Ankylopteryx stena, Wu & Liu, 2024

Wu, Jingyu & Liu, Xingyue, 2024, Systematics of the green lacewing tribe Ankylopterygini Navás, 1910 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysopinae) from China, Zootaxa 5540 (1), pp. 1-169 : 36-39

[13] Ankylopteryx stena sp. nov.

( Figs 18 , 79 )

Diagnosis. This species is characterized by the presence of the antennae without stripes, the pronotum, meso- and metascutum with brown spots on the anterolateral angle, the pro- and mesotibia with median black spot, and the male entoprocessus suddenly narrowed at middle and projected at tip.

Description. Male. Body length 6.7–7.6 mm, forewing length 9.7–10.7 mm, hindwing length 8.8–9.6 mm.

Head yellow, vertex raised. Compound eyes black. Scape wider than pedicel and flagellum. Clypeal margin with brown stripes. Gena with black spots. Maxillary and labial palpi brownish yellow.

Pronotum anterior margin shorter than posterior margin, with small brown spots on anterolateral angle. Mesoscutum and metascutum with brown spots on anterolateral angle.

Legs with dense setae. Pro- and mesotibia with median brown spot. Pretarsal claws brown, with basal dilation.

Forewing broad, with brown shadings on pterostigma, basal crossvein of inner gradate series and CuP. Costal area broad basally, with 20–23 crossveins; 9–10 radial crossveins present. m1 smaller than m2, im quadrate; 7 psm-psc crossveins with pale brown shadings. c1 smaller than c2, dcc closed. A1 forked, A2 and A3 simple. Gradate series with pale brown shadings, inner gradate series with 5–6 crossveins, outer gradate series with 7 crossveins.

Hindwing narrow, with pale brown shadings on gradate series. Pterostigma brown. Costal area with 15–17 crossveins; 7–8 radial crossveins and 6 psm-psc crossveins present. Inner gradate series with 4 crossveins, outer gradate series with 5 crossveins.

Abdomen with dense setae. Tergum VII and sternum VII subquadrate in lateral view; tergum VIII shorter than tergum VII; sternum VIII fused with sternum IX; tergum IX fused with ectoproct. Callus cerci ovoid. Gonarcus arcuate, lateral arms narrow at base and wider at tip; entoprocessus attached at about basal 1/3 of gonarcus, suddenly narrowed at middle and projected at tip; pseudopenis widest near tip and curved.

Female. Body length 7.5–8.2 mm, forewing length 10.0–12.0 mm, hindwing length 9.0– 11.1 mm.

Sternum VII longer than tergum VII; tergum VII subquadrate in lateral view; tergum VIII shorter than tergum VII; tergum IX fused with ectoproct. Callus cerci ovoid. Subgenitale bilobed apically; spermatheca thick; vela and ventral impression absent; duct long and coiled.

Type material. Holotype ♂, China, Hong Kong, Dayushan , Ho Pui Reservoir, V. 9–11 ( CAU) . Paratypes: 1♀, China, Fujian, Xiamen, Siming District, Mt. Shanglishan , 2021.VI.12, Yuchen Zheng, ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, Haizhu National Wetland Park , 2021.IV.26–V.11 ( CAU) ; 5♂ 2♀, China, Hong Kong, Dayushan , Ho Pui Reservoir, V. 9–11 ( CAU) ; 3♂ 1♀, China, Macau, Jiuao Reservoir , Jiaoye Park, 2014.IV.28, Hui Dong (CAU) .

Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ stena ’ refers to the entoprocessus of the new species suddenly narrowed at middle.

Distribution. China ( Macau, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong).

Remarks. This species has similar wing markings with A. hainanensis sp. nov. and A. octopunctata candida . The most important character to identify these species is the shape of male entoprocessus. The male entoprocessus of this new species is suddenly narrowed at middle, while in the other two species the entoprocessus is curved in dorsal view. This new species has brown spots on the anterolateral angle of the pronotum, meso- and metascutum, but A. hainanensis sp. nov. lacks the spots on metanotum. This new species lacks the spot below or between antennae, and the stripes on scape, but A. octopunctata candida usually has black spots below the antennae, and has interantennal spots and brown stripes on the outer side of scape.

Genus Chrysopidia Navás, 1910

Chrysopidia Navás, 1910a: 54 . Type species: Chrysopidia nigrata Navás, 1910a: 55 . Monotypy.

Diagnosis. Body medium-sized. Body length 8.3–12.5 mm, forewing length 12.8–17.5 mm, hindwing length 11.9–15.1 mm. This genus is characterized by the presence of the head sometimes with reddish stripes behind compound eyes, the antennae sometimes with reddish stripes on the outer side, the frons, clypeus and gena without spots, the maxillary palpi black on outer side, the pale yellow labial palpi, the pronotum occasionally with pale brown markings on lateral margin, the mesoprescutum occasionally with reddish quadrate spots, the metanotum usually without spots, the legs with dense setae and without spots, the pretarsal claw with basal dilation, the narrow forewing, the indistinct pterostigma, the sinuate radial crossveins in apical half, the cell im usually triangular, the gradates in two or three divergent rows, the basal crossvein of inner gradate series meeting Psm, the opened cell dcc, the narrow hindwing with black suffusion on apical posterior margin, the male sternum VIII fused with sternum IX, the sternum IX elongated in various degrees, the entoprocessus in different shapes and with many long gonosetae on associated membrane, the short arcessus, the apically bilobed female subgenitale, the thin spermatheca, the short vela, the absence of the ventral impression, and the long curved duct.

Distribution. Palaearctic and Oriental regions.

Remarks. Navás (1910a) established the genus Chrysopidia with C. nigrata as type species. At first, gradates of all species of this genus are arranged into three divergent rows. In fact, this character is also present in other genera, such as Apertochrysa , Anachrysa , etc. Chrysopidia can be distinguished by sinuate radial crossveins on apical half and the absence of tignum and gonapsis. Anachrysa was established as a subgenus of Chrysopidia by Hölzel (1973), and then transferred to Chrysopini as a genus because of the presence of tignum and gonapsis ( Breitkreuz et al. 2022).

The subgenus Chrysotropia , with gradates arranged into two divergent rows, was established as a genus by Navás (1911a) initially, and then treated as a subgenus of Chrysopidia based on extremely similar genital characters ( Brooks & Barnard 1990). At present, Chrysopidia includes two subgenera: Chrysopidia and Chrysotropia .

The species of the genus Chrysopidia are very similar in external morphological characters. Only few characters, such as the spots on thorax or stripes behind compound eyes and the relative location of 1st rs-psm crossvein and cell im, are useful for identification. The length of male sternum IX and the shape of entoprocessus are also important characters.

Key to subgenera of Chrysopidia

1. Gradates of forewing and hindwing in three divergent rows........................................... Chrysopidia Gradates of forewing and hindwing in two divergent rows............................................ Chrysotropia

Subgenus Chrysopidia Navás, 1910

Chrysopidia Navás, 1910a: 54 . Type species: Chrysopidia nigrata Navás, 1910a: 55 . Monotypy.

Diagnosis. Body medium-sized. Body length 9.3–12.5 mm, forewing length 12.8–17.5 mm, hindwing length 11.9– 15.1 mm. This subgenus is characterized by the presence of the head occasionally with reddish stripes behind compound eyes, the antennae with reddish stripes on the outer side or not, the frons, clypeus and gena without spots, the maxillary palpi black on outer side, the pale yellow labial palpi, the not pointed terminal palpomere, the pronotum occasionally with brown markings on lateral margin, the mesoprescutum occasionally with reddish quadrate spots, the metanotum usually without spots, the legs with dense setae and without spots, the pretarsal claw with basal dilation, the wings without shadings, the indistinct pterostigma, the radial crossveins in apical half sinuate, the cell im usually triangular, the gradates in three divergent rows, the basal crossvein of inner gradate series meeting Psm, the opened cell dcc, the hindwing with black suffusion on apical posterior margin, the male sternum VIII fused with sternum IX, the sternum IX elongated in various degrees, the entoprocessus in different shapes and with many long gonosetae on associated membrane, the usually short arcessus, the apically bilobed female subgenitale, the thin spermatheca, the short vela, the absence of the ventral impression absent, and the long curved duct.

Distribution. Palaearctic and Oriental regions.

Key to species of Chrysopidia in China

1. Mesonotum with reddish quadrate spots................................................................... 2 Mesonotum without spots............................................................................... 3

2. 1st rs-psm crossvein located at 2/3 of im; metascutum with reddish quadrate spots; male sterna VIII + IV slightly exceeded distal end of ectoproct; entoprocessus sickle-shaped, wide at base, pointed and curved at tip................... C. nigrata 1st rs-psm crossvein located at or exceeding distal end of im; metascutum without spots; length of male sterna VIII + IV about 3.0 times of tergum VIII; entoprocessus ovoid...................................................... C. regulata

3. Cell im of forewing almost quadrate; arcessus long and straight..................................... C. arcta sp. nov. Cell im of forewing ovoid; arcessus short.................................................................. 4

4. Male sterna VIII + IV shorter than or equal to twice length of sternum VIII....................................... 5 Male sterna VIII + IV obviously longer than twice length of sternum VIII....................... C. macrosterna sp. nov.

5. Medial section of forewing costal vein in male usually thickened............................................... 6 Medial section of forewing costal vein in male usually not thickened............................................ 7

6. Male entoprocessus broad, with spinous process on top............................................... C. remanei Male entoprocessus quadrate, with an arch invagination on bottom........................................ C. sinica

7. No spots behind compound eyes; male entoprocessus broad, with an invagination on top................... C. junbesiana Reddish brown spots behind compound eyes; male entoprocessus teardrop-shaped........................ C. flavilineata

Figures

FIGURE 18. Ankylopteryx stena sp. nov. A. Dorsal habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Thorax, dorsal view; E. Male genitalia, lateral view; F. Gonarcus and entoprocessus, dorsal view; G. Gonarcus and entoprocessus, lateral view; H. Pseudopenis, dorsal view; I. Pseudopenis, lateral view; J. Female genitalia, lateral view; K. Subgenitale; L. Spermatheca. Scale bar: 5 mm (A), 1 mm (B–D).

FIGURE 79. Distribution map of species of Ankylopteryx from China.