Priodesmus parae Cook, 1895: 56 Attems 1899: 429 1938: 64 Brölemann 1909: 81 Parastenonia parae : Hoffman, 1977: 354 Priodesmus aurae Schubart, 1947: 45 Parastenonia aurae : Hoffman, 1977: 354 Taxonomic review of the Amazonian millipede genus Parastenonia Hoffman, 1977 and description of a new species from iron-ore caves (Polydesmida: Chelodesmidae) Bouzan, Rodrigo S. Iniesta, Luiz Felipe M. de Souza, Claudio A. R. Zampaulo, Robson A. Brescovit, Antonio D. Journal of Natural History 2020 2020-04-28 53 45 - 46 2781 2799 75QLB (Cook, 1895) Cook 1895 [453,862,481,506] Diplopoda Chelodesmidae Parastenonia Animalia Polydesmida 4 2784 Arthropoda species parae  ( Figures 1(a), 5, 6, and 11(a,b))      Priodesmus parae Cook, 1895: 56(Female holotypelabelled only ‘Para ’, Brazil, deposited in ZMB, examined by photographs).  Attems 1899: 429;  1938: 64.  Brölemann 1909: 81.   Parastenonia parae: Hoffman, 1977: 354.     Priodesmus aurae  Schubart, 1947: 45, figs 44−45 (male syntype[ MNRJ 11825] and four females syntypes[MZUSP 1082; MZUSP 1083; MNRJ 11823; MNRJ 11824] from Aurá, Ananindeua( 48°30 ʹ15 ”W, 01°27 ʹ21 ”S), Pará, Brazil,  16/IV−2/VI/1940, A.L. Carvalhocoll., examined). New synonymy.   Parastenonia aurae: Hoffman, 1977: 354.  Synonymy   Cook (1895)described  P. paraefrom a single specimen from the state of Pará, but without a specific location. Attems (1938, p. 64) considered the species as incertae sedis, and Jeekel (1963, p. 101) mentioned as its possible synonym  Parastenonia aurae, due to a presumed overlapping distribution and a concordant description of both species an opinion also expressed by Hoffman (1977b, p. 354). Based on the examination of the typespecimens of both nominal species, the identical shape of the cyphopods ( Figures 5(b,c) and 6(c –f)) suggests indeed their synonymy. In addition, presumably the exact typelocality of the material gathered by Cookcorresponds to the coastal area of the state of Pará(the same for  P. aurae), mainly due to the easy access and by a long history of naturalist expeditions ( Schubart 1947). Therefore,  P. auraeis proposed herein as a junior synonym of  P. parae.   Diagnosis Adult males of  Parastenonia paraediffer from those of  P. carajas  sp. nov.based on the combination of gonopodal characteristics: apical portion of the solenomere broad ( Figure 6(a,b)); presence of a secondary denticulated process on the prefemoral process of the gonopod ( Figure 6(b)). Adult females of  Parastenonia paraediffer from those of  P. carajas  sp. nov.based on a combination of cyphopodal characteristics: valves of the cyphopod asymmetric and absence of an upper projection ( Figure 6(c –f)).   Redescription  Measurements: (MNRJ 11825).Total length: unknown (body very fragmented and with parts missing). Width (body ring 5): 3.02.  Female (MZUSP 1082).Total length: 32.30. Width (body ring 5): 3.19. Telson 0.842.  Colouration (in alcohol 70%).Head missing. Body ochre and paranota tip with the same colour as the body. Legs whitish yellow. Telson missing. Female colouration reddish brown. Body as in male ( Figure 1(a)).   Figure 4.  Parastenonia carajas sp. nov.male (IBSP 4997), SEM of the body rings and legs: (a) Midbody paranota with ozopore; (b) Midbody paranota without ozopore; (c) Midbody leg; (d) Midbody rings; (e) Telson. Scale bars: (a) 400 µm; (b) 400 µm; (c) 500 µm; (d) 1 mm; (e) 400 µm.  Body rings.Fragmented and many parts of body missing. Integument with small tubercles and with a transversal groove on the metazonite; alignment of paranota straight; paranota divided laterally into three lobes: pro with usually three large processes; meso with two large processes except when the ozopore is present; meta usually with two processes. Sternite without modifications.   Figure 5.  Parastenonia paraefemale holotype (ZMB): (a) Midbody rings in detail; (b) Aperture of the cyphopods. Arrow indicates the cyphopod; (c) Cyphopods in ventral view.  Male sexual characters  Gonopods.Gonopods ( Figure 6(a,b)): gonopod coxae ( Cx) dorsally elevated, equivalent to more than half the length of the telopodite and prominent in ectal view. Coxae with several setae in the distal dorsal side and several small bristles on the ventral side. Without a coxal apophysis. Prefemoral region long. Prefemoral process ( PfP) wide, narrow in the final portion, branched at the base, with a shorter secondary process with the edge denticulated ( Figure 6(b)). Femoral region branched at the base. Acropodite process slender and acuminate. The solenomere is the largest process carrying the seminal groove that extends until the apical part; elongated and broad. Gonopore and gonopod aperture on seventh body ring missing.  Female sexual characters  Cyphopods.Posterior edge of the cyphopod aperture with a medium rounded projection. Cyphopods ( Figure 6(c –f)) with thick setae dispersed on the valves. Apical part of   Figure 6.  Parastenonia paraemale (MNRJ 11825) and female (MZUSP 1082), microscope and stereoscope images of the gonopod and cyphopods: (a) Gonopod in mesal view; (b) Distal portion of the gonopod; (c) Cyphopod in ectal view; (d) Detail of the junction between the internal and external valva; (e) Cyphopod in posterior view; (f) Cyphopod in anterior view. Scale bars: (a) 500 µm; (b) 250 µm; (c) 500 µm; (d) 250 µm; (e) 500 µm; (f) 500 µm. cyphopod concave ( Figure 6(c)), with the intermediate membrane projecting between the valves ( Figure 6(e –f)).   Distribution Known only from Aurá, Ananindeua, state of Pará, Brazil( Figure 11(a)). [365,580,672,696] 1940-04-16 1940-06-02 1940-04-16 MNRJ A. L. Carvalho Brazil Para -1.4558334 Aura 21 -48.504166 Ananindeua 4 2784 MNRJ 11825, MNRJ 11823, MNRJ 11824 2 syntype 5 2785 Cook 4 2784 1 Para