert). Mesosoma, including procoxa ( Fig. 4A), entirely dark, with concave posterior part of mesoscutum bright green to bluish or partly purple in distinct contrast to rest of mesoscutum ( Fig. 4B); mesotibial apical spur infuscate ( Fig. 5C); mesotarsus with at least basal three tarsomeres pale, much lighter than mesotibial apical spur and dark mesotarsal pegs ( Fig. 5C). Mesoscutum ( Fig. 4B) with convex anterior part of medial lobe entirely punctate-reticulate, and with posterior concave part of mesoscutum broadly setose with white setae medially, but apices of setae not extending laterally to carinate margin of lateral lobe; mesoscutal lateral lobe uniformly reticulate-imbricate to reticulate-rugose and setose anterior to posteromedian carina ( Figs 4B, D). Profemur ventrally with distinct, acute, spine-like denticle (tooth) within about apical third ( cf. Fig. 9A).   FIGURE 5.  Anastatus( Anastatus) dexingensis. A, Female antenna (2018-86) [insert: apical three funiculars and clava, vertical lines indicate length of antennomeres]; B, female base of fore wing (2018-85); C, female mesotibial apical spur and mesotarsus; D, male antenna (2018-47) [insert: pedicel and ventral view of basal flagellomeres]; E, male frontal head (2018-49); F, male lateral habitus (2018-48); G, male dorsal head and mesosoma (2018-47); H, male fore wing (2018-47); I, male costal cell (2018- 47). Abbreviations: cuf = cubital fold, fl2 = second flagellomere, mcf = mediocubital fold, mdf = medial fold, mps = multiporous plate sensilla, pdl = pedicel, spc = speculum. MALE. Antenna ( Figs 5D, F) with scape yellow; pedicel dark dorsally but pale ventrally; flagellum with at least basal one or two flagellomeres paler relative to darker brown apical flagellomeres such that darker multiporous plate sensilla ( Fig. 5D: mps) contrasting in colour with surrounding cuticle, and consisting of clava and seven funiculars, with all funiculars obviously longer than wide and clava subequal in length to combined length of apical two funiculars ( Fig. 5D). Head ( Fig. 5E) with frons mostly to entirely mesh-like coriaceous to pustulate. Mesopleurosternum uniformly dark ( Fig. 5F) or at most only transepisternal line obscurely differentiated. Legs ( Fig. 5F) with trochanters and trochantelli pale; pro- and mesofemora mostly dark but narrowly pale apically, and metafemur entirely dark; pro- and mesotibiae entirely pale, but metatibia almost entirely dark, only narrowly pale basally for distance at most about equal with apical width of tibia; tarsi pale. Fore wing ( Fig. 5H) with costal cell dorsally setose along entire leading margin ( Fig. 5I); basal cell variably densely, but more-or-less uniformly setose with dark setae; disc with large, quadrangular speculum ( Fig. 5H: spc), the ventral surface with only a few setae anteriorly adjacent to parastigma apically, and closed posteriorly by line of dark setae.  Species concept.Our concept of  A. dexingensisis based on examination of the female holotypeand one remaining female paratype(FAFU) from Jiangxi Province, Chinaas detailed by Peng et al. (2017).  Non-type material examined. Regional. Fujian: Fuzhou City, 22.V.1956( 1♀IZCAS), 1.VI.1956( 2♀IZCAS). Houzhai, Daiyun Mountains, Dehua County, 905 m, 25.VIII.2015, Malaise trap, L. Peng ( 1♀FAFU). Yashu Moun- tains, Ninghua County, 5–13.I.2017, L. Peng ( 2♀FAFU). Hainan: Yunyue Lake, Danzhou City, 20.VIII.2004, B. Lv ( 1♀IZCAS).  Taiwan: Kaohsiung City, field collected 25.V.2017from  Tessaratoma papillosaeggs and laboratory reared on  Samia cynthiaeggs, 10.VI.2017, Y.-H. Wu ( 2♀, 5♂CNC). Miaoli County, field collected 24.V.2017and laboratory reared on  Tessaratoma papiliosaeggs, Y.-H. Wu ( 1♀, 2♂CNC). Taichung City, 8.V.2017, field col- lected/reared from  Tessaratoma papillosaeggs, Y.-H. Wu ( 3♀CNC). Taichung City, field collected 25.V.2017from  Tessaratoma papillosaeggs and laboratory reared on  Samia cynthiaeggs from F1 generation, 12.VI.2017, Y.-H. Wu ( 2♀, 8♂CNC). Wufeng District, Taichung City, 24.V.2017, J.-C. Hsu ( 1♀CNC). Taipei, 12.VI.2017, Y.-H. Wu, ex.  Tessaratoma papillosaeggs ( 4♀CNC). Taipei, laboratory reared 24.VI.2007on  Samia cynthiaeggs from F1 generation field collected from  Tessaratoma papillosaeggs, Y.-H. Wu ( 1♀CNC). TaipeiCity, VIII.2016, L.-J. Wang ( 9♀CNC). TaipeiCity, Da′an District, 10.VII.2016, J.-C. Hsu ( 1♀CNC). TaipeiBotanical Garden, Zhishanyuan, Shilin, TaipeiCity, 38 m, 25°06′09″N 121°31′53.4″E, L.-J. Wang and J.W. CHANG, egg trap, ex. laboratory reared  Samia cynthiaeggs, 13.IX.2016( 2♀, 3♂CNC). National Taiwan University, TaipeiCity, 8.VI.2017, J.-C. Hsu ( 2♀CNC).  Extralimital.  INDIA. Orissa: Jharsuguda, Badmal, 13.XII.2007, F.R. Khan,  Anastatus ramakrishnaidet. T.C. Narendran, 2010 ( 3♀CNC)   Distribution.ORIENTAL: China( Fujian, Hainan, Jiangxi, * Taiwan), * India( Orissa).   Hosts. HEMIPTERA.  Tessaratomidae: *  Tessaratoma papillosa. LEPIDOPTERA.  Lasiocampidae:  Dendrolimus kikuchiiMatsumura, 1927( Sheng et al. 1997).  Saturniidae: *  Samia cynthia(Drury, 1773)(factitious host).   Remarks. Among the species we recognise from China, females treated as  A. dexingensisare very similar to those of  A. shichengensis, which have the mesoscutal lateral lobe dorsolongitudinally setose and sculptured ( Fig. 23E: arrow) similar to  A. dexingensisfemales ( Fig. 4D), but the profemur abruptly angulate apically ( Fig. 23H) rather than having a spine-like denticle apically ( cf. Fig. 9A: arrow). Females of  A. formosanushave an apically spine-like denticulate profemur ( Fig. 9A: arrow) similar to  A. dexingensisfemales, but have a differentiated, bare and smoother, more minutely mesh-like coriaceous, dorsolongitudinal region anterior to the posteromedian carina ( Figs 8B, D). Females of  A. dexingensishave the mesoscutal lateral lobe distinctly roughened, more-or-less uniformly reticulate-imbricate to reticulate-rugose, and setose anterior to the posteromedian carina ( Figs 4B, D) (see also under  A. shichengensis). Additionally,  A. formosanusfemales always have a comparatively broad hyaline cross band with entirely white setae and with the apical margin of the band broadly curved similarly to the basal band ( Figs 8G, H), whereas females of  A. dexingensisoften have at least a few dark, isolated setae medially within the cross band ( Fig. 4G) and sometimes a more-or-less complete band of dark setae ( Fig. 4I); and then the cross band is comparatively narrow and/or with the apical margin distinctly angulate medially relative to the basal margin ( Figs 4H, I). Finally, the scrobal depression of  A. formosanusfemales ( Figs 8C, E) usually has slightly better delineated (more angulate than rounded) dorsolateral margins than does the scrobal depression of females we identify as  A. dexingensis( Figs 4C, E), as noted by Peng et al.(2017). Most females we identify as  A. dexingensisare also somewhat smaller, only about 2.5 mmin length, than most observed  A. formosanusfemales, which are usually at least about 3.5 mmin length, though a couple of observed females of both species are similar in size to typical females of the other species. Even though body size overlaps among females of the two species, the size variation at least demonstrates that the mesoscutal lateral lobe sculpture and setal pattern is not size correlated.  Sheng et al. (1997)did not rear or describe males when they described  A. dexingensis, but reared material from Taiwanwith associated sexes suggests that males are also very similar to those of  A. formosanus. Males of these two species and those of  A. orientalisare differentiated in part by having one or more of the basal flagellomeres distinctly paler, more-or-less orange, than more apical flagellomeres, so that the multiporous plate sensilla contrast in colour with the surrounding cuticle ( Figs 5D, 9F, 21G). Males we recognize as  A. shichengensishave a similar fore wing setal pattern ( Figs 24H, I) and similar flagellar structure ( Figs 24E, F) as males of  A. dexingensis( Figs 5D, H, I), but have an entirely dark flagellum ( Fig. 24E) unlike  A. dexingensismales ( Fig. 5D, F). Males of  A. orientalisare readily differentiated by having entirely or almost entirely pale legs ( Fig. 21B), whereas males of  A. dexingensisare readily differentiated from those of  A. formosanusby having the costal cell setose along its entire leading margin ( Fig. 5I) rather than only within its apical half or less ( Fig. 9I) and the speculum closed posteriorly by a line of distinct setae ( Fig. 5H: mcf) rather than being open posteriorly ( Fig. 9I) or only partly, inconspicuously closed by white setae. The three females we identify as  A. dexingensisfrom the state of Orissa, India, which were identified as  A. ramakrishnaiby T.C. Narendran, brings into question the validity of the name  A. dexingensisrelative to  A. ramakrishnai( Mani, 1935), originally described from India. The three females have a profemoral denticle plus a fore wing setal/colour pattern similar to Fig. 4I, reticulate-rugose and setose mesoscutal lateral lobes similar to Fig. 4D, and a comparatively poorly developed scrobal depression such that the dorsal limit appears to be separated from the anterior ocellus by at least twice the longitudinal diameter of the ocellus as in Fig. 4C. The original description of  A. ramakrishnaiand the illustration of the fore wing provided by Mani (1935, fig. 7) are insufficient to be certain as to the species identity. Hayat (1975, figs 1C, F) did, however, re-examine the broken, slide mounted holotypeof  A. ramakrishnaiand described and illustrated the profemur as having a spine-like denticle, which supports the possible synonymy of  A. dexingensisunder either  A. ramakrishnaior  A. formosanus. The holotypewas described as 2 mmin length, which might support a greater likelihood of conspecificity with  A. dexingensisthan with  A. formosanus, but a medial region of dark setae within the fore wing hyaline band, which is often characteristic of  A. dexingensisfemales, was neither described nor illustrated by Mani (1935, fig. 7), Narayanan et al. (1960), Hayat (1975, fig. 1B), or Narendran (2009, fig. 59). Further, Hayat (1975)newly described the male of  A. ramakrishnai, and described the antenna as dark brown with the scape pale, which is more similar to  A. shichengensismales ( Fig. 24E) than  A. dexingensis( Fig. 5D) or  A. formosanus( Fig. 9F) males. The CNC specimens identified as  A. ramakrishnaiby Narendran are also not ones listed as examined in Narendran (2009)and it is therefore possible that Narendran misidentified the Orissafemales and though they may be conspecific with our females from Chinathey are not conspecific with  A. ramakrishnai. Clarification of the species concept and nomenclatural status of  A. ramakrishnairequires additional study of the holotypefemale and a wider revision of  Anastatusfrom the Oriental region to more confidently determine the number of species with features similar to what we treat as  A. dexingensis.