Ctenosciara hyalipennis, (MEIGEN, 1804)

Menzel, Frank, Smith, Jane E. & Chandler, Peter J., 2006, The sciarid fauna of the British Isles (Diptera: Sciaridae), including descriptions of six new species, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 146 (1), pp. 1-147 : 92-95

CTENOSCIARA HYALIPENNIS (MEIGEN, 1804)

Synonyms: annulata (Meigen, 1818) ; autumnalis ( Winnertz, 1867) ; electa (Grzegorzek, 1884) ; eximia ( Winnertz, 1867) ; insularis (Frey, 1936) ; rufa (Grzegorzek, 1884) ; sordidella (Zetterstedt, 1851) .

Literature: Edwards (1925a): 537; Edwards (1926b): 142;? Basden (1933): 44; Edwards (1934b): 34 [all as Sciara autumnalis ]; Chandler (1978): 209; Freeman (1983b): 32; Skidmore et al. (1987): 119; Laurence (1994): 178; Laurence (1996): 86; Laurence (1997a): 85; Laurence (1997b): 228; Laurence & James (1997): 166; Menzel (1998): 21; Chandler (2001): 201.

Material examined: Aber Valley , Gwynedd, 1 male, 7.vii.1987, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Affpuddle Heath , Dorset, 1 male, 16.x.1993, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Alvecote Pools , Staffordshire, 1 male, 17 females, 13.x.2001, J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . Annahala bog, Gearagh, Cork , 1 male, 23.vi.1990; 2 males, 24.ix.1990, de Courcy Williams leg. ( DEI, NMID) . Archers Wood , Cambridgeshire, 1 male, 29.iv.1987 (reared), J.H. Cole leg. ( PJCB) . Arne , Dorset, 1 male, 17.v.−3.vi.1997, C.W. Plant leg. ( NMS) . Arthog Bog , Gwynedd, 1 male, 17.x.1988, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Ashridge Estate , Hertfordshire, 1 female, 22.iv.1972; 1 male, 8.x.1999, all Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Avoca Wood, Wicklow , 1 male, 10.xi.1986, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Aysgarth Force , North Yorkshire, 1 male, 5.x.1985, Withers leg. ( PPWM) . Baldock , Hertfordshire, 1 male, ix.-x.1917; 1 female, v.1918, all Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Barra , Western Isles, 1 male, 1 female, 17.viii.− 28.viii.1936, A.R. Waterston leg. ( NMS) . Bayford , Hertfordshire, 1 male, 15.x.1931, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Beckenham Place Park, Greater London , 1 male, 4.ix.1966, Vane-Wright leg. ( BMNH) . Beinn Heasgarnich, Perth & Kinross , 2 females, 11.vi.1932, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Beinn nan Eachan , Stirling, 2 males, 31.v.1932, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Belfairs , Essex, 2 males, 1.iv.1991, Withers leg. ( PPWM) . Ben Chalum , Stirling, 1 male, 1 female, 9.vi.−10.vi.1932, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Bersham , Wrexham, 1 female, 15.iii.1953, Colyer leg. ( BMNH) . Black Wood, Rannoch, Perth & Kinross , 2 males, 27.viii.1995, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Blean Wood , Kent, 6 females, 19.v.1973, Parmenter leg. ( BMNH) . Blaen y Wergloedd , Conwy, 2 males, 4.viii.1988, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Bolt Wood, Stockerston , Leicestershire, 1 female, 24.viii.2003, J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . Box Hill , Surrey, 1 male, 11.vii.1991, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Bradford, West Yorkshire, 1 male, 31.v.1949, Fidler leg. ( BMNH) . Braelangwell , Highland Region, 1 male, 1.ix.1984, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Brampton Wood , Cambridgeshire, 1 male, 25.v.1987, J.H. Cole leg. ( PJCB) . Brancaster , Norfolk, 3 males, 28.x.1988, Foster & Procter leg. ( PBLN) . Brandon Marsh, Rytonon-Dunsmore, Coventry, West Midlands , 4 females, 12.x.2001, J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) ; 1 female, 22.viii.2002, Menzel leg. ( DEI) . Brendon , Devon, 2 males, viii.1934, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Brodick, Arran , North Ayrshire, 1 female, 22.v.−25.v.1919, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Bromley, Greater London , 1 male, 10.v.1966; 1 male, iv.1967; 1 male, 12.x.1974, all Chandler leg. ( NMS, PPCM) . Buckingham Palace Garden, Greater London , 1 male, 14.ii.−27.iii.1997, D.J. Carter & C.W. Plant leg. ( PPCM) . Burnham Beeches , Buckinghamshire, 1 male, 2 females, 4.xi.1990; 2 males, 20.iv.−21.iv.1998; 2 males, 19.x.1998, all Chandler leg. ( NMS, PPCM) ; 1 male, 7.vi.−21.vi.1995; 4 males, 21.vi.−5.vii.1995; 1 male, 15.ix.−4.x.1995; 1 male, 14.vi.−1.vii.1996; 1 male, 8.vii.−22.vii.1996, all Ismay leg. ( NMS, PPCM) . Bushy Park, Teddington, Greater London , 1 male, 14.iv.1964, Harris leg. ( BMNH) . Cadair Idris , Gwynedd, 6 males, 19.vi.1993; 1 male, 3.vii.1993; 3 males, 1.viii.1993; 10 males, 4.ix.1993, all Laurence leg. ( PBLN) . Cairngorm , Highland Region, 1 male, 16.vi.1984, Chandler leg. ( PPWM) . California Country Park, Berkshire , 1 male, 6.viii.1997, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Canonteign Falls , Devon, 2 females, 23.vi.2002, J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . Catacol, Arran , North Ayrshire, 1 female, 29.v.− 30.v.1919, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Cefn Grwhyd, Neath / Port Talbot , 1 male, 12.vii.1989, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Chelsham , Surrey, 4 males, 2 females, vi.1940, Coe leg. ( BMNH) . Chigwell Row Wood, Chigwell Row , Essex, 1 female, 20.v.2002; 1 female, 23.v.−27.v.2002; 9 females, 11.vi.2002; 8 females, 18.vi.2002; 9 females, 28.vi.2002; 4 males, 6 females, 15.ix.2002; 1 male, 5 females, 23.ix.2002; 4 males, 3.x.2002; 4 males, 7 females, 8.x.2002; 5 males, 17 females, 16.x.2002; 4 males, 1 female, 22.x.2002, all Ismay & Schulten leg. ( DEI, UMO) . Chobham Common , Surrey, 1 male, vi.1940, Coe leg. ( BMNH) ; 1 female, 8.ix.1974, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Clovelly , Devon, 1 male, 8.v.1936, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Clowes Wood , Warwickshire, 3 males, 19.iv.1987, Withers leg. ( PPWM) . Coire Raibeirt, Cairngorm , Highland Region, 1 male, 16.vi.1984, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Collinpark Wood , Gloucestershire, 1 male, 3.ix.2002, Gibbs leg. ( PDGB) . Comin Esgair Maen , Ceredigion, 1 male, 23.vii.1987; 1 male, 15.x.1987, all Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Consall Wood , Staffordshire, 1 male, 12.x.1997, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Convil Braes , Moray, 8 males, 11.viii.1937, Coe leg. ( BMNH) . Corriegills, Arran , North Ayrshire, 1 female, 2.vi.−4.vi.1919, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Cors Caron , Ceredigion, 1 male, 27.vii.1987; 2 males, 5.x.1987; 1 male, 27.x.1987, all Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Cors Erddreiniog , Isle of Anglesey, 2 males, 6.x.1988, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Cors Gorsgoch , Ceredigion, 2 males, 6.x.1987, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Cors Llyn Farch a Llyn Fanod , Ceredigion, 1 male, 17.ix.1986; 1 male, 1.x.1986; 1 male, 15.x.1987, all Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Cors Penally , Pembrokeshire, 1 male, 30.ix.1987; 1 male, 14.x.1987, all Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Coventry, West Midlands , 1 male, vii.1998, C.W. Plant leg. ( NMS) . Crickhowell , Powys, 1 male, 1.x.1936, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Culzean Castle , South Ayrshire, 1 male, 16.vii.1995, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Cwm Bychan , Gwynedd, 1 male, 12.vii.1976, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Darenth Wood , Kent, 1 female, 17.ix.1966, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Delamere, Cheshire , 1 female, 23.viii.1953; 1 male, 7.vii.1957, all Colyer leg. ( BMNH) . Derrybawn, Wicklow , 1 male, 13.xi.1984, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Derrycunihy Cascade, Kerry , 1 female, 16.x.1973, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Devil’s Glen, Wicklow , 1 male, 4.x.1980, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Devil’s Punchbowl , Surrey, 2 males, 23.vi.1990; 1 male, 1.x.1995, all Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Dowrog Common , Pembrokeshire, 1 male, 29.ix.1987; 1 male, 13.x.1987, all Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Dromore Forest, Kerry , 1 male, 15.x.1973, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Drumguish , Highland Region, 1 male, 17.viii.1986, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Duddleswell , East Sussex, 1 female, 9.x.1975, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Dyffryn Gwaun , Pembrokeshire, 1 male, 20.vii.1987, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Ebbor Gorge , Somerset, 1 male, 16.x.1986, Stubbs leg. ( PPCM) . Edford Wood , Somerset, 2 males, 18.x.1986, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Epping Forest , Essex, 1 male, 17.viii.1998, Chandler leg. ( NMS) ; 1 male, 25.viii.1998; 3 males, 28.i.−19.iv.1999, all Dagley leg. ( PPCM) . Ewden Valley , Sheffield, South Yorkshire, 1 female, 21.ix.1971, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Figyn Blaen Brefi , Ceredigion, 1 male, 2.x.1986, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Freshwater East , Pembrokeshire, 2 males, 11.vii.1986, Chandler leg. ( NMS, PPCM) . Frithsden Beeches , Hertfordshire, 2 males, 16.x.1997; 1 male, 15.x.1998, all Chandler leg. ( NMS, PPCM) . Gearagh, Cork , 1 male, 2 females, 9.iii.1990; 1 male, 26.iv.1990; 1 male, 9.vi.1990; 1 female, 18.ix.1990; 1 male, 10.x.1990, all de Courcy Williams leg. ( DEI, NMID) . Glen Croe, Argyll & Bute , 1 male, 25.iv.1973, Dear leg. ( BMNH) . Glen of Drumloch , Moray, 2 males, 16.viii.1937, Coe leg. ( BMNH) . Glen of the Downs, Wicklow , 1 male, 25.vi.1975, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Godlingstone Heath , Dorset, 1 male, 1.vii.1998, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Grantown-on-Spey , Highland Region, 1 male, 17.vii.1991, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Grassholm , Pembrokeshire, 2 males, 25.viii.1934, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Gwenfro , Isle of Anglesey, 1 male, 27.vii.1988, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Haugh Wood , Herefordshire, 1 male, 10.x.1998, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Hay Wood, Baddesley Clinton, Solihull, West Midlands , 32 males, 25.viii.2002, Menzel & J.E. Smith leg. ( DEI, HRI) . Hickling , Norfolk, 1 male, 1988, Foster & Procter leg. ( PBLN) . Headley Common , Hampshire, 1 male, 23.x.1972, Cranston leg. ( BMNH) . Hermon Copper Bog , Gwynedd, 1 male, 25.vii.1988, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Hitchin , Hertfordshire, 1 female, x.1917, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Hole of Horcum , North Yorkshire, 1 male, 31.viii.1937, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Holme Fen , Cambridgeshire, 2 males, 27.iv.1987, J.H. Cole leg. ( PJCB) . Hosey Common, Westerham , Kent, 2 males, 3 females, 25.ix.1966, Chandler leg. ( NMS, PPCM) . Kergord , Shetland, 1 male, 16.viii.−18.viii.1996, Laurence leg. ( PBLN) . Killaun Bog, Offaly , 1 male, ix.2000, Withers leg. ( PPWM) . Kingsbury Water Park , Warwickshire, 6 males, 3 females, 13.x.2001, J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . Kismeldon Meadow , Devon, 1 male, 15.x.1988, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Knebworth , Hertfordshire, 1 male, 24.iii.1923, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Knole Park , Kent, 2 females, 6.ix.1966; 1 female, 1.x.1967; 2 females, 8.x.1973, all Chandler leg. ( NMS, PPCM) . Lairig Ghru , Highland Region, 1 male, 22.vii.1933, Coe leg. ( BMNH) . Lake Windermere , Cumbria, 1 male, 1 female, 9.vii.1927, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Lea Meadows, Newtown Linford , Leicestershire, 19 females, 24.viii.2003, Menzel & J.E. Smith leg. ( DEI, HRI) . Leckford Estate , Hampshire, 1 male, 15.iii.1992; 1 male, 30.x.1998, all Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Leebotwood , Shropshire, 3 females, 14.vii.2003, J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . Leigh-on-Sea , Essex, 1 male, 28.iv.1986, Withers leg. ( PPWM) . Lion Wood, Redditch , Worcestershire, 3 males, 5 females, 10.iv.2003, J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . Llyn Coethlyn , Powys, 1 male, 1.viii.1988, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Llyn Tyn y Mynydd , Gwynedd, 1 male, 18.viii.1988, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Loch Callater , Aberdeenshire, 2 males, 1 female, 22.vii.−29.vii.1937, Coe leg. ( BMNH) . Loch Loy , Highland Region, 1 male, 24.vii.1997, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Lochan na Lairige, Perth & Kinross , 1 male, 12.vi.−13.vi.1932, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Lockhaugh Bank Wood, Derwent Valley, Tyne & Wear , 6 males, 24.vii.−13.viii.1990, Jessop leg. ( PBLN) . Long Spinney, Moreton-in-Marsh , Warwickshire, 1 female, 11.x.2001, J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . Lopham Fen , Norfolk, 1 male, 11.x.1990, Withers leg. ( PPWM) . Lundy Island , Devon, 1 male, 20.vii.− 27.vii.1972, Lane leg. ( BMNH) . Meall a′ Churain , Stirling, 1 male, 6.vi.1937, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Meall Ghaordie , Stirling, 5 males, 17.vi.1932, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Mereworth Wood , Kent, 2 males, 1 female, 29.viii.1966, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Migdale Wood , Highland Region, 1 male, 18.x.1995, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Monkfield Wood , Cambridgeshire, 1 male, 3.vii.2002, C.W. Plant leg. ( PPCM) . Narborough Bog, Whetstone , Leicestershire, 1 female, 24.viii.2003, J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . New Forest , Hampshire, 4 males, 1937, no collector detail ( BMNH) . Newbold Comyn Park, Leamington Spa , Warwickshire, 3 females, 15.vii.2001, J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . Nûg , Conwy, 1 male, 12.x.1988, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Nutcombe Down, Surrey, 2 males, 26.vii.2002, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Oaken Wood, Barming , Kent, 2 males, 20.ix.1966, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Oakley Wood, Bishops Tachbrook , Warwickshire, 2 males, 1 female, 14.x.2001, Chandler & J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . Orlestone Wood , Kent, 1 female, 11.ix.1966, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Oxshott Heath , Surrey, 1 female, 15.x.1966, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Pant-y-Sais, Neath / Port Talbot , 1 male, 5.x.1989, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Pen-y-Ghent , North Yorkshire, 1 male, v.1933, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Pine Wood, Berkshire , 1 male, 22.vi.2001, Gibbs leg. ( PDGB) . Pont Aber, Sawdde Gorge, Carmarthen , 1 male, 12.x.1995, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Powler’s Piece , Devon, 1 male, 13.x.1988, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Priddy , Somerset, 1 male, 16.x.1986, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Rhôs Llawr Cwrt , Ceredigion, 1 male, 23.x.1987, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Rhôs Rhydd , Ceredigion, 1 male, 2.vii.1987; 3 males, 18.x.1987, all Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Richmond Park, Greater London , 2 males, 1 female, 6.vi.1992, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Rothamsted Wood, Harpenden , Hertfordshire, 1 male, vii.1951, Laurence leg. ( PBLN) . Rotherfield Park , Hampshire, 1 male, 3.vii.2002, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Rough Hill Wood, Studley , Warwickshire, 2 males, 1 female, 10.iv.2003, J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . Ryton Wood, Bubbenhall, Coventry, West Midlands , 22 males, 26 females, 12.x.2001, Chandler & J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) ; 25 males, 4 females, 25.viii.2002, Menzel & J.E. Smith leg. ( DEI, HRI) . Savernake Forest , Wiltshire, 1 male, 21.iv.−13.vi.1990, Porter leg. ( PPCM) . Selsdon, Greater London , 1 male, 4 females, 25.iv.1937; 1 male, 1 female, 9.v.1937, all Coe leg. ( BMNH) . Shefford, Bedfordshire , 2 males, 1 female, x.1917; 1 female, 17.xi.1917, all Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Silchester Common , Hampshire, 1 female, 1.x.1972, Chandler leg. ( PPCM) . Silwood Park, Berkshire , 2 males, 2 females, 25.ix.1957, Richards leg. ( BMNH) . Slepe Heath , Dorset, 1 female, 19.ix.1975, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Sliddery, Arran , North Ayrshire, 1 male, viii.1925, J. Waterston leg. ( BMNH) . Sned Wood, Lower Lye , Herefordshire, 9 males, 8 females, 14.vii.2003, J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . Spinningdale , Highland Region, 1 male, 14.v.1994, Entwistle leg. ( PPCM) . St. David’s Airfield , Pembrokeshire, 1 male, 12.x.1987, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Stanford , Norfolk, 4 males, 27.iii.−10.iv.1988, Collier leg. ( PPWM) . Sutton Park, Birmingham, West Midlands , 19 males, 17 females, 7.iv.2003, J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . The Dingle , Isle of Anglesey, 1 male, 5.vii.1987, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . The Loke, Norwich , Norfolk, 2 males, 26.iv.1987; 1 male, 24.x.−25.x.1987; 1 male, 19.vii.1988; 1 male, 18.ix.−20.ix.1988; 1 male, no date, all Laurence leg. ( PBLN) . Thetford Forest , Norfolk, 1 female, 10.iv.1973, Chambers leg. ( BMNH) . Thundersley Glen , Essex, 2 males, 30.iv.1986, Withers leg. ( PPWM) . Trefeiddan Moor , Pembrokeshire, 1 male, 29.ix.1987, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Tubney , Oxfordshire, 1 male, 20.iv.1908, Hamm leg. ( UMO) . Upton Broad , Norfolk, 1 male, 15.x.1983, Withers leg. ( PPWM) . Vicarage Bog , Wrexham, 4 males, 12.x.1988, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Victoria Falls , Highland Region, 1 male, 19.ix.1989, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Walberswick , Suffolk, 2 males, 2 females, 7.iii.1973, Chambers leg. ( BMNH) . Waun Isaf , Pembrokeshire, 1 male, 28.ix.1987, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . West Harling Common , Norfolk, 1 male, 1.iv.1989; 2 males, 23.iv.1991, all Withers leg. ( PPWM) . Western Cleddau , Pembrokeshire, 1 male, 7.vii.1987, Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) . Westhide , Herefordshire, 1 male, 9.x.1998, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Weston , Hertfordshire, 1 male, 4.x.1931, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Whichford Wood, Moreton-in-Marsh , Warwickshire, 2 males, 2 females, 11.x.2001, J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . Willes Meadow, Leamington Spa , Warwickshire, 1 female, 27.viii.2002, Menzel leg. ( DEI) . Windbury , Devon, 1 male, 18.v.1987, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Windsor Forest, Berkshire , 1 male, 24.vi.1950, Colyer leg. ( BMNH) ; 1 female, 28.iii.1971; 1 male, 13.vi.1987, all Chandler leg. ( NMS, PPCM) . Wisley , Surrey, 1 male, 1.iii.1923; 1 male, 5.ix.1923, all Dudgeon leg. ( BMNH) . Wokefield Common, Berkshire , 1 male, 1.x.1972, Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Wolford Wood, Moreton-in-Marsh , Warwickshire, 8 males, 4 females, 11.x.2001, Chandler & J.E. Smith leg. ( HRI) . Woodwalton Fen , Cambridgeshire, 1 male, 24.v.1940, Edwards leg. ( BMNH) . Wyre Forest , Worcestershire, 1 male, 18.vii.1971; 1 male, 14.x.1984, all Chandler leg. ( NMS) . Wytham Woods, Wytham , Oxfordshire, 2 females, 21.viii.2002, Menzel & J.E. Smith leg. ( DEI, HRI) . Yell , Shetland, 1 male, 3.ix.− 19.ix.1990, Laurence leg. ( PBLN) . Ynys Eidiol , Ceredigion, 5 males, 9.x.1987; 1 male, 28.x.1987, all Holmes, Boyce & Reed leg. ( PPWM) .

Ecological notes: very common in broad-leaved, mixed, pine and carr woodland; conifer plantations; dry and wet heathland; wetlands including fens, mires, bogs, wet meadows, sedge bed and Sphagnum kettlehole; parkland; grounds of horticultural research station; gardens; grassland and scrub; marginal vegetation by upland lake; thrift flush; sea cliff; salt marshes and reed beds; rocky island with seabird colonies; very common in open montane habitats. Reared from decaying vegetable matter; orchids and rotten log. ii–xi.