Apogonidae

Fricke, Ronald, Allen, Gerald R., Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Hamel, Mélanie A., Laboute, Pierre, Mana, Ralph, Hui, Tan Heok & Uyeno, Daisuke, 2014, Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of Madang District, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 820 new records, Zootaxa 3832 (1), pp. 1-247 : 69-80

Apogonidae

Apogon crassiceps Garman, 1903 —Ruby cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on specimens collected at St. CTR 06; previously reported as Apogon coccineus (non Rüppell, 1838) by Allen (1993: 16); a specimen collected by W.-J. Chen, St. PB-38. NTUM and USNM material (NTUM 10150; USNM 212972, 212973, 212974, 212975). DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Andaman Sea and Indonesia east to Line and Tuamotu islands, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Solitary and secretive in crevices of coral reefs, 0– 55 m. Marine.

Apogon dianthus Fraser & Randall, 2002 — Dianthus cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on a specimen photographed by W.-J. Chen, St. PR 221. WAM material (WAM P.30347-007). Previously reported as Apogon unicolor (non Steindachner & Döderlein, 1883) by Allen (1993: 16).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Comores; Indonesia east to Palau and Fiji, south to Papua New Guinea. Solitary and secretive on steep drop-offs or deep coral gravel habitats. Depth: 6– 27 m. Marine.

Apogon doryssa ( Jordan & Seale, 1906) —Longspine cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on specimens collected at St. CTR 0 6, and by A. Berberian. MNHN material (MNHN uncat.).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Maldives east to Marshall and Tuamotu islands, north to southern Japan, south to Queensland ( Australia, New Caledonia and Rapa. Solitary and secretive in crevices of coral reefs. Depth: 0– 15 m. Marine.

Apogonichthyoides melas (Bleeker, 1848) —Black cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon melas by Allen (1993: 16). Taxonomic decision of Fraser in Allen & Erdmann (2012: 370). WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Cocos-Keeling Islands (eastern Indian Ocean) east to Philippines, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to northwestern Australia and New Caledonia. Solitary in sheltered coastal reefs and bays, 1– 15 m. Marine.

Apogonichthys ocellatus (Weber, 1913) —Ocellated cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Allen (1993: 16). WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. East Africa, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Marquesas and Tuamotu islands, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, New Caledonia and Rapa. Solitary and secretive on reef flats, in estuaries and lagoons, underneath rocks or between algae, 0– 5 m. Transitional water and marine.

Apogonichthys striatus (Smith & Radcliffe, 1912) —Striped cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon striatus by Kailola (1975: 259). KFRS material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Philippines to Papua New Guinea. Solitary and secretive in deeper lagoon habitats, 25– 82 m. Marine.

Cercamia eremia (Allen, 1987) —Solitary cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on WAM material (WAM P.30626-020). DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea east to Samoa, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Found in seaward coral reefs, 2– 40 m. Marine.

Cheilodipterus alleni Gon 1993 —Allen's cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. Originally described from Madang by Gon (1993: 10); photographed by A. Berberian. WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia east to Philippines and Solomon Islands, north to Sabah ( Malaysia). Solitary in caves and under ledges of seaward slopes, 10– 40 m. Marine.

Cheilodipterus artus Smith, 1961 —Wolf cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Allen (1993: 16). Specimens photographed at St. CTR 0 5. WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. East Africa east to Marshall and Tuamotu islands, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. In loose aggregations hovering in mid-water in caves or above branching corals, 3– 158 m. Marine.

Cheilodipterus intermedius Gon, 1993 —Intermediate cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Allen & Erdmann (2012: 376). DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia east to Palau and Solomon Islands, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to Queensland ( Australia) and Vanuatu. Solitary or in small groups, in sheltered coastal, lagoon and seaward reefs, 2– 15 m. Marine.

Cheilodipterus isostigmus (Schultz, 1940) —Toothy cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Cheilodipterus isostigma by Allen (1993: 16) and Gon (1993: 24). Specimens photographed at St. CTR 0 6, CTR 23, CTR 26, CTR 35. CAS and WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Eastern Indonesia east to Marshall Islands and Vanuatu, north to Palawan ( Philippines), south to New Caledonia. In groups above branching corals, in coral-rich habitats, 1– 40 m. Marine.

Cheilodipterus lineatus Lacepède [ex Commerson ], 1802 —Large-toothed cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on specimens observed and photographed at St. CTR 0 3, CTR 0 5, CTR 0 6, CTR 11, CTR 14, CTR 18, CTR 24, CTR 28. WAM material (WAM P.30352-002). Previously reported as Cheilodipterus macrodon by Parenti & Allen (1991: 318) and Allen (1993: 16).

REMARKS. Fricke (1999: 233) treated Centropomus macrodon Lacepede [ex Commerson ], 1802 in the synonymy of Cheilodipterus lineatus Lacepède [ex Commerson ], 1801, but Gon (1993: 30) and Gon & Randall (2003a: 32–33) believe that the latter name is unavailable as a secondary homonym of Perca lineata Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775. The latter is, however, not an independent species description, but a misidentification of Perca lineata Linnaeus, 1758 , which is now Plectorhinchus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) . Cheilodipterus lineatus (sensu Gon & Randall 2003a: 31–32) is a synonym of Cheilodipterus arabicus (Gmelin, 1789) ; it is restricted to the western Indian Ocean and Red Sea. As both Cheilodipterus lineatus and C. macrodon were frequently used, there is no way to retain C. macrodon , so that the species must be named Cheilodipterus lineatus (see Fricke 2008: 30).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea, East Africa, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Marshall Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, New South Wales ( Australia), Lord Howe Island, Tonga and Rapa. Solitary in caves and under ledges in lagoon and seaward coral reefs, 0– 40 m. Marine.

Cheilodipterus parazonatus Gon 1993 —Mimic cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. Originally described from Madang by Gon (1993: 37, pl. 5C, fig. 15); previously reported as Cheilodipterus sp. 1 by Allen (1993: 17, fig. 11). Specimens photographed at St. CTR 0 6. AMS, BPBM, USNM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Eastern Indonesia to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, south to Queensland ( Australia). Mimic of Meiacanthus vittatus (Blenniidae) ; found in coastal coral reefs and sheltered lagoon habitats, 1– 17 m. Marine.

Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1828 —Fiveline cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Parenti & Allen (1991: 318) and Allen (1993: 16). Specimens observed and photographed at St. CTR 15, CTR 17, CTR 23, CTR 26, PR 105. USNM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea, East Africa, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Marshall Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to Ogasawara Islands, south to northern Australia, Lord Howe Island and Rapa. Living in aggregations among corals, rocks, seagrass and Diadema sea urchins, 0– 40 m. Marine.

Cheilodipterus singapurensis Castelnau in Bleeker, 1860 — Singapore cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Parenti & Allen (1991: 318) and Allen (1993: 16). A specimen collected at St. CTR 17, another photographed by A. Berberian. AMS, MNHN and WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia and Malaysia east to Marshall Islands, south to New Caledonia. Solitary and nocturnal, in sheltered coastal and lagoon reefs, 1– 10 m. Marine.

Cheilodipterus zonatus Smith & Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1912 —Yellowbelly cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Kailola (1987b: 259). Specimens observed, photographed and collected at St. CTR 16, CTR 17, CTR 20, CTR 21, CTR 23. BPBM and MNHN material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Eastern Indonesia east to Philippines and Solomon Islands, north to Sabah ( Malaysia). Found in coastal coral reefs and sheltered lagoon habitats, 2– 25 m. Marine.

Foa fo Jordan & Seale, 1905 —Weedy cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on a specimen collected at St. PD 01; previously reported as Foa brachygramma (non Jenkins, 1903) by Allen (1993: 16). WAM material (WAM P.30345-001). DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea and East Africa east to Society Islands, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia, New Caledonia and Rapa. Solitary or in small groups, among seagrass or above coral rubble habitats, 0– 82 m. Marine.

Foa hyalina (Smith & Radcliffe, 1912) —Hyaline cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Allen & Erdmann (2012: 379). WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Eastern Indonesia east to Palau, north to Philippines, south to Papua New Guinea. Solitary, among Sinularia soft corals, in sheltered coastal and lagoon reefs, 2– 15 m. Marine.

Fowleria aurita (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831) —Crosseyed cardinalfish STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Allen (1993: 16). WAM material DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea, East and South Africa east to Gambier Islands, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to northern Australia and Lord Howe Island. Found in seagrass and lagoon habitats, including tidal pools, 1– 37 m. Marine.

Fowleria flammea Allen, 1993 —Flame cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. Reported from Madang in original description by Allen (1993: 10, fig. 3). WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Philippines to eastern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Solitary and secretive, in coastal, lagoon and seaward reefs, 7– 40 m. Marine.

Fowleria isostigma ( Jordan & Seale, 1906) —Dotted cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Kailola (1975: 110). KFRS material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia east to Rapa, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Found in lagoon habitats near coral or rocky reefs, 0– 30 m. Marine.

Fowleria marmorata (Alleyne & Macleay, 1877) —Barred cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Kailola (1975: 111). Specimens collected at St. CTR 0 6. KFRS, MNHN and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea and East Africa east to Line, Society and Marquesas islands, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia and Lord Howe Island. Solitary and secretive, in crevices or among coral, in coastal, lagoon and seaward coral reefs, 0– 37 m. Marine.

Fowleria vaiulae ( Jordan & Seale, 1906) —Spotless cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Fowleria abocellata by Allen (1993: 16); photographed by A. Berberian. WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea and East Africa east to Marshall, Line and Society islands, north to Yaeyama Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Solitary and secretive, in sheltered coastal coral reef and lagoon habitats, 1– 25 m. Marine.

Fowleria variegata (Valenciennes, 1832) —Variegated cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Parenti & Allen (1991: 318) and Allen (1993: 16). WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea and East Africa east to Mariana Islands and Samoa, north to Ryukyu and Ogasawara islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Solitary or in small groups, in seagrass beds, mangrove habitats, or coastal coral reefs, 0– 27 m. Marine.

Glossamia gjellerupi (Weber & Beaufort, 1929) —Gjellerup's mouth almighty

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Parenti & Allen (1991: 318). DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Endemic to New Guinea, 0– 2 m. Found in lower reaches of rivers and streams, including estuaries. Freshwater (rarely transitional water).

Gymnapogon philippinus (Herre, 1939) — Philippines cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Allen & Erdmann (2012: 381). WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia east to Philippines, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to New Caledonia. Secretive in lagoon and coastal coral reef habitats, 0– 9 m. Marine.

Gymnapogon urospilotus Lachner in Schultz, Herald, Lachner, Welander & Woods, 1953 —Spot-tail cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Allen (1993: 16). WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Philippines east to Marshall and Society islands, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to Queensland ( Australia) and New Caledonia. Secretive in coral reef habitats, including tidal pools, 1– 12 m. Marine.

Jaydia photogaster ( Gon & Allen, 1998) —Silverbelly cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. Originally described from Madang as Apogon (Jaydia) photogaster by Gon & Allen (1998: 3, figs. 1–2); photographed by A. Berberian. BPBM, MNHN, SAIAB, WAM and USNM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Philippines to New Guinea. Solitary or in small groups, in lagoon patch reefs, 18– 52 m. Marine.

Neamia octospina Smith & Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1912 —Eightspine cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Allen (1993: 16). USNM and WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea and East Africa east to Pohnpei and Fiji, north to Yaeyama Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Solitary and secretive in caves or among branching corals, in sheltered, coral-rich reef habitats, 0– 5 m. Marine.

Nectamia bandanensis (Bleeker, 1854) —Banda cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon bandanensis by Parenti & Allen (1991: 318) and Allen (1993: 16); photographed by P. Laboute, St. PR 206. WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Cocos-Keeling and Christmas islands (eastern Indian Ocean) east to Marshall Islands and Samoa, north to Ryukyu and Ogasawara islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Solitary or in small groups, among branching corals in sheltered coral reefs, 1– 34 m. Marine.

Nectamia dammermani (Weber & Beaufort, 1929) —Dammerman's cardinalfish STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Kailola (1987b: 255). The validity of this species needs confirmation.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Endemic to Papua New Guinea. Found in sheltered coral reef habitats. Marine.

Nectamia fusca (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) —Ghost cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon fuscus and A. guamensis by Allen (1993: 16); photographed by A. Berberian. WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Maldives east to Line and Tuamotu islands, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Found in aggregations on sheltered seaward slopes, 4– 14 m. Marine.

Nectamia savayensis (Günther, 1872) —Samoan cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Allen & Erdmann (2012: 386). USNM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. East Africa east to Line Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to Ryukyu and Wake islands, south to northern Australia, New Caledonia and Tonga. Solitary or in groups, in lagoon habitats or deeper seaward reefs, 3– 25 m. Marine.

Nectamia similis Fraser, 2008 —Similar cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on CAS and USNM material (CAS 65306, 65307; USNM 213176).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Malaysia and Indonesia east to Palau and New Guinea. Solitary or in groups, in lagoon habitats, 0– 15 m. Marine.

Nectamia viria Fraser, 2008 —Lagoon cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Fraser (2008: 41). USNM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines to northern Australia and to Fiji. Solitary or in groups, in lagoon habitats, 0– 15 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus amboinensis (Bleeker, 1853) — Ambon cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Parenti & Allen (1991: 318) and Allen (1993: 16). AMS, CAS, USNM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Japan to Philippines and Papua New Guinea, 0– 5 m. Freshwater, transitional water and marine.

Ostorhinchus angustatus (Smith & Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1911) —Striped cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon angustatus by Allen (1993: 16). USNM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea, East Africa, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Caroline and Line islands and Pitcairn Group, north to Taiwan, south to northern Australia, New Caledonia and Tonga. Solitary or in small groups, in caves and crevices of seaward coral reefs, 0– 65 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus apogonoides (Bleeker, 1856) —Goldbelly cardinalfish, shirt-tooth cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon apogonides by Allen (1993: 16).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea, East and South Africa east to Philippines and Marquesas Islands, north to southern Japan, south to New South Wales ( Australia) and New Caledonia. Found in aggregations, frequently above branching corals, on exposed seaward rocky and coral reefs, 0– 60 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus aureus (Lacepède [ex Commerson ], 1802) —Ring-tailed cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon aureus by Allen (1993: 16).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea, East Africa, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Society Islands, north to Izu Islands ( Japan), south to Western Australia at 28°45'S, New South Wales ( Australia), New Caledonia and Tonga. Found in aggregations in sheltered lagoon, coastal and seaward reefs, 1– 40 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus compressus (Smith & Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1911) —Splitband cardinalfish STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon compressus by Allen (1993: 16). Specimens photographed at St. CTR 12, CTR 25, CTR 35; specimens collected by W.-J. Chen, St. PR 221. NTUM, USNM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Andaman Sea east to Philippines and New Guinea, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Found in aggregations in crevices and among branching corals, in sheltered, coral-rich lagoon and seaward reefs, 1– 20 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus cyanosoma (Bleeker, 1853) —Yellow-striped cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon cyanosoma by Allen (1993: 16); photographed by A. Berberian. WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea and East Africa east to Philippines and New Guinea, north to Ryukyu and Ogasawara islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Solitary, in pairs or aggregations around coral heads in sheltered coastal and lagoon reefs, occasionally in seagrass beds, 0– 50 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus dispar (Fraser & Randall, 1976) —Whitespot cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon cyanosoma by Allen (1993: 16). WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Cocos-Keeling Islands (eastern Indian Ocean) east to Palau and Fiji, north to Yaeyama Islands, south to Solomon Islands. Forming aggregations in caves, or associated with black corals or gorgonians, 15– 50 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus fleurieu Lacepède, 1802 —Flower cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on specimens photographed at St. CTR 13. AMS and USNM material (AMS I.17086-008; USNM 212427).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea and East Africa east to Philippines and New Guinea, north to Taiwan, south to Solomon Islands. Forming aggregations, during the day in caves or crevices of sheltered coastal, lagoon and seaward coral reefs, 1– 35 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus guamensis Lacepède, 1802 —Flower cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on specimens photographed at St. CTR 13. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea and East Africa east to Philippines and New Guinea, north to Taiwan, south to Solomon Islands. Forming aggregations, during the day in caves or crevices of sheltered coastal, lagoon and seaward coral reefs, 1– 35 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus hartzfeldii (Bleeker, 1853) —Hartzfeld's cardinalfish STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang and Papua New Guinea, based on specimens photographed at St. CTR 13.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Central Indonesia east to Palau and Papua New Guinea. Found in coastal reefs and lagoons, 1– 12 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus hoevenii (Bleeker, 1854) —Frostfin cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon hoevenii by Allen (1993: 16); photographed by A. Berberian. WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Eastern Indonesia east to Philippines and Solomon Islands, north to Yaeyama Islands, south to northern Queensland ( Australia). Found in groups in lagoon habitats near coral reefs, sometimes associated with sea urchins, 1– 30 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus hyalosoma (Bleeker, 1852) —Humpback cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon hyalosoma by Allen (1993: 16). DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia east to Caroline Islands, north to southern Japan, south to New Caledonia. Found in estuaries, mangrove habitats, and lower reaches of freshwater rivers and streams, 0– 2 m. Freshwater, transitional water and marine.

Ostorhinchus kiensis ( Jordan & Snyder, 1901) —Rifle cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on specimens photographed at St. CTR 35, CTR 36. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia east to Philippines, north to southern Japan, south to New Caledonia.

Solitary or in small groups, on sand bottom adjacent to coastal reefs or lagoons, including mangrove habitats, 0– 78 m. Transitional water and marine.

Ostorhinchus lateralis (Valenciennes, 1832) —Coastal cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon lateralis by Kailola (1987b: 256). Provisionally included in Ostorhinchus , but may eventually be placed in a new genus (Fraser in Allen & Erdmann, 2012: 396). WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. East Africa east to Samoa, north to Taiwan, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Forming aggregations in sheltered bays and lagoons, including mangrove habitats, occasionally entering the lower reaches of freshwater rivers and streams, 0– 3 m. Freshwater, transitional water and marine.

Ostorhinchus moluccensis Valenciennes, 1832 —Moluccan cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang in original description of Apogon ventrifasciatus by Allen et al. (1994: 35, fig. 7), previously reported as Apogon sp. 3 by Allen (1993: 17, fig. 10). WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Andaman Islands, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea north to Taiwan, east to Solomon Islands. Forming aggregations in sheltered coastal and lagoon reefs, 1– 30 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus multilineatus (Bleeker, 1874) —Manyline cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon multilineatus by Allen (1993: 16); photographed by A. Berberian.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia east to Philippines and Solomon Islands. Solitary or in small groups around large coral heads, in coastal reefs and lagoons, 1– 25 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus nanus ( Allen, Kuiter & Randall, 1994) —Tiny cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. Reported from Madang in original description by Allen, Kuiter & Randall (1994: 29); previously reported as Apogon sp. 2 by Allen (1993: 17, fig. 9). WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia east to Solomon Islands, north to Sabah ( Malaysia) and Philippines. Forming aggregations above sheltered coral reefs, 5– 20 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus neotes ( Allen, Kuiter & Randall, 1994) —Larval cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. Reported from Madang in original description by Allen, Kuiter & Randall (1994: 31); previously reported as Apogon sp. 1 by Allen (1993: 17, fig. 8). AMS material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Eastern Indonesia east to Palau and Solomon Islands, north to Philippines. Forming aggregations among soft corals and sea fans, in coastal, lagoon, and seaward coral reefs, 15– 25 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus nigrofasciatus (Lachner in Schultz, Herald, Lachner, Welander & Woods, 1953) —Black-striped cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon nigrofasciatus by Allen (1993: 16). Specimens observed at St. CTR 03; a specimen collected by W.-J. Chen, St. PR 210, PR 221. NTUM, USNM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea and East Africa east to Tuamotu Archipelago, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Solitary or in pairs, during the day in caves or under ledges, in coral reef lagoons and seaward coral reefs, 1– 50 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus novemfasciatus ( Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1828) —Ninestripe cardinalfish STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon novemfasciatus by Allen (1993: 16); photographed by A. Berberian.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Cocos-Keeling and Christmas islands (eastern Indian Ocean) east to Line Islands and Samoa, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Found on reef flats or in the lagoon, 0– 5 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus pleuron Fraser, 2005 —Rib-bar cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. Reported from Madang in original description as Apogon pleuron by Fraser (2005: 6); previously reported as Apogon quadrifasciatus (non Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1828) by Allen (1993: 16). Specimens collected at St. CTR 29; specimens collected by W.-J. Chen in Madang Bay. AMS and NTUM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Eastern Indonesia to Papua New Guinea to the Philippines. Found over open sand or silt bottoms, 3– 91 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus poecilopterus ( Cuvier [ex Kuhl & Hasselt] in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1828) —Pearly-finned cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogonichthys poecilopterus by Munro (1964: 171). DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. India east to Philippines, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Living on mud bottom in lagoon or estuarine habitats, hiding in holes in the mud during the day, 2– 146 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus rubrimacula ( Randall & Kulbicki, 1988) —Rubyspot cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. Recorded from Madang as Apogon rubrimacula in original description by Randall & Kulbicki (1988: 33); photographed by A. Berberian. BPBM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia east to Philippines and Vanuatu, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to Queensland ( Australia) and New Caledonia. Solitary, in pairs or aggregations around coral heads, in the lagoon and on seaward reef slopes, 0– 33 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus selas ( Randall & Hayashi, 1990) —Meteor cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. Originally described from Madang as Apogon selas by Randall & Hayashi (1990: 399, figs. 1–2). A specimen collected at St. CTR 06; specimens collected by W.-J. Chen in Madang Bay. BPBM, MNHN, NTUM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia and Papua New Guinea north to Ryukyu Islands, southeast to Solomon Islands and New Caledonia. Living among corals with silty sand in coral reef lagoons, 4– 30 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus taeniophorus (Regan, 1908) —Reef-flat cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon taeniophorus by Allen (1993: 16); a specimen collected by W.-J. Chen on 7 Dec. 2012, another photographed by A. Berberian. NTUM, USNM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea, East and South Africa east to Kiribati (Line Islands) and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Shark Bay (Western Australia), New South Wales ( Australia) at 28°39'S, New Caledonia and Rapa. Solitary or in small groups, in caves and crevices of seaward reef flats exposed to surge, including tidal pools, 0– 10 m. Marine.

Ostorhinchus thermalis ( Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829) —Sangi cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon sangiensis by Parenti & Allen (1991: 318) and Allen (1993: 16). Provisionally included in Ostorhinchus , but may eventually be placed in a new genus (Fraser in Allen & Erdmann, 2012: 405). USNM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. East Africa east to Philippines and Vanuatu, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to northern Australia. Forming aggregations in sheltered, silty coral reefs, 0– 12 m. Marine.

Pristiapogon abogramma (Fraser & Lachner, 1985) —Lateral-stripe cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon abogramma by Allen (1993: 16).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Madagascar and Comoro Islands east to Philippines and Solomon Islands. Solitary or in groups, during the day in caves and ledges of seaward coral reef slopes, 15– 40 m. Marine.

Pristiapogon exostigma ( Jordan & Starks, 1906) —Narrow-stripe cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon exostigma by Fraser & Lachner (1985: 21). Specimens observed and collected at St. CTR 0 3, CTR 29. MNHN, USNM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea to Oman; Comores; Cocos-Keeling and Christmas islands (eastern Indian Ocean) east to Line and Pitcairn islands, north to Taiwan, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Solitary or in small groups, during the day often at base of coral bommies or under ledges, in lagoon and seaward coral reefs, 1– 40 m. Marine.

Pristiapogon fraenatus (Valenciennes, 1832) —Spurcheek cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon frenatus by Herre (1933: 12), and as Pristiapogon fraenatus by Munro (1958: 177); a specimen collected by W.-J. Chen in Madang Bay, another observed at St. PR 249. NTUM, USNM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea, East and South Africa east to Line and Gambier islands, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to northern Australia, New Caledonia and Austral Islands. Solitary or in small groups, during the day often at base of coral bommies or under ledges, in lagoon and seaward coral reefs, 1– 25 m. Marine.

Pristiapogon kallopterus (Bleeker, 1856) —Iridescent cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon kallopterus by Fraser & Lachner (1985: 17). USNM AND WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea, East and South Africa east to Hawaiian and Pitcairn islands, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia, Lord Howe and Kermadec islands, Tonga and Rapa. Solitary or in small groups, cryptic in crevices during the day, in relatively clear and silty waters on reef flats and lagoon and seaward coral and rocky reefs, 0– 48 m. Marine.

Pristicon rhodopterus (Bleeker, 1852) —False threespot cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon rhodopterus by Allen (1993: 12). WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia east to Palau, Yap ( Micronesia) and Solomon Islands, north to Sabah ( Malaysia) and Philippines. Solitary, cryptic during the day, usually over sand or rubble adjacent to coral reefs during the night, 1– 34 m. Marine.

Pristicon trimaculatus ( Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1828) —Threespot cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon trimaculatus by Allen (1993: 16).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia and Vietnam east to Marshall Islands, Samoa and Tonga, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Solitary, cryptic in cravices and under ledges during the day, in coastal, lagoon and seaward coral reefs, 1– 35 m. Marine.

Pseudamia amblyuroptera (Bleeker, 1856) —Pearljaw cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Randall et al. (1985: 9). AMS and WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia east to Palau, Yap ( Micronesia) and Solomon Islands, north to Philippines. Solitary, nocturnal, found in mangrove habitats including estuaries, and in coastal reefs, 0– 30 m. Transitional water and marine.

Pseudamia gelatinosa Smith, 1956 —Gelatinous cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Kailola (1987b: 261) and Allen (1993: 16). USNM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea and East Africa east to Line and Society islands, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Solitary, nocturnal, in lagoons and sheltered coastal coral reefs, 1– 64 m. Marine.

Pseudamia hayashii Randall, Lachner & Fraser, 1985 —Hayashi's cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Pseudamia hayashi by Allen (1993: 16). WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Gulf of Aden; eastern Indonesia east to Micronesia and Samoa, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Solitary, nocturnal, in coastal, lagoon and seaward coral reefs, 2– 64 m. Marine.

Pseudamiops gracilicauda (Lachner in Schultz, Herald, Lachner, Welander & Woods, 1953) —Longtail cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on specimens photographed at St. CTR 26. WAM material (WAM P.30363-001).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Cocos-Keeling and Christmas islands (eastern Indian Ocean) east to Marshall Islands and Rapa, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Secretive in coral reef caves and crevices during the day, 1– 30 m. Marine.

Rhabdamia cypselura Weber, 1909 —Swallowtail cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Rhabdamia cypselurus by Kailola (1987b: 261) and Allen (1993: 16). Specimens photographed at St. CTR 17, CTR 23. AMS material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea and East Africa east to Marshall Islands and Vanuatu, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Forming dense aggregations above corals and in caves, in sheltered coastal reefs and lagoons, 3– 73 m. Marine.

Rhabdamia gracilis (Bleeker, 1856) —Slender cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Allen (1993: 16). Specimens photographed at St. CTR 13, CTR 18, CTR 23.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. East Africa east to Marshall Islands and Fiji, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Forming dense aggregations above corals and in caves, in sheltered coastal reefs and lagoons, 3– 91 m. Marine.

Siphamia brevilux Gon & Allen, 2012 —Shortlight siphonfish

STATUS AT MADANG. Originally described from Madang by Gon & Allen (2012: 22, fig. 11). BMNH, BPBM, CAS, MNHN, NSMT-P, SAIAB and USNM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Papua New Guinea endemic. Found among corals in lagoon habitats with silty sand, 8– 30 m. Marine.

Siphamia corallicola Allen, 1993 —Coral siphonfish

STATUS AT MADANG. Originally described from Madang by Allen (1993: 12, figs 4–6). AMS, USNM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Sabah ( Malaysia) and Philippines to eastern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. In loose aggregations among corals, in lagoons and coastal inlets, 6– 22 m. Marine.

Siphamia cyanophthalma Allen, 1993 —Blue-eye siphonfish

STATUS AT MADANG. Reported from Madang in original description by Allen (1993: 36). WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Eastern Indonesia to New Guinea. Solitary or in small groups, in sheltered coral reefs, 15– 30 m. Marine.

Siphamia jebbi Allen, 1993 —Jebb's siphonfish

STATUS AT MADANG. Reported from Madang in original description by Allen (1993: 14, fig. 7). AMS, USNM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Malaysia and Philippines to Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and northern Australia, east to Micronesia, Fiji and Tonga. Aggregating in groups, in sheltered bays and lagoons, sometimes associated with Seratopora corals, 14– 29 m. Marine.

Sphaeramia nematoptera (Bleeker, 1856) —Pyjama cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Kailola (1975: 113). Specimens photographed at St. CTR 11, CTR 13, CTR 17, CTR 23, CTR 26, and photographed by D. Uyeno at Madang resort on 3 Dec. 2012. KFRS material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia east to Caroline Islands and Fiji, north to Yaeyama Islands, south to northern Queensland ( Australia) and New Caledonia. Aggregating among branching corals, often Porites , in coralrich areas of sheltered bays and lagoons, 1– 14 m. Marine.

Sphaeramia orbicularis ( Cuvier [ex Kuhl & Hasselt] in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1828) —Orbicular cardinalfish ( Fig. 37 )

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Parenti & Allen (1991: 318) and Allen (1993: 16). Specimens observed at St. CTR 17, CTR 23. USNM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Southern Red Sea and East Africa east to Caroline Islands and Tonga, north to Yaeyama Islands, south to New Caledonia. Living in aggregations in mangrove habitats, 0– 5 m. Marine.

Taeniamia biguttata (Lachner, 1951) —Twinspot cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Archamia biguttata by Allen (1993: 16); confirmed by Gon & Randall (2003b: 18); a specimen collected by W.-J. Chen, St. PR 221. NTUM, USNM and WAM material. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia east to Palau, Yap and Samoa, north to Taiwan, south to Vanuatu. Aggregating in caves and crevices of sheltered coral reefs and lagoons, 0– 35 m. Marine.

Taeniamia fucata (Cantor, 1850) —Orange-lined cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Archamia fucata by Allen (1993: 16); confirmed by Gon & Randall (2003: 33). Specimens photographed at St. CTR 23; a specimen collected by W.-J. Chen, St. PR 210. NTUM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Red Sea and East Africa east to Marshall Islands and Samoa, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Aggregating in caves or above branching corals of coralrich coastal and lagoon reefs, 0– 35 m. Marine.

Taeniamia macroptera ( Cuvier [ex Kuhl & Hasselt] in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1828) —Duskytail cardinalfish STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang; previously reported as Archamia lineolata (non Cuvier [ex Ehrenberg] in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1828) by Allen (1993: 16). Archamia lineolata is endemic to the Red Sea according to Gon & Randall (2003b: 29–30).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Sri Lanka east to Philippines and Samoa, north to Yaeyama Islands, south to New Caledonia. Aggregating above branching corals (especially Porites spp.) in coral-rich coastal and lagoon reefs, 0– 20 m. Marine.

Taeniamia melasma (Lachner & Taylor, 1960) —Blackspot cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on USNM material (USNM 345626, 356275). DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Eastern Indonesia and Brunei east to Philippines and Papua New Guinea. Found in small aggregations, usually among branching Acropora corals, 2– 12 m. Marine.

Taeniamia zosterophora (Bleeker, 1856) —Girdled cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Archamia zosterophora by Allen (1993: 16); confirmed by Gon & Randall (2003: 45). USNM material. Specimens photographed at St. CTR 0 5, CTR 14, and by A. Berberian. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Indonesia east to Palau, Yap and Vanuatu, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to New Caledonia. Aggregating above branching corals in coral-rich coastal and lagoon reefs, 1– 40 m. Marine.

Zapogon evermanni ( Jordan & Seale, 1905) —Evermann's cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. New record from Madang, based on WAM material (WAM P.30626-007). DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. East Africa east to Hawaiian and Tuamotu islands, south to Solomon Islands. In caves on seaward reef slopes, 5– 70 m. Marine.

Zoramia fragilis (Smith, 1961) —Fragile cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon fragilis by Fraser & Lachner (1985: 46). Specimens photographed at St. CTR 26, and by A. Berberian. AMS, USNM and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. East Africa east to Samoa, north to Yaeyama Islands, south to Queensland ( Australia). Forming aggregations among branching corals, 1– 15 m. Marine.

Zoramia gilberti ( Jordan & Seale, 1905) —Gilbert's cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang by Allen (1993: 16).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Eastern Indonesia east to Palau, Yap and Solomon Islands, north to Sabah ( Malaysia) and Philippines. Forming large aggregations among branching corals, in sheltered coral reefs, 1– 12 m. Marine.

Zoramia leptacantha (Bleeker, 1856) —Threadfin cardinalfish

STATUS AT MADANG. First record from Madang as Apogon leptacanthus by Fraser & Lachner (1985: 27). Specimens collected at St. CTR 17, CTR 25, PT 26. MNHN and WAM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. East Africa east to Marshall Islands and Samoa, north to Yaeyama Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Forming aggregations among branching corals, in sheltered bays and lagoons, 1– 12 m. Marine.

Zoramia viridiventer Greenfield, Langston & Randall, 2005 —Greenbelly cardinalfish STATUS AT MADANG. Originally described from Madang by Greenfield et al. (2005: 631, figs. 1E, 4–6); previously reported as Apogon fragilis (non Smith, 1961) by Burgess & Axelrod (1975: 1442, lower fig.). BPBM material.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Eastern Indonesia east to Marshall Islands and Samoa, north to Yaeyama Islands, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Forming aggregations among branching corals, in sheltered coral reefs, 4– 17 m. Marine.

Figures

FIGURE 37. Mangrove habitat with Sphaeramia orbicularis (Apogonidae), Madang, St. PCT 23, S. Andréfouët, 2 Nov. 2012.